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Introduction to Combustion : Concepts and Applications with Software

ISBN: 9780072350449 | 007235044X
Edition: 2nd
Format: Package
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math
Pub. Date: 7/30/1999

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SummaryTable of Contents
This Second Edition retains all the same primary objectives as the original text: First, to present basic combustion concepts using relatively simple and easy-to -understand analyses; and second, to introduce a wide variety of practical applications which motivate or relate to the various theoretical concepts. The overarching goal is to provide a textbook which is useful for both formal undergraduate study in mechanical engineering and in related fields, and informal study by practicing engineers.
Preface to the Second Editionxi
Preface to the First Editionxiii
Acknowledgmentsxvii
Introduction
1(8)
... MORE
Motivation to Study Combustion
1(5)
A Definition of Combustion
6(1)
Combustion Modes and Flame Types
6(2)
Approach to Our Study
8(1)
References
8(1)
Combustion and Thermochemistry
9(74)
Overview
9(1)
Review of Property Relations
9(7)
Extensive and Intensive Properties
9(1)
Equation of State
10(1)
Calorific Equations of State
11(2)
Ideal-Gas Mixtures
13(2)
Latent Heat of Vaporization
15(1)
First Law of Thermodynamics
16(2)
First Law---Fixed Mass
16(1)
First Law---Control Volume
17(1)
Reactant and Product Mixtures
18(14)
Stoichiometry
18(6)
Absolute (Or Standardized) Enthapy and Enthalpy of Formation
24(3)
Enthalpy of Combustion and Heating Values
27(5)
Adiabatic Flame Temperatures
32(4)
Chemical Equilibrium
36(9)
Second-Law Considerations
36(2)
Gibbs Function
38(6)
Complex Systems
44(1)
Equilibrium Products of Combustion
45(7)
Full Equilibrium
45(2)
Water-Gas Equilibrium
47(4)
Pressure Effects
51(1)
Some Applications
52(14)
Recuperation and Regeneration
52(6)
Flue-(or Exhaust-) Gas Recirculation
58(8)
Summary
66(1)
Nomenclature
66(2)
References
68(1)
Review Questions
69(1)
Problems
70(8)
Appendix 2A --- Some Fuel Chemistry
78(5)
Introduction to Mass Transfer
83(28)
Overview
83(1)
Rudiments of Mass Transfer
83(9)
Mass Transfer Rate Laws
84(6)
Species Conservation
90(2)
Some Applications of Mass Transfer
92(13)
The Stefan Problem
92(2)
Liquid-Vapor Interface Boundary Conditions
94(4)
Droplet Evaporation
98(7)
Summary
105(1)
Nomenclature
105(2)
References
107(1)
Review Questions
107(1)
Problems
108(3)
Chemical Kinetics
111(37)
Overview
112(1)
Global versus Elementary Reactions
112(1)
Elementary Reaction Rates
113(6)
Bimolecular Reactions and Collision Theory
113(5)
Other Elementary Reactions
118(1)
Rates of Reaction for Multistep Mechanisms
119(21)
Net Production Rates
119(2)
Compact Notation
121(1)
Relation between Rate Coefficients and Equilibrium Constants
122(3)
Steady-State Approximation
125(1)
The Mechanism for Unimolecular Reactions
126(1)
Chain and Chain-Branching Reactions
127(6)
Chemical Time Scales
133(5)
Partial Equilibrium
138(2)
Summary
140(1)
Nomenclature
140(1)
References
141(2)
Questions and Problems
143(5)
Some Important Chemical Mechanisms
148(30)
Overview
148(1)
The H2-O2 System
148(4)
Carbon Monoxide Oxidation
152(1)
Oxidation of Higher Paraffins
153(5)
General Scheme
153(3)
Global and Quasi-global Mechanism
156(2)
Methane Combustion
158(10)
Complex Mechanism
158(1)
High-Temperature Reaction Pathway Analysis
158(8)
Low-Temperature Reaction Pathway Analysis
166(2)
Oxides of Nitrogen Formation
168(3)
Summary
171(1)
References
172(2)
Questions and Problems
174(4)
Coupling Chemical and Thermal Analyses of Reacting Systems
178(37)
Overview
178(1)
Constant-Pressure, Fixed-Mass Reactor
179(3)
Application of Conservation Laws
179(3)
Reactor Model Summary
182(1)
Constant-Volume, Fixed-Mass Reactor
182(7)
Application of Conservation Laws
182(1)
Reactor Model Summary
183(6)
Well-Stired Reactor
189(11)
Application of Conservation Laws
190(2)
Reactor Model Summary
192(8)
Plug-Flow Reactor
200(5)
Assumptions
200(1)
Application of Conservation Laws
201(4)
Applications to Combustion System Modeling
205(1)
Summary
206(1)
Nomenclature
206(2)
References
208(1)
Problems and Projects
209(5)
Appendix 6A---Some Useful Relationships among Mass Fractions, Mole Fractions, Molar Concentrations, and Mixture Molecular Weights
214(1)
Simplified Conservation Equations for Reacting Flows
215(38)
Overview
215(1)
Overall Mass Conservation (Continuity)
216(2)
Species Mass Conservation (Species Continuity)
218(3)
Multicomponent Diffusion
221(8)
General Formulations
222(1)
Calculation of Multicomponent Diffusion Coefficients
223(3)
Simplified Approach
226(3)
Momentum Conservation
229(5)
One-Dimensional Forms
229(1)
Two-Dimensional Forms
230(4)
Energy Conservation
234(7)
General One-Dimensional Form
234(2)
Shvab-Zeldovich Forms
236(4)
Useful Form for Flame Calculations
240(1)
The Concept of a Conserved Scalar
241(6)
Definition of Mixture Fraction
241(1)
Conservation of Mixture Fraction
242(4)
Conserved Scalar Energy Equation
246(1)
Summary
247(1)
Nomenclature
248(1)
References
249(1)
Review Questions
250(1)
Problems
251(2)
Laminar Premixed Flames
253(52)
Overview
253(1)
Physical Description
254(7)
Definition
254(1)
Principal Characteristics
254(2)
Typical Laboratory Flames
256(5)
Simplified Analysis
261(8)
Assumptions
262(1)
Conservation Laws
262(2)
Solution
264(5)
Detailed Analysis
269(5)
Governing Equations
269(1)
Boundary Conditions
270(1)
Structure of CH4-Air Flame
271(3)
Factors Influencing Flame Velocity and Thickness
274(4)
Temperature
274(3)
Pressure
277(1)
Equivalence Ratio
278(1)
Fuel Type
278(1)
Flame Speed Correlations for Selected Fuels
278(5)
Quenching, Flammability, and Ignition
283(11)
Quenching by a Cold Wall
284(5)
Flammability Limits
289(2)
Ignition
291(3)
Flame Stabilization
294(4)
Summary
298(1)
Nomenclature
299(1)
References
300(2)
Review Questions
302(1)
Problems
302(3)
Laminar Diffusion Flames
305(57)
Overview
305(1)
Nonreacting Constant-Density Laminar Jet
306(8)
Physical Description
306(1)
Assumptions
307(1)
Conservation Laws
308(1)
Boundary Conditions
308(1)
Solution
309(5)
Jet Flame Physical Description
314(3)
Simplified Theoretical Descriptions
317(14)
Primary Assumptions
318(1)
Basic Conservation Equations
318(1)
Additional Relations
319(1)
Conserved Scalar Approach
320(7)
Various Solutions
327(4)
Flame Lengths for Circular-Port and Slot Burners
331(12)
Roper's Correlations
331(5)
Flowrate and Geometry Effects
336(1)
Factors Affecting Stoichiometry
336(7)
Soot Formation and Destruction
343(4)
Counterflow Flames
347(7)
Mathematical Description
348(2)
Structure of CH4-Air Flame
350(4)
Summary
354(1)
Nomenclature
354(2)
References
356(3)
Review Questions
359(1)
Problems
359(3)
Droplet Evaporation and Burning
362(61)
Overview
362(1)
Some Applications
362(5)
Diesel Engines
363(2)
Gas-Turbine Engines
365(2)
Liquid-Rocket Engines
367(1)
Simple Model of Droplet Evaporation
367(11)
Assumptions
370(2)
Gas-Phase Analysis
372(3)
Droplet Lifetimes
375(3)
Simple Model of Droplet Burning
378(20)
Assumptions
379(1)
Problem Statement
380(1)
Mass Conservation
381(1)
Species Conservation
381(2)
Energy Conservation
383(6)
Summary and Solution
389(2)
Burning Rate Constant and Droplet Lifetimes
391(4)
Extension to Convective Environments
395(3)
Additional Factors
398(1)
One-Dimensional Vaporization-Controlled Combustion
399(11)
Physical Model
399(2)
Assumptions
401(1)
Mathematical Problem Statement
401(1)
Analysis
402(8)
Model Summary
410(1)
Summary
410(3)
Nomenclature
413(2)
References
415(3)
Problems
418(2)
Projects
420(1)
Appendix 10A---Sir Harry R. Ricardo's Description of Combustion in Diesel Engines
421(2)
Introduction to Turbulent Flows
423(27)
Overview
423(1)
Definition of Turbulence
424(3)
Length Scales in Turbulent Flows
427(7)
Four Length Scales
427(3)
Turbulence Reynolds Numbers
430(4)
Analyzing Turbulent Flows
434(7)
Reynolds Averaging and Turbulent Stresses
435(2)
The Closure Problem
437(4)
Axisymmetric Turbulent Jet
441(3)
Beyond the Simplest Model
444(1)
Summary
445(1)
Nomenclature
446(1)
References
447(2)
Questions and Problems
449(1)
Turbulent Premixed Flames
450(31)
Overview
450(1)
Some Applications
450(4)
Spark-Ignition Engines
450(1)
Gas-Turbine Engines
451(1)
Industrial Gas Burners
452(2)
Definition of Turbulent Flame Speed
454(2)
Structure of Turbulent Premixed Flames
456(6)
Experimental Observations
456(1)
Three Flame Regimes
457(5)
Wrinkled Laminar-Flame Regime
462(4)
Distributed-Reaction Regime
466(2)
Flamelets-in-Eddies Regime
468(2)
Flame Stabilization
470(4)
Bypass Ports
470(1)
Burner Tiles
471(1)
Bluff Bodies
471(2)
Swirl or Jet-Induced Recirculating Flows
473(1)
Summary
474(1)
Nomenclature
475(1)
References
476(2)
Problems
478(3)
Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames
481(38)
Overview
481(3)
Jet Flames
484(25)
General Observations
484(5)
Simplified Analysis
489(6)
Flame Length
495(6)
Flame Radiation
501(3)
Liftoff and Blowout
504(5)
Other Configurations
509(3)
Summary
512(1)
Nomenclature
513(1)
References
514(3)
Review Questions
517(1)
Problems
517(2)
Burning of Solids
519(31)
Overview
519(1)
Coal-Fired Boilers
520(1)
Heterogeneous Reactions
520(2)
Burning of Carbon
522(22)
Overview
523(1)
One-Film Model
524(12)
Two-Film Model
536(6)
Particle Burning Times
542(2)
Coal Combustion
544(1)
Other Solids
545(1)
Summary
545(1)
Nomenclature
546(1)
References
547(1)
Questions and Problems
548(2)
Pollutant Emissions
550(48)
Overview
550(1)
Effects of Pollutants
551(2)
Quantification of Emissions
553(6)
Emission Indices
553(2)
Corrected Concentrations
555(3)
Various Specific Emission Measures
558(1)
Emissions from Premixed Combustion
559(13)
Oxides of Nitrogen
559(8)
Carbon Monoxide
567(1)
Unburned Hydrocarbons
568(1)
Catalytic Aftertreatment
569(2)
Particulate Matter
571(1)
Emissions from Nonpremixed Combustion
572(15)
Oxides of Nitrogen
573(11)
Unburned Hydrocarbons and Carbon Monoxide
584(2)
Particulate Matter
586(1)
Oxides of Sulfur
586(1)
Summary
587(1)
Nomenclature
588(1)
References
589(5)
Questions and Problems
594(4)
Detonations
598(23)
Overview
598(1)
Physical Description
598(2)
Definition
598(1)
Principal Characteristics
599(1)
One-Dimensional Analysis
600(9)
Assumptions
600(1)
Conservation Laws
601(1)
Combined Relations
602(7)
Detonation Velocities
609(4)
Structure of Detonation Waves
613(4)
Summary
617(1)
Nomenclature
618(1)
References
619(1)
Problems
620(1)
Appendix A Selected Thermodynamic Properties of Gases Comprising C-H-O-N System621(27)
Appendix B Fuel Properties648(5)
Appendix C Selected Properties of Air, Nitrogen, and Oxygen653(3)
Appendix D Binary Diffusion Coefficients and Methodology for their Estimation656(3)
Appendix E Generalized Newton's Method for the Solution of Nonlinear Equations659(3)
Appendix F Computer Codes for Equilibrium Products of Hydrocarbon-Air Combustion662(3)
Index665

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