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Introduction to Chemical Principles

ISBN: 9780139159923 | 0139159924
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group
Pub. Date: 11/1/1998

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SummaryTable of Contents
This text gives readers the background (and confidence) they need in chemistry. Stoker's book focuses on the most important topics (this text omits organic and biochemistry chapters), and teaches the problem-solving skills students need, all at an affordable price.

Chemistry for students who need full exposure to general chemistry but in compact, one-semester, 17-chapter, paperback format. Strong emphasis on problem solving, with over 5000 problems in end-of-chapter material, arranged in "matched pairs." More real-... MORE
Prefacexiii
The Science of Chemistry
1(10)
Chemistry---A scientific Discipline
1(1)
... MORE
Scientific Disciplines and Technology
2(1)
The Scope of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
3(1)
How Chemists Discover Things---The Scientific Method
3(8)
Key Terms
8(1)
Practice Problems
8(3)
Numbers from Measurements
11(34)
The Importance of Measurement
11(1)
Accuracy, Precision, and Error
11(2)
Uncertainty in Measurements
13(2)
Significant Figures
15(3)
Significant Figures and Mathematical Operations
18(6)
Scientific Notation
24(6)
Mathematical Operations in Scientific Notation
30(15)
Key Terms
37(1)
Practice Problems
38(5)
Additional Problems
43(2)
Unit Systems and Dimensional Analysis
45(45)
The Metric System of Units
45(2)
Metric Units of Length
47(1)
Metric Units of Mass
48(1)
Metric Units of Volume
49(2)
Units in Mathematical Operations
51(1)
Conversion Factors
52(2)
Dimensional Analysis
54(13)
Density
67(4)
Equivalence Conversion Factors Other than Density
71(3)
Percentage and Percent Error
74(5)
Temperature Scales
79(11)
Key Terms
83(1)
Practice Problems
84(4)
Additional Problems
88(1)
Cumulative Problems
89(1)
Basic concepts about Matter
90(24)
Chemistry---The Study of Matter
90(1)
Physical States of Matter
90(1)
Properties of Matter
91(2)
Changes in Matter
93(3)
Pure Substances and Mixtures
96(2)
Types of Mixtures: Heterogeneous and Homogeneous
98(1)
Types of Pure Substances: Elements and Compounds
99(2)
Discovery and Abundance of the Elements
101(3)
The Human Side of Chemistry 1
103(1)
Joseph Priestly
Names and Symbols of the Elements
104(10)
The Human Side of Chemistry 2
106(1)
Jons Jakob Berzelius
Key Terms
107(1)
Practice Problems
108(3)
Additional Problems
111(1)
Cumulative Problems
112(2)
Atoms, Molecules, Formulas, and Subatomic Particles
114(38)
The Atom
114(3)
The Human Side of Chemistry 3
115(2)
John Dalton
The Molecule
117(2)
Natural and Synthetic Compounds
119(1)
Chemical Formulas
120(3)
Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
123(2)
Evidence Supporting the Existence and Arrangement of Subatomic Particles
125(5)
The Human Side of Chemistry 4
129(1)
Earnest Rutherford
Atomic Number and Mass Number
130(3)
Isotopes
133(3)
Atomic Masses
136(16)
Key Terms
143(1)
Practice Problems
144(4)
Additional Problems
148(2)
Cumulative Problems
150(2)
Electronic Structure and Chemical Periodicity
152(36)
The Periodic Law
152(2)
The Human Side of Chemistry 5
153(1)
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
The Periodic Table
154(3)
The Energy of an Electron
157(2)
The Human Side of Chemistry 6
158(1)
Erwin Schrodinger
Electron Shells
159(1)
Electron Subshells
160(2)
Electron Orbitals
162(2)
Writing Electron Configurations
164(4)
Orbital Diagrams
168(2)
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Law
170(1)
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
171(5)
Classification Systems for the Elements
176(2)
Chemical Periodicity
178(10)
Key Terms
181(1)
Practice Problems
181(4)
Additional Problems
185(2)
Cumulative Problems
187(1)
Chemical Bonds
188(55)
Types of Chemical Bonds
188(1)
Valence Electrons and Electron-Dot Structures
189(3)
The Human Side of Chemistry 7
191(1)
Gilbert Newton Lewis
The Octet Rule
192(1)
The Ionic Bond Model
193(2)
Determination of Ionic Charge Magnitude
195(2)
Ionic Compound Formation
197(2)
Formulas for Ionic Compounds
199(1)
Structure of Ionic Compounds
200(2)
Polyatomic Ions
202(2)
The Covalent Bond Model
204(1)
Electron-Dot Structures for Molecular Compounds
205(2)
Single, Double, and Triple Covalent Bonds
207(2)
Valence Electron Count and Number of Covalent Bonds Formed
209(1)
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
210(1)
Resonance Structures
211(1)
A Systematic Method for Determining Electron-Dot Structures
212(5)
The Shapes of Molecules: Molecular Geometry
217(7)
Electronegativity
224(2)
The Human Side of Chemistry 8
225(1)
Linus Carl Pauling
The Polarity of Chemical Bonds
226(3)
Molecular Polarity
229(14)
Key Terms
232(1)
Practice Problems
233(6)
Additional Problems
239(2)
Cumulative Problems
241(2)
Chemical Nomenclature
243(29)
Classification of Compounds for Nomenclature Purposes
243(1)
Types of Binary Ionic Compounds
244(2)
Nomenclature for Binary Ionic Compounds
246(5)
Nomenclature for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
251(3)
Nomenclature for Binary Molecular Compounds
254(3)
Nomenclature for Acids
257(5)
Nomenclature Rules---A Summary
262(10)
Key Terms
264(1)
Practice Problems
265(3)
Additional Problems
268(2)
Cumulative Problems
270(2)
Chemical Calculations: The Mole Concept and Chemical Formulas
272(54)
The Law of Definite Proportions
272(3)
The Human Side of Chemistry 9
273(2)
Joseph Louis Proust
Calculation of Formula Masses
275(3)
Percent Composition
278(3)
The Mole: The Chemist's Counting Unit
281(4)
The Human Side of Chemistry 10
283(2)
Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro
The Mass of a Mole
285(6)
Counting Particles By Weighing
291(2)
The Mole and Chemical Formulas
293(3)
The Mole and Chemical Calculations
296(7)
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
303(1)
Determination of Empirical Formulas
304(8)
Determination of Molecular Formulas
312(14)
Key Terms
317(1)
Practice Problems
317(6)
Additional Problems
323(2)
Cumulative Problems
325(1)
Chemical Calculations Involving Chemical Equations
326(45)
The Law of Conservation of Mass
326(2)
The Human Side of Chemistry 11
327(1)
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
Writing Chemical Equations
328(1)
Balancing Chemical Equations
329(5)
Special Symbols Used in Chemical Equations
334(1)
Classes of Chemical Reactions
335(5)
Chemical Equations and the Mole Concept
340(3)
Calculations Based on Chemical Equations---Stoichiometry
343(7)
The Limiting Reactant Concept
350(5)
Yields: Theoretical, Actual, and Percent
355(2)
Simultaneous and Consecutive Reactions
357(14)
Key Terms
360(1)
Practice Problems
361(6)
Additional Problems
367(1)
Cumulative Problems
368(3)
States of Matter
371(45)
Factors that Determine Physical State
371(2)
Property Differences among Physical States
373(1)
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
374(1)
The Solid State
375(1)
The Liquid State
375(1)
The Gaseous State
376(1)
A Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
377(1)
Endothermic and Exothernmic Changes of State
378(1)
Heat Energy and Specific Heat
378(7)
Temperature Changes as a substance Is Heated
385(1)
Energy and Changes of State
386(2)
Heat Energy Calculations
388(5)
Evaporation of Liquids
393(3)
Vapor Pressure of Liquids
396(1)
Boiling and Boiling Points
397(2)
Intermolecular Forces in Liquids
399(6)
Types of Solids
405(11)
Key Terms
407(1)
Practice Problems
408(5)
Additional Problems
413(1)
Cumulative Problems
414(2)
Gas Laws
416(62)
Properties of Some Common Gases
416(1)
Gas Law Variables
416(5)
Boyle's Law: A Pressure--Volume Relationship
421(6)
The Human Side of Chemistry 12
422(5)
Robert Boyle
Charles's Law: A Temperature-Volume Relationship
427(4)
The Human Side of Chemistry 13
427(4)
Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles
Gay-Lussac's Law: A Temperature--Pressure Relationship
431(2)
The Human Side of Chemistry 14
431(2)
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
The Combined Gas Law
433(3)
Standard Conditions for Temperature and Pressure
436(2)
Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes
438(2)
Avogadro's Law: A Volume--Quantity Relationship
440(3)
Molar Volume of a Gas
443(5)
The Ideal Gas Law
448(4)
Equations Derived from the Ideal Gas Law
452(3)
Gas Laws and Chemical Equations
455(3)
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
458(20)
Key Terms
467(1)
Practice Problems
467(7)
Additional Problems
474(2)
Cumulative Problems
476(2)
Solutions
478(43)
Types of Solutions
478(1)
Terminology Used in Describing Solutions
479(2)
Solution Formation
481(2)
Solubility Rules
483(1)
Solution Concentrations
484(1)
Concentration: Percentage of Solute
485(5)
Concentration: Parts per Million and Parts per Billion
490(3)
Concentration: Molarity
493(6)
Concentration: Molality
499(5)
Dilution
504(4)
Molarity and Chemical Equations
508(13)
Key Terms
511(1)
Practice Problems
512(6)
Additional Problems
518(1)
Cumulative Problems
519(2)
Acids, Bases, and Salts
521(52)
Arrhenius Acid--Base Theory
521(2)
The Human Side of Chemistry 15
522(1)
Svante August Arrhenius
Brønsted--Lowry Acid--Base Theory
523(1)
Conjugate Acids and Bases
524(2)
Mono-, Di-, and Triprotic Acids
526(2)
Strengths of Acids and Bases
528(3)
Salts
531(1)
Ionic and Net Ionic Equations
532(4)
Reactions of Acids
536(2)
Reactions of Bases
538(1)
Reactions of Salts
539(3)
Dissociation of Water
542(2)
The pH Scale
544(8)
Hydrolysis of Salts
552(3)
Acid--Base Titration
555(2)
Acid--Base Titration Calculations Using Normality
557(6)
Acid and Base Stock Solutions
563(10)
Key Terms
564(1)
Practice Problems
565(6)
Additional Problems
571(1)
Cumulative Problems
572(1)
Oxidation and Reduction
573(39)
Oxidation--Reduction Terminology
573(1)
Oxidation Numbers
574(6)
Types of Chemical Reactions
580(2)
Balancing Oxidation--Reduction Equations
582(1)
Oxidation-Number Method for Balancing Redox Equations
583(5)
Half-Reaction Method for Balancing Redox Equations
588(7)
Disproportionation Reactions
595(3)
Some Important Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
598(14)
Key Terms
606(1)
Practice Problems
606(4)
Additional Problems
610(1)
Cumulative Problems
610(2)
Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium
612(25)
Theory of Reaction Rates
612(2)
Potential Energy Diagrams for Chemical Reactions
614(1)
Factors That Influence Reaction Rates
615(4)
Chemical Equilibrium
619(1)
Equilibrium Mixture Stoichiometry
620(2)
Equilibrium Constants
622(3)
Le Chaterlier's Principle
625(5)
The Human side of Chemistry 16
626(4)
Henri Louis Le Chatelier
Forcing Reactions to Completion
630(7)
Key Terms
631(1)
Practice Problems
631(4)
Additional Problems
635(1)
Cumulative Problems
635(2)
Nuclear Chemistry
637(34)
Stable and Unstable Nuclides
637(1)
Discovery of Radioactivity
638(2)
The Human Side of Chemistry 17
639(1)
Marie Sklodowska Curie
Nature of Natural Radioactive Emissions
640(1)
Equations for Radioactive Decay
641(3)
Rate of Radioactive Decay
644(3)
Transmutation through Bombardment Reactions
647(1)
Positron Emission and Electron Capture
648(3)
Nuclear Stability
651(2)
Radioactive Decay Series
653(2)
Ionizing Effects of Radiation
655(1)
Biological Effects of Various Types of Radiation
656(1)
Detection of Radiation
657(1)
Sources of Radiation Exposure
658(1)
Nuclear Medicine
659(2)
Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
661(3)
A Comparison of Nuclear and Chemical Reactions
664(7)
Key Terms
664(1)
Practice Problems
665(3)
Additional Problems
668(1)
Cumulative Problems
669(2)
Appendix A Mathematical Review671(10)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems681(12)
Index693

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