9781118018996

This is the first book to address the fundamental operation principles, device characteristics, and potential applications of various types of adaptive lenses. Setting out from basic material properties to device structures and performance, this volume covers solid lens, membrane lens, electro-wetting lens, dielectric lens, mechanical-wetting lens, and liquid crystal lenses. Potential applications of these adaptive lenses are also investigated, including image processing and zooming, optical communications, and biomedical imaging. This is an important reference for optical engineers, research scientists, graduate students and undergraduate seniors.

Hongwen Ren, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Polymer-Nano Science Technology at Chonbuk National University in South Korea. A former research scientist at the University of Central Florida's College of Optics and Photonics, Dr. Ren has published over fifty journal papers, one book chapter, and obtained eight U.S. patents. Shin-Tson Wu, PhD, is a Pegasus Professor at CREOL, the College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida. He is a recipient of the 2011 SID Slottow-Owaki Prize, 2010 OSA Joseph Fraunhofer Award/Robert M. Burley Prize, 2008 SPIE G. G. Stokes Award, and 2008 SID Jan Rajchman Prize. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, OSA, SID, and SPIE Dr. Wu has coauthored six books and over 400 journal papers, and holds over seventy issued U.S. patents. He was also the founding editor-in-chief of the IEEE/OSA Journal of Display Technology.

Preface	p. ix
Optical Lens	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Conventional Lens	p. 3
Refraction of Light	p. 3
A Simple Lens	p. 4
A Compound Lens	p. 6
Aberration and Resolution	p. 7
Paraxial Optics	p. 9
Aberration	p. 13
Resolution	p. 15
Merits and Demerits of Solid Lens	p. 15
Adaptive Optical Lenses	p. 16
Eye Structure	p. 16
Lens Character	p. 17
Performances	p. 18
The Eye-Inspired Lens	p. 19
Homework Problems	p. 21
References	p. 21
Elastomeric Membrane Lens	p. 23
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Membrane	p. 23
PDMS Chemical Structure	p. 24
Basic Material Properties	p. 24
Optical Transmission	p. 24
Fabrication of PDMS Membrane	p. 25
Device Structure	p. 27
Requirements of the Liquid	p. 28
Surface Configuration	p. 29
PDMS Lens Cell Fabrication	p. 34
Performance Evaluation Method	p. 36
Actuators	p. 39
Syringe Pump	p. 39
Motor Pumps	p. 40
Piezoelectric Linear Actuator	p. 50
Artificial Muscles	p. 60
Voice Coil Actuator (VCA)	p. 63
Other Liquid Lenses	p. 64
PDMS Microlens Array	p. 65
Device Configuration	p. 65
Fabrication Method	p. 66
Performance Evaluation	p. 67
Solid PDMS Lenses	p. 70
Squeezing the Lens's Border	p. 70
Elongating the Lens's Diameter	p. 72
Hybrid Lens System	p. 73
Summary and Technical Challenges	p. 74
Homework Problems	p. 75
References	p. 76
Electrowetting Lens	p. 80
Introduction	p. 80
Surface Tension	p. 81
Contact Angle and Wetting	p. 84
Basic Theory of Electrowetting	p. 86
Droplet Deformation	p. 88
Electrowetting Lens	p. 90
Shape of Droplet Surface	p. 90
Focal Length Equation	p. 90
Tunable Electrowetting Lens	p. 91
Desired Properties of the Liquids	p. 93
Singlet Lens with Two Liquids	p. 93
Lens Cell 1	p. 94
Lens Cell 2	p. 96
Microlens Array	p. 97
Remaining Challenges	p. 102
Summary	p. 103
Homework Problems	p. 103
References	p. 104
Dielectrophoretic Lens	p. 107
Introduction	p. 107
Dielectrophoretic Force	p. 108
Dielectric Liquid Materials	p. 112
Singlet Lens	p. 112
Continuous Flat Electrodes	p. 112
Hole Patterned Electrode	p. 117
Well-Shaped Electrode	p. 122
Fringing Field	p. 127
Microlens Array	p. 130
Switchable Lens	p. 137
Operation Principle	p. 138
Beam Diffuser	p. 140
Light Shutter	p. 141
Display	p. 144
Noncontact Electro-optic Inspection	p. 144
Gravity Effect	p. 148
Measurement Method	p. 148
Operation Principles	p. 149
Experimental Results	p. 150
Applications	p. 153
Summary	p. 154
Homework Problems	p. 154
References	p. 155
Other Adaptive Liquid Lenses	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Mechanical-Wetting Lens	p. 159
Out-of-Plane Tuning	p. 159
Hydrodynamic Liquid-Air In-Plane Tuning	p. 162
Hydrodynamic Liquid-Liquid In-Plane Tuning	p. 163
Ferrofluidic Transducer Lens	p. 165
Ferrofluidic Material	p. 166
First Example	p. 166
Second Example	p. 169
Third Example	p. 171
Electromagnetic Actuator Lens	p. 173
Stimuli Response Hydrogel Lens	p. 175
Acoustic Liquid Lens	p. 177
Acoustic Radiation Force	p. 178
Structure of an Acoustic Lens	p. 178
Lens Performance	p. 180
Electrochemical Actuation Lens	p. 181
Electrostatic Force Actuation	p. 183
Summary	p. 184
Homework Problems	p. 185
References	p. 186
Liquid Crystal Lens	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
Physical Properties	p. 190
Phase Transitions and Order Parameter	p. 190
Rod-like Structure	p. 192
Dipole Moment	p. 192
Optical Anisotropy	p. 193
Dielectric Anisotropy	p. 195
LC Device	p. 196
Device Fabrication	p. 196
Optical Path Difference (OPD)	p. 197
Focal Length Equation	p. 199
Curved Electrode	p. 201
Curved Electrode and Nonuniform Cell Gap	p. 201
Curved Electrode and Planar Cell Gap	p. 202
Strip-Patterned Electrode	p. 214
Hole-Patterned Electrode	p. 216
Hole Pattern Inside the Lens Cell	p. 216
Hole Pattern Outside the Lens Cell	p. 219
Magnification of LC Lens System	p. 223
Modal Addressing	p. 225
Cylindrical LC Lens	p. 229
Polymer-LC Composite Lens	p. 234
Anisotropic Phase Separation	p. 234
Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal	p. 237
Polymer Network Liquid Crystal (PNLC)	p. 243
Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Lens	p. 246
Diffractive LC Lens	p. 248
LC Microlens Array	p. 253
Lenticular Microlens Array	p. 253
Microlens Array with Curved Electrode	p. 255
Polymer-Stabilized LC Microlens Array	p. 257
Summary	p. 261
Homework Problems	p. 264
References	p. 265
Index	p. 271
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Introduction to Adaptive Lenses

Introduction to Adaptive Lenses

1118018990

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