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International Law

by: Evans, Malcolm D.

International Law

by: Evans, Malcolm D.

ISBN 13:
9780199251148
ISBN 10:
0199251142
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 08/28/2003
Publisher: Oxford University Press
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Summary

This new text reflects the breadth and diversity of contemporary public international law, offering original commentaries from key authorities actively involved in the current practice and teaching of the discipline. Coverage closely follows the scope of current courses, opening with introductory contributions from representatives of institutions such as an the International Civil Service and the International Court.

INTRODUCTION BY THE EDITOR

xxvi

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

xxviii

ABBREVIATIONS

xxxiii

TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS

xxxix

TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL CASES

xlvi

TABLE OF STATUTES BY COUNTRY

xlix

TABLE OF DOMESTIC CASE LAW BY COUNTRY

(2)

INTRODUCTION: INTERNATIONAL LAW IN PRACTICE

REFLECTIONS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL COURT

(4)

HE Judge Rosalyn Higgins, DBE, QC

THE PINOCHET CASE-SOME PERSONAL REFLECTIONS

(4)

The Rt Hon The Lord Millett

THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW FROM THE BAR

(4)

Ian Brownlie, CBE, QC

REFLECTIONS FROM THE PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL LITIGATION

(6)

Campbell McLachlin

A PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE ON INTERNATIONAL LAW

(4)

Ralph Zacklin, Assistant Secretary-General United Nations

THE PERSPECTIVE OF A FOREIGN MINISTRY LEGAL ADVISER

(6)

Michael Wood

PART I THE HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

1 A SHORT HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

(28)

Stephen C Neff

Summary

(1)

I Introduction

(1)

II Ancient Worlds

(2)

III The Middle Ages: The Natural Law Era

(3)

IV The Classical Age (1600-1815)

(4)

V The Nineteenth Century (1815-1919)

(9)

A The Positivist Tradition

(5)

B Natural-law Remnants

(1)

C The Historicist (or 'Romantic') Tradition

(3)

VI The Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries (1919- )

(6)

A The Inter-war Period

(2)

B After 1945

(4)

VII Conclusion

(1)

References

(2)

Further Reading

(1)

2 SOME COMMON HERESIES ABOUT INTERNATIONAL LAW: SUNDRY THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

(30)

Iain Scobbie

Summary

(1)

I Introduction: Theory Matters

(1)

II What is a 'Theory' and What is it For?

(6)

III The Legal Structure of the Cold War: Liberal Democracy Versus Marxist-Leninism

(11)

A The New Haven School

(4)

B Soviet Theory

(4)

C New Haven and Soviet Approaches Compared

(2)

IV New Order For a New World?

(4)

V And in the End

(1)

References

(3)

Further Reading

(3)

3 WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR?

(28)

Martti Koskenniemi

Summary

(1)

I The Paradox of Objectives

(2)

II Converging Interests?

(3)

III The Significance of Statehood

(3)

IV Into Pragmatism?

(3)

V A Tradition of Anti-Formalism

100

(3)

VI Instrumentalism, Formalism, and the Production of an International Political Community

103

(2)

VII Beyond Instrumentalism and Formalism

105

(3)

VIII Between Hegemony and Fragmentation: A Mini-history

108

(2)

IX Legal Formalism and International Justice

110

(2)

References

112

(5)

PART II THE STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATION

4 THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

117

(28)

Hugh Thirlway

Summary

117

(1)

I Introduction: What are Sources of Law?

117

(3)

II The Enumeration of the Traditional Sources of International Law: Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice

120

(14)

A Treaties and Conventions in Force

121

(3)

B Custom

124

(6)

C The General Principles of Law

130

(2)

D Subsidiary Sources: Judicial Decisions and Teachings

132

(2)

III The Relationship Between the Sources of International Law

134

(4)

A Relationship Between Treaty and Custom

134

(2)

B The Hierarchy of Sources

136

(2)

IV Is the Enumeration of Article 38 Exhaustive? Possible New or Additional Sources

138

(4)

A How Can New Sources Come into Existence?

138

(1)

B Some Additional Sources or Quasi-Sources That Have Been Suggested

139

(3)

V Conclusion

142

(1)

References

143

(1)

Further Reading

143

(2)

5 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND 'RELATIVE NORMATIVITY'

145

(28)

Dinah Shelton

Summary

145

(1)

I Introduction: The Concept of Relative Normativity

145

(5)

II The Assertion of Peremptory Norms

150

(9)

III Hierarchy Among Conflicting Norms and Procedures

159

(7)

A Hierarchy Within a Single Treaty

160

(3)

B Hierarchy Among Treaties Governing the Same Topic

163

(1)

C Hierarchy Among Regimes

164

(2)

IV 'Soft Law'

166

(5)

V Conclusion

171

(1)

References

171

(1)

Further Reading

172

(1)

6 THE PRACTICAL WORKING OF THE LAW OF TREATIES

173

(32)

Malgosia Fitzmaurice

Summary

173

(1)

I Introduction

173

(1)

II Basic Concepts and Structures

174

(3)

A What is a Treaty?

174

(1)

B The Vienna Conventions

175

(2)

III The Anatomy of a Treaty

177

(6)

A The Making of Treaties

177

(1)

B Authority to Conclude Treaties

177

(1)

C Expression of Consent to be Bound

178

(2)

D Invalidity of Treaties

180

(1)

E Amendment and Modification

181

(1)

F Termination and Suspension of the Operation of Treaties

182

(1)

IV The Scope of Legal Obligations

183

(2)

A The Principle Pacta Sunt Servanda

183

(1)

B Treaties and Third States

184

(1)

V General Principles of Interpretation

185

(6)

A General Issues

185

(1)

B Practice

186

(2)

C Travaux Préparatoires

188

(1)

D The Object and Purpose of a Treaty

189

(1)

E The Principle of Effectiveness

189

(1)

F Plurilingual Treaties

190

(1)

VI Reservations to Treaties

191

(5)

A The Genocide Convention Case

191

(1)

B The Regime of the 1969 Vienna Convention

192

(2)

C The Problem of Reservations to Human Rights Treaties

194

(1)

D Interpretative Declarations

195

(1)

VII Problems Concerning the Grounds for Termination

196

(4)

A Material Breach

196

(2)

B Supervening Impossibility of Performance

198

(1)

C Fundamental Change of Circumstances

198

(2)

VIII Conclusion

200

(1)

References

200

(1)

Further Reading

201

(4)

PART III THE SUBJECTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER

7 STATES AND RECOGNITION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

205

(64)

Colin Warbrick

Summary

205

(1)

I States

206

(30)

A Introduction

206

(4)

B History

210

(3)

C Self-determination

213

(4)

D Personality-What it means to be a Legal Person

217

(3)

E Statehood as Personality-What it takes to be a State

220

(11)

F The Rights and Duties of States-What it means to be a State

231

(1)

G The 'Juridical' State

232

(4)

H Conclusion

236

(1)

II Recognition

236

(25)

A Introduction

236

(2)

B The Tinoco Arbitration

238

(1)

C Legal Nature, Legal Consequences of the Recognition Decision

238

(3)

D Recognizing, Not Recognizing, Non-recognition

241

(1)

E Recognition of Governments

242

(5)

F International and Domestic Legal Consequences

247

(1)

G The Declaratory/Constitutive Debate

248

(2)

H International Organizations-Membership and Credentials

250

(4)

I Practice-the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia After 1989

254

(5)

J Constituting States-State-building

259

(2)

III Conclusion

261

(1)

References

262

(4)

Further Reading

266

(3)

8 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

269

(30)

Dapo Akande

Summary

269

(1)

I Introduction

269

(3)

A History and Role of International Organizations

270

(1)

B Definition, Distinctions, and Differences

270

(1)

C Is there a Common Law of International Organizations?

271

(1)

II Legal Personality

272

(6)

A Personality in International Law

270

(5)

B Objective Legal Personality and Relations with Non-member States

275

(1)

C Personality in Domestic Law

276

(2)

III Interpretation of Constituent Instruments

278

(4)

A Who is Empowered to Interpret?

278

(2)

B What are the Relevant Principles of Interpretation to be Applied?

280

(2)

IV Powers of International Organizations

282

(4)

A Implied Powers

282

(1)

B Decision-making Powers

283

(2)

C Ultra Vires Decisions of International Organizations

285

(1)

V Privileges and Immunities

286

(5)

A Sources of Privileges and Immunities

286

(1)

B Scope of Privileges and Immunities

287

(4)

VI The United Nations System

291

(4)

A The Structure of the United Nations

291

(2)

B Principal Organs of the United Nations

293

(2)

VII Conclusion

295

(1)

References

296

(1)

Further Reading

297

(2)

9 THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM

299

(30)

Robert McCorquodale

Summary

299

(1)

I Introduction

299

(5)

A The Individual

300

(1)

B Individuals in the International Legal System

300

(4)

II International Rights and Responsibilities

304

(3)

A Individual Rights

304

(2)

B Individual Responsibility

306

(1)

III International Claims

307

(7)

A Bringing International Claims

307

(2)

B International Human Rights Law

309

(2)

C International Economic Law

311

(3)

D Immunities

314

(1)

IV Creation, Development, and Enforcement of International Law

314

(7)

A Right of Self Determination

315

(1)

B Indigenous Peoples

316

(1)

C Non-governmental Organizations

317

(3)

D Jurists

320

(1)

V Conclusions

321

(1)

References

322

(3)

Further Reading

325

(4)

PART IV THE SCOPE OF SOVEREIGNTY

10 JURISDICTION

329

(28)

Vaughan Lowe

Summary

329

(1)

I Introduction

329

(4)

A The Meaning of 'Jurisdiction'

329

(1)

B The Significance of the Principles of Jurisdiction

330

(1)

C The Doctrinal Analysis of Jurisdiction

331

(2)

II Prescriptive Jurisdiction

333

(18)

A The Territorial Principle

336

(3)

B The National Principle

339

(3)

C The Protective Principle

342

(1)

D The Universal Principle

343

(1)

E Treaty-Based Extensions of Jurisdiction

343

(2)

F Controversial Bases of Prescriptive Jurisdiction

345

(2)

G Inadequacies of the Traditional Approach

347

(4)

III The Fundamental Principle Governing Enforcement Jurisdiction

351

(2)

IV Conclusion

353

(1)

References

354

(1)

Further Reading

354

(3)

11 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND RESTRAINTS ON THE EXERCISE OF JURISDICTION BY NATIONAL COURTS OF STATES

357

(30)

Hazel Fox

Summary

357

(1)

I Introduction

357

(2)

II State Immunity

359

(17)

A Origins of the Plea of State Immunity

359

(1)

B Development of the Common Law Relating to State Immunity

359

(2)

C Development in Civil Courts and the USA

361

(1)

D Present Day Sources of the International Law of State Immunity

362

(1)

E The Elements Constituting the Plea of State Immunity

363

(3)

F Definition of the Foreign State for the Purpose of State Immunity

366

(1)

G Exceptions to Adjudication Jurisdiction

366

(5)

H Immunity from Execution

371

(5)

III The Other Two Avoidance Techniques

376

(2)

A Act of State

376

(1)

B Non-justiciability

377

(1)

IV The Three Avoidance Techniques Compared

378

(2)

V The Arguments For and Against the Use of Avoidance Techniques

380

(1)

VI Challenges to Immunity and Judicial Restraint

381

(2)

VII Conclusion

383

(1)

References

384

(1)

Further Reading

384

(3)

12 IMMUNITIES ENJOYED BY OFFICIALS OF STATES AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

387

(28)

Chanaka Wickremasinghe

Summary

387

(1)

I Introduction

388

(3)

II Diplomatic Relations

391

(6)

A The Scheme of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

392

(3)

B Jurisdictional Immunities

395

(1)

C Remedies in Cases of Abuse

396

(1)

III Consular Relations

397

(1)

IV Heads of State, Heads of Government, and Ministers for Foreign Affairs

398

(3)

A Heads of State

398

(2)

B Heads of Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs

400

(1)

V Special Missions

401

(2)

VI The Immunities of Other State Officials

403

(1)

VII Officials of International Organizations

404

(2)

VIII The Scope of Immunities-Immunity and Impunity Distinguished

406

(5)

IX Conclusions

411

(1)

References

411

(2)

Further Reading

413

(2)

13 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LAW

415

(30)

Eileen Denza

Summary

415

(1)

I Introduction

415

(1)

II The Approach of International Courts and Tribunals

416

(4)

A Where National Law Causes Breach of International Law

417

(2)

B International Law Looks Mainly to the Result

419

(1)

III The Approach of National Parliaments and National Courts

420

(2)

IV The Spectrum of Constitutional Rules

422

(6)

A The Netherlands

422

(1)

B Germany

423

(1)

C France

424

(1)

D Russia

424

(1)

E The United States

425

(1)

F The United Kingdom

426

(2)

V Some Problems Which Arise in National Courts

428

(17)

A Does a Rule of Customary International Law Prevail Over Conflicting National Law?

428

(1)

B What is the Meaning of an International Law Rule in the Context of Domestic Law?

429

(1)

C Is the International Rule Directly Applicable and Directly Effective?

430

(2)

D Does a Treaty Prevail Over Inconsistent National Law?

432

(2)

E Can a Treaty Prevail Over a National Constitutional Norm?

434

(1)

F Should the Executive Direct or Guide the National Court?

434

(2)

G Should a National Court Apply a Foreign Law which Conflicts with International Law?

436

(1)

H Are there Questions of International Law which National Courts should Decline to Answer?

437

(2)

VI Conclusion: Elements of a Happy Relationship

439

(1)

References

440

(1)

Further Reading

441

(4)

PART V RESPONSIBILITY

14 THE NATURE AND FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

445

(28)

James Crawford and Simon Olleson

Summary

445

(1)

I The Scope of International Responsibility: Introduction and Overview

446

(3)

II State Responsibility: Issues of Classification and Characterization

449

(4)

A Responsibility under International or National Law?

449

(1)

B The Typology of State Responsibility

450

(3)

III The Elements of State Responsibility

453

(12)

A Attribution of Conduct to the State

454

(4)

B Breach of an International Obligation of the State

458

(4)

C Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness: Defences or Excuses for Breaches of International Law

462

(3)

IV The Content of International Responsibility

465

(3)

V Invocation of Responsibility: Responses by the Injured State and Other States

468

(2)

VI Conclusion: Further Development of the Law of International Responsibility?

470

(1)

References

471

(1)

Further Reading

471

(2)

15 ISSUES OF ADMISSIBILITY AND THE LAW ON INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

473

(32)

Phoebe Okowa

Summary

473

(1)

I Introduction

474

(1)

II Legal Interest as a Pre-requisite to Admissibility of Claims

474

(3)

A Rationale of International Law Rules on Locus Standi

475

(1)

B Modalities of Establishing of Legal Interest

476

(1)

III The Bases of Diplomatic Protection

477

(11)

A Nationality as the Basis of Legal Interest in Indirect Claims

477

(2)

B Establishing Nationality for Purposes of Diplomatic Protection

479

(4)

C The Nationality of Corporations

483

(2)

D Applying the Nationality Rule

485

(3)

IV Admissibility in Cases Concerning Obligations Owed to a Plurality of States

488

(17)

A Introduction

488

(2)

B Treaty Instruments Protecting Collective Interests

490

(1)

C Litigation in the Public Interest and the Enforcement of Erga Omnes Obligations

490

(3)

V Admissibility of Claims and the Rule on Exhaustion of Local Remedies

493

(1)

A Introduction

493

(1)

B The Content of the Rule

494

(1)

C The Application of the Rule in the Context of Mixed Claims

495

(1)

D Nature of the Rule

497

(1)

E Which View Represents the Law?

498

(1)

F The Exclusion of the Local Remedies Rule

499

(1)

VI Conclusion

500

(1)

References

501

(1)

Further Reading

502

(3)

PART VI RESPONDING TO BREACHES OF INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS

16 COUNTERMEASURES AND SANCTIONS

505

(23)

ND White and A Abass

Summary

505

(1)

I Introduction: Self-help in International Law

505

(3)

II Countermeasures

508

(10)

A Definition of Countermeasures

508

(2)

B Reprisals and Retorsion

510

(2)

C Limitations upon Countermeasures and other Non-forcible Measures taken by States

512

(2)

D Countermeasures and Third States

514

(4)

III Economic Coercion

518

(4)

IV Sanctions

522

(4)

A Definition of Sanctions

522

(2)

B Limitations upon Sanctions

524

(2)

V Conclusion

526

(1)

References

527

(1)

Further Reading

528

(1)

17 THE MEANS OF DISPUTE SETTLEMENT

528

(31)

John Merrills

Summary

529

(1)

I Introduction

529

(2)

II Diplomatic Methods

531

(8)

A Negotiation

531

(2)

B Mediation

533

(2)

C Inquiry

535

(2)

D Conciliation

537

(2)

III Legal Methods

539

(8)

A Arbitration

539

(2)

B The International Court of Justice

541

(2)

C Other Courts and Tribunals

543

(1)

D The Place of Legal Methods

544

(3)

IV International Organizations and Dispute Settlement

547

(6)

A Regional Organizations

547

(1)

B The United Nations

548

(2)

C The Charter System in Practice

550

(2)

D The Value and Limitations of Organizations

552

(1)

V Conclusion

553

(1)

References

554

(3)

Further Reading

557

(2)

18 THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

559

(30)

Hugh Thirlway

Summary

559

(1)

I Introduction

559

(1)

II History

560

(2)

III Structure and Composition

562

(2)

IV Procedure

564

(2)

V The Court's Jurisdiction

566

(8)

A Jurisdiction: Structural Limitations

566

(2)

B Jurisdiction in Particular Cases

568

(3)

C Jurisdiction and its Exercise

571

(1)

D Verification of Jurisdiction and Admissibility: Preliminary Objections

572

(2)

VI Other Incidental Proceedings

574

(5)

A Requests for the Indication of Provisional Measures

574

(2)

B Parties: Joinder of Cases; Intervention by Third States

576

(3)

C Interpretation and Revision of Judgments

579

(1)

VII Effect of the Decisions of the Court

579

(3)

VIII Advisory Proceedings

582

(3)

IX The Court Past and Present: An Assessment

585

(2)

Further Reading

587

(2)

19 THE USE OF FORCE AND THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER

589

(34)

Christine Gray

Summary

589

(1)

I Introduction

589

(2)

A The UN Charter Scheme

590

(1)

II The Prohibition of the Use of Force in Article 2(4) UN Charter

591

(7)

A The Use of Force in 'International Relations'

592

(1)

B The Meaning of 'Threat or Use of Force'

592

(1)

C The Use of Force 'Against the Territorial Integrity and Political Independence of Any State, or in Any Other Manner Inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations'

593

(2)

D Humanitarian Intervention

595

(3)

III Intervention, Civil Wars, and Invitation

598

(1)

IV Self-defence

599

(9)

A The Scope of Self-defence: Necessity and Proportionality

600

(1)

B Anticipatory or Pre-emptive Self-defence

601

(1)

C The Meaning of 'Armed Attack'

602

(1)

D The Use of Force in Protection of Nationals

602

(1)

E Self-defence Against Terrorism

603

(2)

F Collective Self-defence

605

(1)

G The Role of the Security Council

606

(2)

V The Use of Force Under Chapter VII UN Charter

608

(2)

A Measures Under Article 41

608

(1)

B The Use of Force Under Chapter VII UN Charter

608

(2)

C Implied Authorization of Force?

610

(1)

VI UN Peacekeeping

610

(4)

A The Inception of Peacekeeping

610

(1)

B Peacekeeping After the End of the Cold War

611

(1)

C The Transformation of Peacekeeping: Yugoslavia and Somalia 1991-95

612

(1)

D Peacekeeping in Africa

613

(1)

E Peacekeeping After the Brahimi Report

614

(1)

VII Regional Action Under Chapter VIII UN Charter

614

(9)

A A Greater Role for Regional Organizations

615

(1)

B Controversy as to the Interpretation of Chapter VIII

615

(1)

C The OECS Intervention in Grenada (1983)

616

(2)

D Regional Peacekeeping After the Cold War 616 VIII Conclusion

618

(1)

References

618

(1)

Further Reading

619

(4)

PART VII THE APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

20 THE LAW OF THE SEA

623

(34)

Malcolm D Evans

Summary

623

(1)

I Introduction

623

(3)

II Constructing Baselines

626

(3)

A Introduction: The Normal Rule

626

(1)

B Straight Baselines

626

(1)

C Bays

627

(1)

D Archipelagoes

628

(1)

III The Internal Waters, Territorial Sea, and Contiguous Zone

629

(8)

A Introduction

629

(1)

B Jurisdiction of the Coastal State

630

(2)

C Navigation in the Territorial Sea

632

(5)

IV The High Seas

637

(5)

A The Freedoms of the Seas

637

(1)

B The Exceptions to Flag State Jurisdiction

638

(3)

C Conclusion

641

(1)

V Resource Jurisdiction

642

(5)

A The Continental Shelf

642

(2)

B The Exclusive Fishing Zone

644

(1)

C The Exclusive Economic Zone

644

(2)

D The Deep Sea Bed

646

(1)

VI Delimitation of Maritime Zones between Opposite or Adjacent States

647

(3)

A Equidistance or Equitable Principles?

648

(1)

B Factors Affecting Delimitation

649

(1)

VII Fisheries

650

(4)

A The Basic Scheme of Regulation

650

(1)

B Managing Fisheries

651

(3)

VIII Conclusion

654

(1)

References

654

(3)

Further Reading

657

(1)

21 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

657

(32)

Catherine Redgwell

Summary

657

(1)

I Introduction: What is International Environmental Law?

657

(2)

II Defining 'The Environment'

659

(1)

III The Development of International Environmental Law

659

(3)

IV Key Environmental Actors

662

(1)

V Sources of International Environmental Law

663

(2)

A Customary International Law

664

(1)

B Treaty Law

664

(1)

VI Enforcement of International Environmental Law

665

(2)

VII Substantive International Environmental Law

667

(18)

A Protection of the Marine Environment

667

(3)

B Protection of the Atmosphere

670

(4)

C Nuclear Risks

674

(1)

D Other Hazardous Substances and Activities

674

(3)

E Conservation of Nature

677

(6)

F Conservation of Marine Living Resources

683

(2)

VIII Conclusion

685

(1)

References

685

(2)

Further Reading

687

(2)

22 INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 689

Gerhard Loibl

Summary

689

(1)

I Introduction

689

(2)

II International Finance Law

691

(9)

A The International Monetary Fund (IMF)

691

(4)

B The World Bank Group

695

(4)

C Regional Development Banks

699

(1)

D Concluding Remarks

699

(1)

III International Trade Law

700

(10)

A The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO)

700

(1)

B World Trade Organization

700

(8)

C International Commodity Agreements

708

(2)

IV International Investment Law

710

(7)

A Introduction

710

(1)

B Definition of Investment

711

(1)

C Bilateral Investment Treaties

712

(2)

D Is there a Need for a Multilateral Investment Agreement?

714

(1)

E Investment Insurance Schemes at the National Level

714

(1)

F The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

714

(2)

G Investment Dispute Settlement Mechanisms

716

(1)

V Regional Economic Integration Arrangements

717

(1)

VI Concluding Remarks

717

(1)

References

718

(2)

Further Reading

720

(1)

23 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW

721

(36)

Antonio Cassese

Summary

721

(1)

I Introduction: The Notion of International Criminal Law

721

(1)

II General Features of International Criminal Law

722

(4)

A Recent Origins

722

(1)

B The Relationship With International Human Rights and National Criminal Law

723

(1)

C The Relationship With Public International Law

724

(2)

III The Establishment of International Criminal Tribunals

726

(9)

A Post-Cold War 'New World Order' and the Development of Ad Hoc Tribunals (1993-94)

726

(4)

B The International Criminal Court

730

(4)

C The Establishment of so-called Internationalized or Mixed Criminal Courts or Tribunals

734

(1)

IV Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Law

735

(3)

V Categories of International Crimes

738

(16)

A War Crimes

739

(1)

B Crimes Against Humanity

740

(2)

C Genocide

742

(2)

D Other International Crimes (Aggression, Torture, Terrorism)

744

(10)

VI Conclusion

754

(1)

References

755

(1)

Further Reading

756

(1)

24 INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

757

(32)

Henry J Steiner

Summary

757

(1)

I Introduction

757

(2)

II The Kinds of Protection Provided by International Organizations

759

(13)

A Why Create International Organizations?

759

(3)

B IGOs and NGOs

762

(8)

C Interaction among Institutions and Systems in Exerting Pressure on Delinquent States

770

(2)

III Characteristics of International Human Rights Relevant to the Nature of Protection

772

(12)

A Human Rights Violations Generally Occur within and Affect only People Within a Single State

773

(1)

B Human Rights Violations Often have a Systemic Character and Reflect Deep Aspects of a State's Political Structure

774

(2)

C The Reach of Human Rights Duties within States: Non-State (Private) Actors

776

(1)

D The Progressive Realization of Civil and Political Rights

777

(3)

E The State's Duty to Promote and Transform: Cultural Obstacles

780

(4)

IV Conclusion: Perspectives and Voices

784

(2)

References

786

(1)

Further Reading

786

(3)

25 THE LAW OF WAR (INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW)

789

Christopher Greenwood

Summary

789

(1)

I Introduction

789

(2)

II When Does the Law of War Apply?

791

(3)

III Who Is Entitled to Take Part in Hostilities?

794

(3)

IV What Is a Lawful Target and How May it Be Attacked?

797

(5)

V What Are the Limitations on the Weapons with Which States May Conduct Hostilities?

802

(7)

A Nuclear Weapons

806

(3)

VI What Protection Does the Law Afford the Victims of Hostilities?

809

(5)

A Prisoners of War

809

(2)

B The Wounded and Sick

811

(1)

C Civilians

812

(2)

VII How Much If Any of this Law Applies in Civil War?

814

(3)

VIII How Can the Law Be Enforced?

817

(5)

References

822

(1)

Further Reading

823

(2)

Index

825

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International Law

International Law

9780199251148

0199251142

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Table of Contents

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

International Law

International Law

9780199251148

0199251142

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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