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| List of Case Studies | p. xi |
| List of Problems | p. xi |
| Tables and Boxes | p. xi |
| Acronyms | p. xiii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xv |
| Introduction: A Note to the Reader | p. xvii |
| Introduction and Theory | p. 1 |
| Human Rights as an Issue in World Politics | p. 3 |
| The Emergence of International Human Rights Norms | p. 4 |
| From Cold War to Covena... MORE | p. 6 |
| The 1970s: From Standard Setting to Monitoring | p. 8 |
| The 1980s: Further Growth and Institutionalization | p. 10 |
| The 1990s: Consolidating Progress and Acting Against Genocide | p. 11 |
| International Human Rights After 9/11 | p. 13 |
| The Global Human Rights Regime | p. 14 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 16 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 17 |
| Theories of Human Rights | p. 19 |
| The Nature of Human Rights | p. 19 |
| The Source or Justification of Human Rights | p. 21 |
| Equal Concern and Respect | p. 22 |
| Interdependent and Indivisible Human Rights | p. 23 |
| The Duty-Bearers of Human Rights | p. 24 |
| Human Rights and Related Practices | p. 25 |
| Sovereignty, Anarchy, and International Society | p. 26 |
| Three Models of International Human Rights | p. 27 |
| Realism and Human Rights | p. 29 |
| Democracy and Human Rights | p. 30 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 32 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 34 |
| The Relative Universality of Human Rights | p. 37 |
| Universality and Relativity | p. 37 |
| International Legal Universality | p. 38 |
| Overlapping Consensus Universality | p. 39 |
| Functional Universality | p. 40 |
| Anthropological or Historical Relativity | p. 42 |
| Cultural Relativism | p. 44 |
| Universal Rights, Not Identical Practices | p. 45 |
| Universalism Without Imperialism | p. 46 |
| The Relative Universality of Human Rights | p. 47 |
| Hate Speech | p. 48 |
| Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation | p. 50 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 52 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 54 |
| The Domestic Politics of Human Rights: Dirty Wars in the Southern Cone | p. 57 |
| Politics Before the Coups | p. 57 |
| Torture and Disappearances | p. 59 |
| The National Security Doctrine | p. 61 |
| Human Rights NGOs | p. 63 |
| The Collapse of Military Rule | p. 64 |
| Nunca Más: Settling Accounts with Torturers and the Past | p. 66 |
| Postscript: Maintaining Civilian Rule | p. 69 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 70 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 72 |
| Multilateral, Bilateral, and Transnational Action | p. 75 |
| Global Multilateral Mechanisms | p. 77 |
| The Human Rights Council | p. 77 |
| The High Commissioner for Human Rights | p. 80 |
| Treaty-Reporting Systems | p. 81 |
| Additional Global Actors | p. 86 |
| Case Study: The Antiapartheid Regime | p. 88 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 92 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 93 |
| Regional Human Rights Regimes | p. 95 |
| The European Regional Regime | p. 95 |
| The Inter-American System | p. 96 |
| The African Regional Regime | p. 98 |
| The Arab World and Asia | p. 99 |
| Case Study: Chile and the Inter-American Commission | p. 100 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 102 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 103 |
| Assessing Multilateral Mechanisms | p. 105 |
| The Evolution of International Human Rights Regimes | p. 105 |
| Assessing Multilateral Human Rights Mechanisms | p. 109 |
| Human Rights in American Foreign Policy: Cold War-Era Cases and Comparisons | p. 113 |
| Anticommunism and American Exceptionalism | p. 114 |
| Case Study: US Policy in Central America | p. 115 |
| Case Study: US Policy in the Southern Cone | p. 124 |
| Case Study: US Policy Toward South Africa | p. 125 |
| Other Western Approaches to International Human Rights | p. 128 |
| Explaining Differences in Human Rights Policies | p. 130 |
| US Ratification of Human Rights Treaties | p. 133 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 135 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 136 |
| Human Rights and Foreign Policy | p. 139 |
| Human Rights and the National Interest | p. 139 |
| Means and Mechanisms of Bilateral Action | p. 140 |
| The Aims and Effects of Human Rights Policies | p. 143 |
| Foreign Policy and Human Rights Policy | p. 145 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 148 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 148 |
| Transnational Human Rights Advocacy | p. 149 |
| Amnesty International | p. 150 |
| Human Rights Watch | p. 151 |
| Nonpartisan Action | p. 153 |
| NGO Legitimacy | p. 155 |
| Human Rights Obligations of MNCs | p. 156 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 158 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 158 |
| Comparing International Actors and Evaluating International Action | p. 161 |
| Comparing International Actors | p. 161 |
| The Priority of National Action | p. 162 |
| A System of International Accountability | p. 163 |
| Post-Cold War Issues and Cases | p. 165 |
| Responding to Human Rights Violations in China: Tiananmen and After | p. 167 |
| China's Democracy Movement | p. 167 |
| International Responses to Tiananmen | p. 171 |
| Assessing the Impact of International Action | p. 176 |
| Constructive Engagement Revisited | p. 178 |
| Human Rights and Great Power China | p. 180 |
| Human Rights and "Asian Values" | p. 182 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 185 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 187 |
| Humanitarian Intervention Against Genocide | p. 191 |
| Case Study: Bosnia | p. 191 |
| Case Study: Rwanda | p. 198 |
| Case Study: Kosovo | p. 199 |
| The Authority to Intervene | p. 201 |
| Case Study: East Timor | p. 203 |
| A Right to Humanitarian Intervention Against Genocide | p. 205 |
| Case Study: Sudan | p. 206 |
| Justifying Humanitarian Intervention | p. 209 |
| Types of Justifiability | p. 210 |
| A New Conception of Security | p. 212 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 213 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 214 |
| Globalization, the State, and Human Rights | p. 219 |
| Globalization | p. 219 |
| States and Human Rights | p. 221 |
| Markets and Welfare States | p. 222 |
| Market Democracy and American Foreign Policy | p. 225 |
| An Alliance of States and Human Rights Advocates? | p. 228 |
| West, South, and Market Redistributions | p. 230 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 232 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 232 |
| (Anti)Terrorism and Human Rights | |
| Human Rights in Post-Cold War American Foreign Policy | p. 235 |
| The Retreat of Human Rights | p. 237 |
| Human Rights, Security, and Foreign Policy | p. 239 |
| The Axis of Evil | p. 241 |
| The War Against Iraq | p. 242 |
| The Waning of the War? | p. 243 |
| The Absolute Prohibition of Torture | p. 244 |
| (Anti)Terrorism and Civil Liberties | p. 246 |
| Discussion Questions | p. 247 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 248 |
| Notes | p. 251 |
| Appendix: Universal Declaration of Human Rights | p. 261 |
| Glossary | p. 265 |
| Index | p. 271 |
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