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Integrated Science

ISBN: 9780072467000 | 0072467002
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math
Pub. Date: 6/27/2003

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SummaryTable of Contents
Integrated Science is a straight forward, easy-to-read, but substantial introduction to the fundamental behavior of matter and energy in living and nonliving systems. It is intended to serve the needs of non-science majors who are required to complete one or more science courses as part of a general or basic studies requirement. It introduces basic concepts and key ideas while providing opportunities for students to learn reasoning skills and a new way of thinking about their environment. No prior work in science is assumed. The language, as well as the mathematics, is as simple as can be practical for a college-level science course.
CHAPTER ONE What Is Science?1(20)
OUTLINE
1(1)
Objects and Properties
2(2)
... MORE
Quantifying Properties
4(1)
Measurement Systems
4(2)
Standard Units for the Metric System
6(1)
Length
6(1)
Mass
6(1)
Time
6(1)
Metric Prefixes
6(1)
A Closer Look: The Leap Second
7(14)
Understandings from Measurements
8(2)
Data
8(1)
Ratios and Generalizations
8(1)
The Density Ratio
9(1)
Symbols and Equations
10(2)
The Nature of Science
12(4)
The Scientific Method
12(1)
Explanations and Investigations
13(1)
Scientific Laws
13(1)
Models and Theories
14(2)
Science, Nonscience, and Pseudoscience
16(5)
From Experimentation to Application
17(1)
Science and Nonscience
17(1)
Pseudoscience
17(1)
Limitations of Science
18(3)
CHAPTER TWO Motion21(26)
OUTLINE
21(1)
Describing Motion
22(1)
Measuring Motion
22(4)
Speed
22(2)
Velocity
24(1)
Acceleration
24(2)
Forces
26(2)
Horizontal Motion on Land
28(1)
Falling Objects
29(1)
A Closer Look: A Bicycle Racer's Edge
30(1)
Compound Motion
31(1)
Vertical Projectiles
31(1)
Horizontal Projectiles
31(1)
Laws of Motion
32(6)
Newton's First Law of Motion
32(2)
Newton's Second Law of Motion
34(2)
Weight and Mass
36(1)
Newton's Third Law of Motion
37(1)
Momentum
38(2)
Conservation of Momentum
39(1)
Impulse
39(1)
Forces and Circular Motion
40(1)
Newton's Law of Gravitation
41(1)
A Closer Look: Space Station Weightlessness
42(5)
CHAPTER THREE Energy47(16)
OUTLINE
47(1)
Work
48(2)
Units of Work
48(1)
Power
49(1)
Motion, Position, and Energy
50(2)
Potential Energy
50(1)
Kinetic Energy
51(1)
Energy Flow
52(4)
Energy Forms
52(2)
Energy Conversion
54(1)
Energy Conservation
55(1)
Energy Transfer
56(1)
Energy Sources Today
56(2)
Petroleum
57(1)
Coal
57(1)
Moving Water
58(1)
Nuclear
58(1)
A Closer Look: Solar Technologies
58(5)
CHAPTER FOUR Heat and Temperature63(22)
OUTLINE
63(1)
The Kinetic Molecular Theory
64(2)
Molecules
64(1)
Molecules Interact
65(1)
Phases of Matter
65(1)
Molecules Move
66(1)
Temperature
66(3)
Thermometers
67(1)
Thermometer Scales
67(2)
Heat
69(6)
Heat as Energy Transfer
70(1)
Measures of Heat
71(1)
Specific Heat
71(2)
Heat Flow
73(2)
A Closer Look: Passive Solar Design
75(10)
Energy, Heat, and Molecular Theory
76(9)
Phase Change
76(2)
Evaporation and Condensation
78(1)
Relative Humidity
79(1)
Thermodynamics
80(5)
CHAPTER FIVE Wave Motions and Sound85(20)
OUTLINE
85(1)
Forces and Elastic Materials
86(2)
Forces and Vibrations
86(1)
Describing Vibrations
87(1)
Waves
88(2)
Kinds of Waves
88(1)
Waves in Air
89(1)
Hearing Waves in Air
89(1)
A Closer Look: Ultrasonics
90(15)
Describing Waves
92(1)
Sound Waves
92(4)
Velocity of Sound in Air
93(1)
Refraction and Reflection
93(1)
Interference
94(2)
Energy and Sound
96(2)
Loudness
96(1)
Resonance
96(2)
Sources of Sounds
98(7)
Vibrating Strings
98(2)
Sounds from Moving Sources
100(5)
CHAPTER SIX Electricity105(24)
OUTLINE
105(1)
Electric Charge
106(3)
Measuring Electrical Charge
108(1)
Measuring Electrical Force
108(1)
Electric Current
109(2)
Resistance
110(1)
AC and DC
111(1)
A Closer Look: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
111(3)
The Electric Circuit
112(1)
Electrical Power and Work
113(1)
A Closer Look: Household Circuits and Safety
114(9)
Magnetism
116(5)
Moving Charges and Magnetic Fields
118(1)
Magnetic Fields Interact
119(2)
A Moving Magnet Produces an Electric Field
121(2)
A Closer Look: Solar Cells
123(6)
CHAPTER SEVEN Light129(22)
OUTLINE
129(1)
Sources of Light
130(2)
Properties of Light
132(5)
Light Interacts with Matter
132(1)
Reflection
133(2)
Refraction
135(2)
A Closer Look: Optics
137(4)
Dispersion and Color
139(1)
Evidence for Waves
140(1)
Interference
140(1)
A Closer Look: The Rainbow
141(4)
Polarization
142(2)
Evidence for Particles
144(1)
Photoelectric Effect
144(1)
Quantitation of Energy
144(1)
A Closer Look: The Compact Disc (CD)
145(6)
The Present Theory
146(5)
CHAPTER EIGHT Atoms and Periodic Properties151(20)
OUTLINE
151(1)
Atomic Structure Discovered
152(4)
Discovery of the Electron
153(1)
The Nucleus
154(2)
The Bohr Model
156(2)
The Quantum Concept
156(1)
Atomic Spectra
156(1)
Bohr's Theory
156(2)
Quantum Mechanics
158(2)
Electron Configuration
160(2)
The Periodic Table
162(2)
A Closer Look: The Rare Earths
164(7)
Metals, Nonmetals, and Semiconductors
165(6)
CHAPTER NINE Chemical Reactions171(24)
OUTLINE
171(1)
Compounds
172(1)
Elements
173(1)
Chemical Change
174(2)
Valence Electrons and Ions
176(1)
Chemical Bonds
177(5)
Ionic Bonds
177(2)
Covalent Bonds
179(3)
Composition of Compounds
182(1)
A Closer Look: Name That Compound
182(2)
A Closer Look: How to Write a Chemical Formula
184(2)
Chemical Equations
185(1)
A Closer Look: On Balancing Equations
186(9)
Types of Chemical Reactions
188(7)
Combination Reactions
188(1)
Decomposition Reactions
189(1)
Replacement Reactions
189(1)
Ion Exchange Reactions
190(5)
CHAPTER TEN Water and Solutions195(18)
OUTLINE
195(1)
Household Water
196(1)
Properties of Water
197(5)
Structure of the Water Molecule
197(1)
The Dissolving Process
198(1)
Concentration of Solutions
199(2)
Solubility
201(1)
Properties of Water Solutions
202(2)
Electrolytes
202(1)
Boiling Point
202(1)
Freezing Point
203(1)
Acids, Bases, and Salts
204(5)
Properties of Acids and Bases
204(1)
Explaining Acid-Base Properties
205(1)
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
206(1)
The pH Scale
206(1)
Properties of Salts
207(1)
Hard and Soft Water
208(1)
A Closer Look: Acid Rain
209(4)
CHAPTER ELEVEN Nuclear Reactions213(22)
OUTLINE
213(1)
Natural Radioactivity
214(7)
Nuclear Equations
215(1)
The Nature of the Nucleus
216(1)
Types of Radioactive Decay
217(1)
Radioactive Decay Series
218(3)
Measurement of Radiation
221(2)
Measurement Methods
221(1)
Radiation Units
221(1)
Radiation Exposure
222(1)
Nuclear Energy
223(1)
A Closer Look: Nuclear Medicine
224(6)
Nuclear Fission
224(1)
Nuclear Power Plants
225(4)
Nuclear Fusion
229(1)
A Closer Look: Three Mile Island and Chernobyl
230(2)
A Closer Look: Nuclear Waste
232(3)
CHAPTER TWELVE The Universe235(18)
OUTLINE
235(1)
The Night Sky
236(1)
Origin of Stars
237(1)
Brightness of Stars
238(1)
Star Temperature
238(1)
Star Types
239(1)
The Life of a Star
240(4)
Galaxies
244(2)
The Milky Way Galaxy
244(1)
Other Galaxies
244(2)
A Closer Look: Extraterrestrials?
246(3)
The Life of a Galaxy
246(3)
A Closer Look: Dark Matter
249(4)
CHAPTER THIRTEEN The Solar System253(22)
OUTLINE
253(1)
Planets, Moons, and Other Bodies
254(9)
Mercury
255(2)
Venus
257(1)
Earth's Moon
258(2)
Mars
260(2)
Jupiter
262(1)
A Closer Look: Planets and Astrology
263(8)
Saturn
265(1)
Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto
265(2)
Small Bodies of the Solar System
267(4)
Comets
267(2)
Asteroids
269(1)
Meteors and Meteorites
270(1)
A Closer Look: Strange Meteorites
271(4)
Origin of the Solar System
272(3)
CHAPTER FOURTEEN The Earth275(20)
OUTLINE
275(1)
Earth Materials
276(4)
Minerals
276(4)
A Closer Look: Asbestos
280(11)
Rocks
280(2)
The Rock Cycle
282(1)
The Earth's Interior
282(3)
The Crust
283(1)
The Mantle
283(1)
The Core
284(1)
A More Detailed Structure
285(1)
Plate Tectonics
285(6)
Evidence from Earth's Magnetic Field
286(1)
Evidence from the Ocean
286(2)
Lithosphere Plates and Boundaries
288(3)
A Closer Look: Seismic Tomography
291(2)
Present-Day Understandings
291(2)
A Closer Look: Measuring Plate Movement
293(2)
CHAPTER FIFTEEN The Earth's Surface295(24)
OUTLINE
295(1)
Interpreting Earth's Surface
296(1)
Processes That Build Up the Surface
296(5)
Stress and Strain
297(1)
Folding
298(1)
Faulting
299(2)
Earthquakes
301(3)
Origin of Mountains
304(2)
A Closer Look: Volcanoes Change the World
306(5)
Processes That Tear Down the Surface
307(4)
Weathering
307(3)
Erosion
310(1)
A Closer Look: Acid Rain and Chemical Weathering
311(8)
CHAPTER SIXTEEN Earth's Weather319(34)
OUTLINE
319(1)
The Atmosphere
320(4)
Composition of the Atmosphere
320(2)
Atmospheric Pressure
322(1)
Warming the Atmosphere
322(1)
Structure of the Atmosphere
323(1)
The Winds
324(4)
Local Wind Patterns
325(1)
A Closer Look: The Wind Chill Factor
326(2)
Global Wind Patterns
327(1)
A Closer Look: Wind Power
328(21)
Water and the Atmosphere
329(6)
Evaporation and Condensation
329(3)
Fog and Clouds
332(1)
Precipitation
333(2)
Weather Producers
335(9)
Air Masses
335(1)
Weather Fronts
336(3)
Waves and Cyclones
339(1)
Major Storms
340(4)
Weather Forecasting
344(1)
Climate
345(4)
Major Climate Groups
345(1)
Regional Climatic Influence
346(3)
A Closer Look: El Niņo and La Niņa
349(4)
CHAAPTER SEVENTEEN Earth's Waters353(20)
OUTLINE
353(1)
Water on the Earth
354(5)
Freshwater
355(1)
Surface Water
356(1)
Groundwater
357(1)
Freshwater as a Resource
358(1)
A Closer Look: Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment
359(6)
Seawater
361(4)
Oceans and Seas
362(1)
The Nature of Seawater
363(1)
Movement of Seawater
364(1)
A Closer Look: Estuary Pollution
365(6)
The Ocean Floor
370(1)
A Closer Look: Key Forecasting Tool for the Chesapeake Bay
371(2)
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Organic and Biochemistry373(28)
OUTLINE
373(1)
Organic Compounds
374(1)
Hydrocarbons
375(3)
Alkenes and Alkynes
376(1)
Cycloalkanes and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
377(1)
Petroleum
378(2)
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
380(5)
Alcohols
381(2)
Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones
383(1)
Organic Acids and Esters
383(2)
Organic Compounds of Life
385(10)
Carbohydrates
386(2)
Proteins
388(2)
A Closer Look: Some Interesting Amino Acid Information
390(4)
Nucleic Acids
391(1)
Lipids
392(2)
A Closer Look: Omega Fatty Acids and Your Diet
394(1)
A Closer Look: Fat and Your Diet
395(6)
Synthetic Polymers
396(5)
CHAPTER NINETEEN The Nature of Living Things401(26)
OUTLINE
401(1)
Characteristics of Life
402(1)
The Cell Theory
403(1)
A Closer Look: The Energy Currency of Living Things-ATP
404(12)
Cell Membranes
406(2)
Getting Through Membranes
408(4)
Diffusion
409(1)
Osmosis
410(1)
Controlled Methods of Transporting Molecules
411(1)
Organelles Composed of Membranes
412(4)
A Closer Look: Biochemical Pathways
416(4)
Nonmembranous Organelles
416(2)
Nuclear Components
418(1)
Major Cell Types
419(1)
The Prokaryotic Cell Structure
419(1)
A Closer Look: Antibiotics and Cell Structural Differences
420(5)
The Eukaryotic Cell Structure
422(1)
The Importance of Cell Division
423(1)
The Cell Cycle
423(1)
The Stages of Mitosis
424(1)
A Closer Look: Abnormal Cell Division: Cancer
425(2)
CHAPTER TWENTY The Origin and Evolution of Life427(26)
OUTLINE
427(1)
Current Thinking About the Origin of Life
428(2)
Extraterrestrial Origin for Life on Earth
428(1)
Earth Origin for Life on Earth
429(1)
Meeting Metabolic Needs-Heterotrophs or Autotrophs
430(1)
Reproduction and the Origin of Genetic Material
430(1)
Major Events in the Early Evolution of Living Things
431(2)
The Development of an Oxidizing Atmosphere
431(1)
The Establishment of Three Major Domains of Life
432(1)
The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
433(1)
The Role of Natural Selection in Evolution
433(3)
What Influences Natural Selection?
436(1)
Genetic Variety Resulting from Mutation
436(1)
Genetic Variety Resulting from Sexual Reproduction
437(1)
Acquired Characteristics Do Not Influence Natural Selection
437(1)
Processes That Drive Natural Selection
437(3)
Differential Survival
437(1)
Differential Reproductive Rates
438(2)
Differential Mate Selection
440(1)
A Summary of the Causes of Evolutionary Change
440(1)
A Closer Look: Human-Designed Organisms
441(1)
Accumulating Evidence of Evolution
441(1)
A Closer Look: Common Misconceptions About the Theory of Evolution
442(2)
Species: A Working Definition
443(1)
A Closer Look: Is the Red Wolf a Species?
444(9)
How New Species Originate
445(3)
The Development of Evolutionary Thought
448(1)
The Tentative Nature of the Evolutionary History of Organisms
449(4)
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE The History of Life on Earth453(28)
OUTLINE
453(1)
Geologic Time
454(3)
Early Attempts at Earth Dating
454(1)
Modern Techniques for Determining the Age of the Earth
455(1)
Arranging Events in Order
455(2)
Geologic Time and the Fossil Record
457(4)
Early Ideas About Fossils
458(1)
Types of Fossils
458(2)
Correlating Fossils with Geologic Time
460(1)
A Closer Look: What Is Carbon-14 Dating?
461(6)
The Geologic Time Scale
462(4)
Paleontology, Archaeology, and Human Evolution
466(1)
The First Hominids - The Australopiths
466(1)
A Closer Look: Neandertals Were Probably a Different Species
467(9)
Later Hominids-The Genus Homo
467(1)
The Origin of Homo sapiens
467(1)
The Classification of Organisms
468(8)
Domains Eubacteria and Archaea
472(2)
Domain Eucarya
474(2)
A Closer Look: The Worlds Oldest and Largest Living Organisms
476(5)
Acellular Infectious Particles
476(5)
Viruses
477(1)
Viroids: Infectious RNA
478(1)
Prions: Infectious Proteins
478(3)
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Ecology and Environment481(30)
OUTLINE
481(1)
A Definition of Environment
482(1)
The Organization of Ecological Systems
482(3)
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
485(1)
Community Interactions
486(1)
Types of Terrestrial Communities
487(4)
Temperate Deciduous Forest
488(1)
Grassland or Prairie
489(1)
Savanna
489(1)
Desert
489(1)
Boreal Forest
489(1)
Temperate Rainforest
490(1)
Tundra
490(1)
Tropical Rainforest
490(1)
Types of Aquatic Communities
491(1)
Marine Communities
491(1)
Freshwater Communities
491(1)
Estuaries
491(1)
Community, Habitat, and Niche
492(2)
A Closer Look: The Importance of Habitat Size
494(6)
Kinds of Organism Interactions
495(3)
Predation
495(1)
Parasitism
495(1)
Commensalism
495(2)
Mutualism
497(1)
Competition
498(1)
The Cycling of Materials in Ecosystems
498(2)
The Carbon Cycle
498(1)
The Nitrogen Cycle
499(1)
A Closer Look: Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming
500(6)
Population Characteristics
501(3)
The Population Growth Curve
504(1)
Population-Size Limitations
505(1)
A Closer Look: Government Policy and Population Control
506(5)
Limiting Factors to Human Population Growth
506(5)
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE Human Biology: Sex and Nutrition511(24)
OUTLINE
511(1)
Sexual Reproduction
512(11)
The Mechanics of Meiosis
512(2)
Chromosomes and Sex Determination
514(2)
A Closer Look: Karyotyping and Down Syndrome
516(6)
Spermatogenesis
516(2)
Oogenesis
518(4)
A Closer Look: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
522(1)
A Closer Look: The Human Genome Project
523(8)
Sexual Maturation of Young Adults
524(1)
Nutrition
525(6)
Living Things as Chemical Factories: Matter and Energy Manipulators
526(1)
Kilocalories, Basal Metabolism, and Weight Control
526(1)
Amounts and Sources of Nutrients
527(1)
The Food Guide Pyramid with Five Food Groups
528(2)
Eating Disorders
530(1)
A Closer Look: Nutritional Needs Associated with Pregnancy and Lactation
531(4)
Deficiency Diseases
531(4)
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR Human Biology: Materials Exchange and Control Mechanisms535(24)
OUTLINE
535(1)
Exchanging Materials: Basic Principles
536(1)
Transporting Materials: The Circulatory System
537(3)
The Nature of Blood
537(1)
The Heart
537(1)
Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
538(2)
Exchanging Gases: The Respiratory System
540(2)
Obtaining Nutrients: The Digestive System
542(2)
Mechanical and Chemical Processing
543(1)
A Closer Look: Cigarette Smoking and Your Health
544(12)
Nutrient Uptake
545(1)
Waste Disposal: The Excretory System
546(1)
Control Mechanisms
547(4)
The Structure of the Nervous System
547(1)
The Nature of the Nerve Impulse
548(1)
Activities at the Synapse
549(1)
Endocrine System Function
549(2)
Sensory Input
551(3)
Chemical Detection
551(1)
Light Detection
552(1)
Sound Detection
553(1)
Touch
553(1)
Output Mechanisms
554(2)
Muscles
554(1)
Glands
555(1)
A Closer Look: Which Type of Exercise Do You Do?
556(3)
Growth Responses
556(3)
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE Mendelian and Molecular Genetics559(26)
OUTLINE
559(1)
Genetics, Meiosis, and Cells
560(1)
Single-Gene Inheritance Patterns
560(3)
Dominant and Recessive Alleles
561(1)
Codominance
561(2)
X-Linked Genes
563(1)
Mendel's Laws of Heredity
563(1)
A Closer Look: Cystic Fibrosis-What's the Probability?
564(1)
Steps in Solving Heredity Problems: Single Factor Crosses
564(1)
A Closer Look: Blame That Trait on Your Mother!
565(1)
A Closer Look: Muscular Dystrophy and Genetics
566(12)
Alternative Inheritance Situations
566(3)
Multiple Alleles
566(1)
Polygenic Inheritance
566(1)
Pleiotropy
567(2)
Environmental Influences on Gene Expression
569(1)
What Is a Gene and How Does It Work?
569(9)
The Structure of DNA and RNA
570(1)
DNA Replication
571(1)
DNA Transcription
572(4)
Translation or Protein Synthesis
576(1)
Alterations of DNA
577(1)
A Closer Look: Basic Steps of Translation
578(3)
Genetic Engineering
580(1)
A Closer Look: The PCR and Genetic Fingerprinting
581(4)
APPENDIX A Mathematical Review585(6)
Working with Equations
585(2)
Significant Figures
587(1)
Conversion of Units
588(1)
Scientific Notation
589(2)
APPENDIX B Solubilities Chart591(1)
APPENDIX C Relative Humidity Table592(1)
APPENDIX D Solutions for Group A Parallel Exercises593(19)
APPENDIX E Problem Solving612(3)
GLOSSARY615(22)
CREDITS637(2)
INDEX639

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