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Human Motivation (with InfoTrac)

by: Franken, Robert E.

Human Motivation (with InfoTrac)

by: Franken, Robert E.

ISBN 13:
9780534555306
ISBN 10:
0534555306
Edition: 5th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/05/2001
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

1. Themes in the Study of Motivation. 2. Components of Motivation. 3. Hunger and Eating. 4. Passion, Love, and Sexual Behavior. 5. Arousal, Attention, and Peak Performance. 6. Wakefulness, Alertness, Sleep, and Dreams. 7. Drug Use and Drug Addiction. 8. Aggression, Coercive Action, and Anger. 9. Emotion, Stress, and Health. 10. Goal-Incongruent Emotions. 11. Goal-Congruent Emotions. 12. From Curiosity to Creativity. 13. From Mastery to Self-Esteem. 14. Self-Regulation of Motivation.

Part One Issues and Organizing Principles in Motivation

Themes in the Study of Motivation

(25)

Plan of This Chapter

(1)

What Causes Behavior?

(1)

Approach and Avoidant Causes

(1)

Practical Application

(3)

A Hot/Cool Theory of Delay of Gratification

(1)

Basic Themes of Contemporary Motivation Theories

(4)

Behavior Represents an Attempt to Adapt

(1)

The Importance of Determining What Arouses and Energizes Behavior

(1)

Understanding What Governs the Direction of Behavior

(1)

Understanding Persistence

(1)

Understanding the Role of Feelings

(1)

Accounting for Individual Differences

(1)

The Question of Self Regulating Behavior

(1)

Do Humans Have a Will?

(1)

Theories of Motivation: A Historical Survey

(3)

Instinct Theories

(3)

Summary and Comment

(4)

Need Theories

(3)

Summary

(1)

Learning Theories

(2)

Watson's School of Behaviorism

(1)

Hull's Drive Theory

(1)

Skinner's Reinforcement Theory

(1)

Social Learning Theories

(1)

Summary and Comment

(3)

Growth and Mastery Motivation Theories

(1)

Humanistic Theories

(1)

Summary and Comment

(1)

Cognitive Theories

(1)

Summary

(1)

Biological, Learned, and Cognitive Forces

(1)

Learning to Make Use of the Internet

(1)

Main Points

(2)

Components of Motivation

(30)

The Biological Component

(7)

Origins of Human Brain Design

(1)

The Example of Temperament

(1)

Monozygotic and Dyzygotic Twins

(1)

Brain Design and Motivation

(1)

Some Examples of Brain Design

(1)

The Disposition to Experience Pleasure: Reward Systems in the Brain

(2)

The Disposition to Process Information: The Reticular Activating System

(1)

The Role of Neurotransmitters in Information Processing

(2)

Summary

(1)

The Learned Component

(1)

Attention and Learning

Practical Application

(34)

Becoming Aware of Your Biological Processes

(5)

Classical Conditioning

(1)

Instrumental Learning

(1)

Social Incentive Theory

Practical Application

(39)

The Need for Intention and Planning When Changing Unwanted Habits--Taking Charge Through Self-Regulation

(1)

Learning and Memory

(2)

Multiple Memory Systems

(1)

Hippocampal System (S-S Learning)

(1)

Dorsal Striatum System (S-R Learning)

(1)

Amygdala System (S-Rf Learning)

(1)

Memory and Cognition

(1)

Summary

(1)

The Cognitive Component

(1)

Cognitive Theories

(5)

The Nature of Cognitions

(2)

Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values

(1)

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

(1)

Implicit Theories

(1)

Habits, Automatic Behavior, and Cognition

(1)

An Example: What Causes Happiness?

Practical Application

2-3

(49)

Becoming Mindful of Your Cognitive Processes

(3)

Individual Differences

(2)

Summary

(3)

An Example of a Components Approach

(3)

Summary

(1)

Main Points

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

(1)

Part Two Analyzing Some Basic Motivational Systems

Hunger and Eating

(28)

How Do Humans Avoid Toxins

(2)

The Biological Component

(1)

The Learned Component

(1)

The Cognitive Component

(1)

Summary

(1)

Food Selection

(6)

Food and Energy: Fats, Carbohydrates, and Proteins

(2)

Food and Nutrients

(1)

Humans Evolved as Meat Eaters

(1)

The Biological Component

(1)

The Learned Component

(1)

The Cognitive Component

(1)

Summary

(1)

Distinguishing Between Hunger and Eating

(2)

Eating as a Sensory Experience

(2)

The Question of Overweight and Obesity

(4)

The Biological Component

(2)

Set-Point Theory

(1)

The Learned Component

(1)

The Cognitive Component

(1)

Summary

(1)

Theories of Overweight and Obesity

(5)

Internal-External Theory of Hunger and Eating

(2)

Boundary Theory of Hunger and Eating

(3)

Summary

(1)

Difficulties Confronting Dieters

(2)

The Biological Component

(1)

The Learned Component

(1)

The Cognitive Component

(1)

Health Implications of Weight Loss and Obesity

(1)

Summary

(1)

Food Sharing and Eating as a Social Event

(1)

The Biological Component

(1)

The Learned Component

Practical Application

(77)

Some Rules for Dieting

(2)

The Cognitive Component

(1)

Summary

(1)

Main Points

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

(1)

Passion, Love, and Sexual Behavior

(30)

Human Sexual Arousal (Passion)

(6)

The Biological Component

(1)

The Learned Component

(5)

The Cognitive Component

(1)

Summary

(1)

Attraction, Passion, Love, and Reproduction

(5)

The Biological Component

(3)

The Learned Component

(1)

The Cognitive Component

(1)

Summary

(1)

Practical Application

(94)

Striving to Attain Consummate Love

(1)

Biological Differences Between Men and Women

(2)

The Sex Hormones

(2)

Summary

101

(4)

Sexual Dimorphism in the Brain

103

(2)

The Politics of Biological Difference

105

(1)

Summary

105

(1)

Sexual Orientation

106

(6)

The Biological Component

106

(2)

The Learned Component

108

(2)

The Cognitive Component

110

(2)

Summary

112

(1)

Main Points

112

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

113

(1)

Arousal, Attention, and Peak Performance

114

(32)

Definition of Arousal

115

(1)

Cortical Arousal

115

(2)

The Reticular Activating System (RAS)

115

(1)

Measuring Cortical Activity

116

(1)

The Autonomic Nervous System

117

(2)

Arousal, Affect, and Performance

119

(3)

Arousal and Affect

119

(1)

Arousal and Performance

119

(3)

Arousal and Attention

122

(2)

Arousal and Selective Attention

122

(1)

Arousal and the Reorganization of Attention

122

(1)

Two Activation Systems

123

(1)

Conclusion

123

(1)

Summary

124

(1)

Challenges fox Performance Theory

124

(2)

Unexplained Arousal

124

(1)

Systems Involved in Peak Performance

125

(1)

Trait Arousal (Anxiety)

126

(4)

The Biological Component

126

(2)

The Learned Social Component

128

(1)

The Cognitive Component

129

(1)

High Trait Arousal and Performance

130

(1)

Summary

130

(1)

State Arousal: Sensory Overload

131

(3)

The Biological Component

131

(2)

The Learned Component

133

(1)

The Cognitive Component

133

(1)

Dealing with Sensory Overload

134

(1)

Sensory Overload and Performance

134

(1)

Summary

134

(1)

State Arousal: Cognitive Dissonance

135

(1)

The Biological Component

135

(1)

The Learned Component

135

(1)

The Cognitive Component

135

(1)

Cognitive Dissonance and Performance

136

(1)

Summary

136

(1)

State Arousal: Evaluation Arousal

136

(2)

Test Anxiety

136

(2)

Text Anxiety and Performance

138

(1)

Summary

138

(4)

Competition Arousal

138

(4)

Evolutionary Considerations

142

(1)

Coping with Evaluation Arousal

142

(1)

Summary

142

(2)

State Arousal and Performance: Some Concluding Comments

143

(1)

Main Points

144

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

145

(1)

Wakefulness, Alertness, Sleep, and Dreams

146

(29)

Origins of Sleep: Evolutionary Considerations

147

(1)

Wakefulness, Sleep, and EEG Activity

148

(3)

Correlates of Sleep and Wakefulness

148

(1)

Jouvet's Model of Sleep

149

(1)

Hobson's Model of Sleep and Dreams

150

(1)

Why We Fall Asleep and Why We Wake Up

150

(1)

Individual Differences in Sleep Cycles

151

(1)

Other Sleep Rhythms

151

Practical Application

(145)

Adjusting to jet Lag

151

(4)

Effects of Sleep Loss

152

(3)

Some Paradoxical Effects of Sleep Deprivation

155

(1)

Summary

155

(1)

The Function of REM Sleep

155

(1)

Paralysis During REM

155

(1)

REM Deprivation in Humans

156

(1)

The REM Rebound Effect

156

Practical Application

(150)

Shift Work, Sleepiness, and Catnaps

156

(7)

REM Deprivation in Animals

157

(1)

REM Sleep, Learning, and Adaptation

157

(1)

Motivation Theories of REM

158

(2)

Neural Organization Theories of REM

160

(2)

Individual Differences in the Need for REM Sleep

162

(1)

Summary

163

(1)

Dreaming

164

(5)

Hobson's Activation/Synthesis Theory

164

(1)

The Meaning of Dreams

165

(3)

Status of Theories

168

(1)

Hartmann's Theory of Sleep

168

(1)

Summary

169

(1)

Sleep Disorders

169

(1)

Insomnia

169

Practical Application

(164)

How to Become a Lucid Dreamer

170

(2)

Practical Application

(166)

Some Common Reasons for Insomnia

172

(2)

Sleep Apnea

173

(1)

Summary

174

(1)

Main Points

174

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

174

(1)

Drug Use and Drug Addiction

175

(33)

Evolutionary Considerations

176

(1)

Some Basic Terms and Concepts

176

(4)

Drug Addiction: The World Health Organization Definition

176

(1)

Substance Abuse

177

(1)

Psychoactive Drugs

177

(1)

Dependency

178

(1)

Tolerance

178

(1)

Solomon's Opponent-Process Model of Tolerance

178

(1)

Withdrawal

179

(1)

Craving

179

(1)

Summary

180

(1)

Why People Become Addicted

181

(1)

Approach and Avoidant Motivation

181

(1)

A Motivational Model

181

(1)

The Initial Motivation to Use Drugs

182

(1)

The Biological Component

182

Practical Application

(175)

Factors That Influence Drug Use

182

(3)

The Learned Component

185

(1)

The Cognitive Component

185

(1)

Summary

185

(1)

Why Drugs Are Addictive

186

(1)

Heroin and Morphine

187

(4)

The Biological Component

187

(1)

The Learned Component

188

(2)

The Cognitive Component

190

(1)

Summary

191

(1)

Stimulants: Cocaine and Amphetamines

191

(2)

The Biological Component

191

(1)

The Learned Component

192

(1)

The Cognitive Component

193

(1)

Summary

193

(1)

The Hallucinogenics: Cannabis and LSD

194

(1)

The Biological Component

194

(1)

The Learned Component

195

(1)

The Cognitive Component

195

(1)

Summary

195

(1)

Nicotine

196

(1)

The Biological Component

196

(1)

The Learned Component

196

(1)

The Cognitive Component

196

(1)

Summary

197

(1)

Alcohol

197

(6)

The Biological Component

197

(2)

The Learned Component

199

(1)

The Cognitive Component

200

(3)

Summary

203

(1)

Practical Application

(197)

How People Quit Addictions

204

(1)

Main Points

205

(2)

InfoTrac® College Edition

207

(1)

Aggression, Coercive Action, and Anger

208

(29)

Kinds of Aggression

209

(1)

The Traditional Definition of Aggression

210

(1)

Research on Aggression

210

(2)

Early Laboratory Research

210

(2)

Aggression in the Real World

212

(1)

New Concepts Regarding Aggression

212

(1)

The Need to Control

212

(1)

A Working Definition of Aggression

212

(1)

Anger and Aggression

213

(1)

Summary

213

(1)

Measuring Human Aggression

213

(1)

The Biological Component of Aggression

214

(4)

Genetic Processes

214

(1)

Hormones and Aggression

214

(2)

Neuromechanisms

216

(2)

Summary

218

(1)

The Learned Component of Aggression

218

(5)

The Concept of Frustration

218

(3)

Social Learning Theory

221

(2)

Summary

223

(1)

The Cognitive Component of Aggression

223

(5)

A Model of Coercive Action

223

(4)

Interpersonal Violence

227

(1)

Summary

228

(1)

Youth Violence

228

(3)

The Biological Component

229

(1)

The Learned Component

230

(1)

The Cognitive Component

230

(1)

Summary

231

(1)

Aggression and Crime

231

(3)

An Integrated Theory of Crime

231

(1)

Aggression and Self Esteem

232

Practical Application

(226)

Learning to Manage Anger

234

(1)

Summary

235

(1)

Main Points

236

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

236

(1)

Part Three Emotions and Motivation

Emotions, Stress, and Health

237

(34)

Emotions and Motivation

238

(2)

The Definition of Emotions

239

(1)

The Universal Nature of Emotions

239

(1)

The Role of Appraisal in Emotions

240

(1)

Summary

240

(1)

What Is Stress?

241

(1)

The Definition of Stress

241

(1)

Stress as a Sustained Fight-or-Flight Response

241

(1)

The Biological Component of Stress

242

(5)

The Sympathetic/Adrenal and the Pituitary/Adrenal Responses

242

(2)

Stress and the Immune System

244

(3)

Summary

247

(1)

The Learned Component of Stress

247

(5)

Unpredictability and Stress

247

(3)

Learning How to Respond to Stress

250

(1)

Social Factors and Stress: The Workplace Example

250

(2)

Summary

252

(1)

The Cognitive Component of Stress

252

(2)

Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused Coping

252

(1)

Situational Factors and Personal Control

253

(1)

Summary

254

(1)

Moderators of Stress

254

(1)

The Biological Component

254

(1)

The Learned Component

255

Practical Application

(246)

Pet Ownership and Health

255

(4)

Practical Application

(250)

Becoming a Constructive Thinker

259

(3)

The Cognitive Component

261

(1)

Summary

262

(1)

Stress and Health

263

(1)

The Cancer Model

264

(1)

Practical Application

(255)

Some Rules for Dealing with Stress

264

(5)

The Biological Component

265

(2)

The Learned Component

267

(1)

The Cognitive Component

267

(2)

Summary

269

(1)

Main Points

269

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

270

(1)

Goal-Incongruent (Negative) Emotions

271

(32)

Fear and Anxiety

272

(8)

The Biological Component

273

(2)

The Learned Component

275

(3)

The Cognitive Component

278

(2)

Summary

280

(1)

Pessimism and Depression

281

(8)

The Biological Component of Depression

282

(3)

The Learned Component of Depression

285

(3)

The Cognitive Component of Depression

288

Practical Application

(279)

How to Ward Off Depression

289

(4)

Summary

293

(1)

Practical Application

(284)

Cognitive Theory and Depression: Learning the Art of Constructive Thinking

294

(2)

Guilt and Shame

296

(4)

The Biological Component

297

(1)

The Learned Component

298

(1)

The Cognitive Component

299

(1)

Negative Emotions and Goat-Directed Behavior

299

Practical Application

(290)

Managing Excessive Guilt and Shame

300

(1)

Summary

301

(1)

Main Points

302

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

302

(1)

Goal-Congruent (Positive) Emotions

303

(30)

Happiness

304

(2)

Two Myths About the Origins of Happiness

304

(2)

The Biological Component

306

Practical Application

(295)

Improving Human Happiness

306

(5)

The Learned and Cognitive Component

308

(2)

Why Did Humans Evolve a Large Prefrontal Cortex in the First Place?

310

(1)

Happiness and Coping

311

(1)

The Biological Component

311

(1)

The Learned/Cognitive Component

312

(1)

Summary

312

(1)

The Question of Uncertainty and Coping

312

(2)

Happiness from Confronting Fear and Uncertainty: Developing a Bias for Action

312

(1)

The Biological Component

313

(1)

The Learned/Cognitive Component

313

(1)

The Motivation for Thrill-Seeking

314

(4)

The Interaction of Biological, Learned, and Cognitive Variables

314

(1)

Self-Efficacy and the Dual Route to Anxiety Control

315

(2)

Self-Efficacy Theory and Thrill Seeking

317

(1)

Some Concluding Remarks

318

(1)

Summary

318

(1)

Optimism and Hope

319

(5)

The Biological Component

320

(1)

The Learned/Cognitive Component

320

(1)

Optimism and Health

321

(3)

Summary

324

(1)

The Role of Early Experience: The Question of Attachment

324

(3)

The Biological Component

324

(1)

The Learned/Cognitive Component

325

(2)

Summary

327

(1)

Practical Application

(317)

How to Become an Optimist: The ABCDE Method

328

(2)

Main Points

330

(2)

InfoTrac® College Edition

332

(1)

Part Four Growth Motivation and Self-Regulation

From Curiosity to Creativity

333

(26)

Curiosity and Exploratory Behavior

334

(8)

Novelty, Curiosity, and Exploratory Behavior

334

(2)

Competence and Exploratory Behavior

336

(1)

What Is the Motivation to Explore?

336

(1)

The Concept of Challenge

337

(1)

Anxiety and Exploratory Behavior

337

(1)

The Biological Component

338

(2)

The Learned/Cognitive Component

340

(1)

Intrinsic Motivation

340

(1)

Self Determination Theory

341

(1)

Summary

342

(1)

Sensation Seeking (Thrill Seeking)

343

(1)

The Biological Component

344

Practical Application

(332)

Are You a High or Low Sensation Seeker?

344

(3)

The Learned/Cognitive Component

345

(2)

Summary

347

(1)

Creativity

348

(8)

The Biological Component

348

(1)

The Learned/Cognitive Component

349

(3)

The Process of Creativity

352

(4)

Summary

356

(1)

Practical Application

(344)

Motivating Creativity by Asking, ``What If?''

356

(2)

Main Points

358

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

358

(1)

Need for Control, Mastery, and Self-Esteem

359

(24)

The Need for Predictability and Control

360

(3)

Control and Health

360

(1)

The Biological Component

361

(1)

The Learned Component

362

(1)

The Cognitive Component

362

(1)

Control and Mastery

363

(1)

Summary

363

(1)

Mastery and Achievement Motivation

363

(6)

Achievement Motivation

364

(1)

The Biological Component

364

(1)

The Learned Component

365

(1)

The Cognitive Component

366

Practical Application

(356)

Determining Your Achievement Orientation

369

(1)

Summary

370

(1)

Self-Esteem

371

(5)

The Definition of Self Esteem

371

(2)

The Origins of Self Esteem

373

(1)

The Perpetuation of Low Self Esteem

374

(1)

Self-Esteem and Reactions to Success and Failure

375

(1)

The Development of Self Esteem

375

Practical Application

(363)

Managing Self-Doubt After Failure: Downward Comparison

376

(1)

Practical Application

(364)

Learning Not to Overgeneralize After Failure

377

(6)

Summary

380

(1)

Main Points

38l

(382)

InfoTrac® College Edition

382

(1)

Self-Regulation of Motivation

383

(29)

The Self-Regulation of Behavior

384

(3)

The Biological Component

384

(2)

The Learned Component

386

(1)

The Cognitive Component

386

(1)

Summary

387

(1)

Setting Goals

387

(10)

Proximal and Distal Goals

387

(1)

Setting Difficult but Attainable Goals

388

(1)

Feedback

389

(1)

Self-Set Goals, Assigned Goals, and Commitment

389

(1)

The Need for Challenging Goals

389

(1)

Discrepancy Hypotheses

390

(1)

Self-Efficacy Theory

390

(1)

Automaticity of Goal-Directed Behavior

391

(1)

The Illusion of Conscious (Willful) Control

392

(1)

Harnessing Imagination in the Pursuit of Goals

393

(1)

Dealing with Self-Doubt

394

(2)

Developing Good Thinking Habits

396

(1)

Summary

397

(1)

Self-Regulation and the Self-Concept

397

(5)

Self-Knowledge and Self Regulatory Functions

398

(3)

Implicit Theories

401

Practical Application

(388)

How to Create Possible Selves

402

(6)

Becoming a Process-Oriented Person

408

(1)

Using Reflection to Replace Rumination

409

(1)

Summary

409

(1)

Main Points

410

(1)

InfoTrac® College Edition

411

(1)

References

412

(36)

Author Index

448

(9)

Subject Index

457

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Human Motivation (with InfoTrac)

Human Motivation (with InfoTrac)

9780534555306

0534555306

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Human Motivation (with InfoTrac)

Human Motivation (with InfoTrac)

9780534555306

0534555306

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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