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Human Memory and Cognition

ISBN: 9780673467898 | 0673467899
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Pearson College Div
Pub. Date: 4/1/1994

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Table of Contents
Prefacexvii
Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction
3(38)
Thinking About Thinking
6(4)
... MORE
Memory and Cognition Defined
10(3)
An Introductory History of Cognitive Psychology
13(18)
Anticipations of Psychology
15(1)
Early Psychology
16(5)
behaviorism and Neobehaviorism
21(3)
Dissatisfaction with Behaviorism: The Winds of Change
24(7)
Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing: The New Direction
31(6)
The Assumptions of Cognitive Psychology
34(3)
Chapter Summary
37(1)
Suggested Readings
37(4)
The Human Information Processing System
41(44)
Getting Started
73
The Computer as an Information Processing System
44(5)
Hardware
45(2)
Software
47(2)
Measuring Information Processes
49(1)
The Human Information Processing System: An Overview
49(16)
The Standard Theory
50(3)
Sensory Memory
53(3)
Short-Term Memory/Working Memory
56(5)
Long-Term Memory
61(1)
A Process Model
61(4)
Beyond the Information Processed: Seven Current themes
65(16)
Attention
67(2)
Automatic and Conscious Processing
69(3)
Data-Driven Versus Conceptually Driven Processes
72(4)
Representation of Knowledge
76(1)
Metacognition
77(1)
Unconscious Processing
78(1)
Levels of Analysis in Cognitive Science
79(2)
Chapter Summary
81(2)
Suggested Readings
83(2)
Perception and Attention
85(58)
Visual Perception
86(14)
Gathering Visual Information
89(1)
Visual Sensory Memory
90(6)
The Argument About Iconic Memory
96(2)
A Summary for Visual Sensory Memory
98(2)
Auditory Perception
100(9)
Auditory Sensory Memory
101(6)
A Note of Controversy
107(2)
Pattern Recognition: Vision
109(13)
Deciphering Written Language
109(2)
Pandemonium
111(5)
Connectionism
116(1)
The Basics of Connectionism
117(1)
An Example of Connectionism
118(4)
Pattern Recognition: Audition
122(7)
Conceptually Driven Recognition
122(1)
Selective Attention in Auditory Perception
123(1)
The Shadowing Experiments
124(2)
Selection Models
126(3)
Attention: Mechanism, Process, and Mental Resource
129(10)
Automatic and Conscious Processing Theories
130(4)
A Synthesis for Perception and Attention
134(3)
Two Kinds of Attention
137(2)
Chapter Summary
139(1)
Suggested Readings
140(3)
Short-Term, Working Memory
143(52)
Short-Term Memory: A Limited-Capacity ``Bottleneck''
146(10)
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
146(3)
The Brown-Peterson Task: Decay from Short-Term Memory
149(2)
Interference Versus Decay in Short-Term Memory
151(5)
Short-Term Memory and Recall
156(7)
Free Versus Serial Recall
156(2)
Serial Position Effects
158(1)
Rehearsal Buffer
159(4)
Short-Term Memory Scanning and Sternberg's Reaction Time Paradigm
163(9)
The Sternberg Task
164(1)
False Trials
165(3)
True Trials
168(1)
Serial Exhaustive Search
168(4)
Codes in Short-Term Memory
172(8)
Verbal Codes
172(1)
Semantic Codes
173(1)
Visual Codes
174(3)
Other Codes
177(3)
Working Memory
180(10)
The Dual Task Method Applied to Working Memory
181(4)
The Components of Working Memory
185(4)
Overview
189(1)
Chapter Summary
190(2)
Suggested Readings
192(3)
Episodic Long-Term Memory
195(58)
Preliminary Issues
197(7)
Metamemory
197(2)
Mnemonic Devices
199(5)
The Ebbinghaus Tradition of Memory Research
204(6)
The Ebbinghaus Research
205(3)
Evaluating the Ebbinghaus Tradition
208(2)
Storage of Information in Episodic Memory
210(19)
Rehearsal
211(3)
Two Kinds of Rehearsal
214(1)
Depth of Processing
215(2)
Challenges to ``Depth of Processing''
217(3)
Organiztion in Storage
220(4)
1magery
224(3)
Storage Summary: Encoding Specificity
227(2)
Retrieval of Episodic Information
229(11)
Decay
229(1)
Interference
229(5)
Retrieval Failure
234(2)
Retrieval Cues and Encoding Specificity
236(4)
Autobiographical Memories
240(7)
The Relationship of Laboratory to ``Real-World Memory''
244(3)
Chapter Summary
247(2)
Suggested Readings
249(4)
Semantic Long-Term Memory
253(56)
Semantic Memory
257(21)
The Collins and Quillian (and Loftus) Model
258(4)
Smith's Feature Overlap Model
262(3)
Empirical tests of Semantic Memory Models
265(7)
Semantic Relatedness
272(6)
Categorization, Concepts, and Prototypes
278(5)
Concept Formation
278(1)
Natural Language Concepts
278(5)
Internal Structure and Categorization
283(1)
Priming in Semantic Memory
283(16)
Priming Tasks
284(2)
Two Examples of Priming
286(4)
Priming, Automatically, and Lexical Decisions
290(6)
Priming and Ambiguous Words
296(3)
The Generality of Semantic Networks
299(6)
Not for Nouns Only
300(1)
Networks Versus Feature Lists
301(1)
A Connectionist Example
302(2)
The Priming Argument
304(1)
Chapter Summary
305(1)
Suggested Readings
306(3)
Interactions in Long-Term Memory
309(52)
Reconstructive Memory and Semantic Integration
311(15)
Bartlett's Research
312(2)
Schemata
314(3)
Eyewitness Memory and Testimony
317(3)
Semantic Integration
320(4)
Technical and Content Accuracy
324(2)
Propositions
326(16)
The Nature of Propositions
327(8)
Rules for Deriving Propositions
335(2)
Are Propositions Real?
337(5)
Propositions, Semantic Networks, and Scripts
342(8)
Scripts
343(5)
Evidence for Scripts
348(2)
Divisions Within Long-Term Memory
350(7)
The Semantic-Episodic Distinction
350(3)
Implicit and Explicit Memory
353(1)
Repetition Priming
354(1)
Implicit Memory and Amnesia
355(1)
Distinctions and Systems of Long-Term Memory
356(1)
Chapter Summary
357(1)
Suggested Readings
358(3)
Language
361(54)
Linguistic Universals and Functions
363(15)
Defining Language
363(1)
Universals of Language
364(6)
Animal Communication Systems
370(3)
Five Levels of Analysis, a Critical Distinction, and Whorf and a Favorite Myth
373(5)
Phonology: The Sounds of Language
378(12)
Sounds in Isolation
378(5)
Combining Phonemes into Words
383(2)
Speech Perception and Context
385(4)
A Final Puzzle
389(1)
Syntax: The Ordering of Words and Phrases
390(10)
Chomsky's Transformational Grammar
392(4)
Limitaions of the Transformational Grammar Approach
396(2)
The Cognitive Role of Syntax
398(2)
Lexical and Semantic Factors: The Meaning in Language
400(10)
Interaction of Syntax and Semantics
400(3)
Semantic Factors in Language
403(1)
Case Grammar
404(3)
Evidence for the Case Grammar Approach
407(2)
Case Grammar, Propositions, and Comprehension
409(1)
Chapter Summary
410(2)
Suggested Readings
412(3)
Comprehension: Language and Semantics Together
415(54)
An Introductory Overview
416(12)
Conceptual and Rule Knowledge
417(1)
Investigating On-Line Language Comprehension
418(2)
Comprehension as Mental Structure Building
420(1)
Gernsbacher's Structure Building Framework
421(6)
An Interim Conclusion: Interactive Language Processing
427(1)
Reference, Inference, and Memory
428(9)
Simple Reference and Inference
429(2)
Bridging
431(2)
Complex Bridges
433(1)
The Role of Semantic and Episodic Memory
434(3)
Reading
437(10)
Two Assumptions
437(2)
Basic On-Line Reading Effects
439(2)
The Just and Carpenter Model
441(5)
A Summary
446(1)
Conversation
447(17)
The Structure of Conversations
448(2)
Cognitive Conversational Characteristics
450(4)
Discourse Structure in Conversations
454(4)
Conversational Rules
458(3)
Empirical Effects in Conversation
461(2)
A Conversational Conclusion
463(1)
Chapter Summary
464(2)
Suggested Readings
466(3)
Neurocognition
469(50)
Basic Neurology
472(13)
Neurons
473(4)
Brain Anatomy
477(3)
Principles of Functioning
480(4)
Split Brain Research
484(1)
Methods of Investigation
485(10)
Medically based Techniques
485(6)
Behavioral Methods of Investigation
491(4)
Aphasia
495(6)
Broca's Aphasia
496(1)
Wernicke's Aphasia
497(2)
Conduction Aphasia
499(1)
Other Aphasia
499(1)
Anomia
500(1)
Generalizing from aphasia
500(1)
Amnesia
501(8)
Patient H.M.
502(3)
Implications for Memory
505(1)
Disruption Within Working Memory
506(1)
Implicit and Explicit Memory
507(2)
Concluding Remarks
509(5)
Other Cognitive Disruptions
509(1)
Connectionism and Neurocognition
510(4)
Chapter Summary
514(1)
Suggested Readings
515(4)
Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning
519(56)
Formal Logic and Reasoning
521(10)
Syllogisms
521(3)
Conditional Reasoning
524(6)
Hypothesis Testing
530(1)
Decisions
531(8)
Decisions About Physical Differences
531(2)
Decisions About Symbolic Differences
533(6)
Decisions and Reasoning Under Uncertainty
539(21)
Algorithms and Heuristics
541(3)
Heuristic Reasoning and Judgments
544(1)
The Representativeness Heuristic
545(7)
The Availability Heuristic
552(3)
The Simulation Heuristic
555(5)
Issues in Everyday Reasoning
560(8)
Mental Models
561(4)
Issue #1: The Source of Our Mental Models
565(1)
Issue #2: The Metacognitive Paradox
566(2)
Chapter Summary
568(1)
Suggested Readings
569(6)
Problem Solving
575(56)
Gestalt Psychology and Problem Solving
579(7)
Early Gestalt Research
580(2)
Difficulties in Problem Solving
582(4)
Insight and analogy
586(8)
Analogy Problems
587(5)
Creativity and Insight
592(2)
Basics of Problem Solving
594(8)
Characteristics of Problem Solving
595(2)
A Vocabulary of Problem Solving
597(5)
Means-End Analysis: A Fundamental Heuristic
602(12)
The Basics of Means-End Analysis
602(1)
Means-End Analysis and the Tower of Hanoi
603(2)
The Four-Disk Version
605(3)
General Problem Solver (GPS)
608(6)
Improving Your Problem Solving
614(11)
General Factors
614(5)
Heuristics of Problem Solving
619(6)
Chapter Summary
625(1)
Suggested Readings
626(5)
Current Directions
631(31)
Computerized Cognition and Cognitive Science
633(11)
Terminology
633(2)
The Computer as a tool in Cognitive Science
635(1)
Computerized Theories in Cognitive Science
636(1)
ACT
637(7)
Cognition and Emotion
644(7)
Emotion and Memory
644(5)
Anxiety and Performance
649(2)
Applied Cognition
651(8)
Law
651(1)
Medicine
652(3)
Education
655(4)
Chapter Summary
659(1)
Suggested Readings
660(2)
Glossary662(27)
References689(46)
Credits735(7)
Author Index742(11)
Subject Index753

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