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| Preface | |
| The Fossil Record | |
| Changing Ideas about the Changing Earth | |
| Neptune vs. Vulcan | |
| A Brief Guide to Sedimentology | |
| Dating the Rocks | |
| The Succession of Faunas | |
| Radiation-Based Dating Techniques | |
| Other Dating Techniques | |
| Dating Based on the Cycles of the Earth | |
| The Problem of Orog... MORE | |
| Continental Drift | |
| Life: The First Three Billion Years | |
| Multicellular Life | |
| The Cambrian Revolution | |
| Jaws, Fins, and Feet | |
| The Reptilian Revolutions | |
| The Two Great Extinctions | |
| The Mammals Take Over | |
| Analyzing Evolution | |
| Parsimony and Pigeons | |
| Darwin's Theory | |
| Problems with Darwinism | |
| The Concept of Species | |
| Evidence for Anagenesis and Cladogenesis | |
| The Tempo of Speciation | |
| Semispecies, Hybrids, and Isolating Mechanisms | |
| "Races" | |
| Species and Fossils | |
| Morphospecies | |
| Microevolution and Macroevolution | |
| The Politics of Macroevolution | |
| Reconstructing the Tree of Life | |
| Sources of Error in Phylogenetics | |
| Linnaean Classification | |
| Evolutionary Systematics | |
| Phenetics and Cladistics | |
| Pros and Cons of Phylogenetic Systematics | |
| People As Primates | |
| Early Mammals | |
| Allometry | |
| Allometry and Early Mammals | |
| Death and Molar Occlusion | |
| Allometry, Motherhood, and Milk | |
| Respiration and the Palate | |
| The Tribosphenic Molar | |
| Live Birth and Placentation | |
| Cretaceous Mammals | |
| The Order Primates | |
| The Living Strepsirrhines | |
| Anthropoid Apomorphies: Ears, Eyes, and Noses | |
| Tarsiers | |
| Platyrrhines: The New World Anthropoids | |
| Cercopithecoids: The Old World Monkeys | |
| Hominoids: The Living Apes | |
| Pongids and Hominids | |
| Bonobos and Chimpanzees | |
| Humans vs. Apes: Skulls and Teeth | |
| Primate Origins: The Crown Group | |
| Fossil Primates: The Stem Group | |
| The First Fossil Euprimates | |
| Eocene "Lemurs" and "Tarsiers" | |
| The First Anthropoids | |
| Anthropoid Radiations | |
| The Bipedal Ape | |
| Being Human vs. Becoming Human | |
| The Taung Child | |
| Australopithecus Grows Up | |
| Bipedal Posture and the Vertebral Column | |
| Bipedal Posture and the Pelvis | |
| Bipedal Locomotion: Knees | |
| Bipedal Locomotion: The Hip Joint | |
| Bipedal Locomotion: Feet | |
| Australopithecus Stands Up | |
| The Skull of Australopithecus africanus. | |
| Australopithecus robustus | |
| Man-Apes, Just Plain Apes, or Weird Apes? | |
| Postcranial Peculiarities | |
| Louis Leakey and East Africa | |
| Olduvai Gorge | |
| Sahelanthropus: The Oldest Hominin? | |
| Mio-Pliocene Enigmas: Orrorin and Ardipithecus. | |
| Australopithecus anamensis | |
| Australopithecus afarensis | |
| Lucy's Locomotion: The View from Stony Brook | |
| Lucy's Locomotion: The Rebuttal | |
| Lucy's Locomotion: Persistent Questions | |
| Australopithecus bahrelghazali? | |
| Australopithecus platyops? | |
| Australopithecus garhi | |
| Australopithecus aethiopicus | |
| Australopithecus boisei | |
| Fitting in South Africa: The Problem(s) of Sterkfontein | |
| Fitting in South Africa: Some robustus Questions | |
| The Phylogeny of Australopithecus | |
| What Did Australopithecus Eat? | |
| Australopithecus and the Ecosystem | |
| Two Species or Two Sexes? | |
| Hunting, Gathering, and Dimorphism | |
| Dinichism: A Possible Synthesis | |
| Explaining Hominin Origins | |
| Primitive Homo-Or "Advanced" Australopithecus? | |
| Dating and Geological Context of the Habilines from Olduvai, Omo, and Koobi Fora | |
| Habiline Skulls | |
| Habiline Teeth | |
| Habiline Postcranial Remains | |
| Advanced Australopithecus: The Frustrations of Variation | |
| Advanced Australopithecus: Back to South Africa | |
| Advanced Australopithecus or Early Homo? Phylogenetic Issues | |
| The Migrating Ape: Homo erectus and Human Evolution | |
| The "Muddle in the Middle" | |
| A Brief History of Homo erectus: 1889-1950 | |
| Later Discoveries in Africa and Eurasia | |
| Erectine Chronology and Geographic Distribution | |
| Cranial Vault Morphology of Homo erectus | |
| Cranial Capacity and the Brain | |
| Faces and Mandibles of Asian Homo erectus | |
| The Erectine Dentition | |
| Erectine Postcranial Remains | |
| Early African Erectine Skulls and the Ergaster Question | |
| Early African Erectine Postcranial Morphology | |
| Early Erectine Adaptations: Anatomy and Physiology | |
| Early Erectine Adaptations: The Archaeological Evidence | |
| Patterns of Development and Evolutionary Change in Erectines | |
| Early Erectine Radiations in Africa | |
| Out of Africa I: The Erectine Radiation | |
| Indonesian Erectines and the Specter of "Meganthropus" | |
| Chinese Erectines | |
| Dmanisi-Humans at the Periphery of Europe | |
| The Initial Occupation of Europe | |
| Major Issues: A Summing Up | |
| Taxonomy | |
| Dates and Additional Evidence | |
| Evolutionary Patterns | |
| The Big-Brained Ape: Regional Variation and Evolutionary Trends in the Middle Pleistocene | |
| Of "Archaic Homo sapiens" and Homo heidelbergensis | |
| Early Models of Later Human Evolution | |
| The Recent African Origin Model | |
| The Multiregional Evolution Model | |
| European Heidelbergs | |
| Petralona | |
| Bilzingsleben | |
| Swanscombe | |
| Steinheim | |
| Mauer | |
| Boxgrove | |
| Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos | |
| Other European Heidelbergs | |
| African Heidelbergs | |
| Kabwe | |
| Bodo and Ndutu | |
| African Heidelberg Mandibles | |
| Other African Heidelbergs | |
| North Africans | |
| Asian Heidelbergs? | |
| Mugharet El-Zuttiyeh | |
| Other West Asian Candidates | |
| South Asia | |
| East Asia | |
| Australasia | |
| Ngandong | |
| Liang Bua | |
| Supraorbital Tori, Chins, and Projecting Faces | |
| Major Issues: Speciation, Migration, and Regional Continuity | |
| Talking Apes: The Neandertals | |
| Neandertals-Early Discoveries and Ideas (1829-1909 | |
| Ideas about Neandertals-From Boule to the 21st Century | |
| Neandertal Chronology and Distribution | |
| Neandertal Morphology-The Cranial Vault | |
| Frontal Bones | |
| Occipital Bones | |
| Temporal Bones | |
| Brains | |
| Neandertal Faces | |
| External Nose | |
| Prognathism | |
| Internal Nose | |
| Neandertal Mandibles | |
| Neandertal Dentition | |
| Body Size and Proportions | |
| Neck and Upper Limb | |
| Pelvis and Lower Limb | |
| Neandertal Life History | |
| Neandertal Genetics | |
| Neandertal Technology | |
| Diet and Subsistence Behavior | |
| Neandertals and Language | |
| Symbolic Behavior | |
| Early European Neandertals | |
| Wûrm Neandertals from Western Europe | |
| Western and Central Asian Neandertals | |
| Late Neandertals | |
| Major Issues | |
| The Symbolic Ape: The Origin of Modern Humans | |
| A "Creative Explosion"? | |
| Modern Human Anatomy-The Skull | |
| Modern Human Anatomy-Cranial Capacity | |
| Modern Human Anatomy-The Postcranial Skeleton | |
| The Geochronology of Modern Human Origins | |
| The African Transition: Background and Dating | |
| The African Transition: Vault Morphology | |
| The African Transition: Facial Morphology | |
| The African Transition: Additional Bones, Archaeology, and Other Matters | |
| East Asian Archaic Humans: Background and Context | |
| East Asian Archaic Sites and Specimens | |
| Jinniushan | |
| Maba | |
| Other Cranial Pieces | |
| Dentition | |
| East Asian Archaics: Continuity or Someone New? | |
| Early Modern Humans: The East African Record | |
| Out of (East) Africa: Early Modern People in North and South Africa | |
| The First Modern People Outside Africa: The Near Eastern Evidence | |
| African and Circum-Mediterranean Gene Flow and Modern Human Origins | |
| Modern Human Origins in East Asia | |
| Modern Human Origins in Australasia | |
| Europe: The Last Frontier | |
| Recent Human Genetics and Modern Human Origins | |
| Ancient DNA in Early Modern Humans | |
| Modern Human Origins: The Models vs. the Facts | |
| The Recent African Origin Model | |
| Alternative Views-Multiregional Evolution | |
| Alternative Views-The Assimilation Model | |
| Assimilation and Interactions Between Modern and Archaic Humans | |
| Appendix: Cranial Measurements | |
| Bibliography | |
| Index | |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
Fred H. Smith is a biological antrhopologist with specific interests in human paleontology and functional anatomy. He teaches courses in human paleontology, human osteology, introductory biological anthropology, and the paleolithis prehistory of Europe and Africa.