Rent 9780673980816 | Human Communication : The Basic Course

Specialized Contents	p. ix
Welcome to Human Communication: The Basic Course	p. xii
Foundations of Human Communication	p. 1
Preliminaries to Human Communication	p. 1
Elements of Human Communication	p. 2
Communication Context	p. 4
Sources-Receivers	p. 5
Messages	p. 6
Channels	p. 9
Noise	p. 9
Communication Effects	p. 10
Ethics	p. 10
The Elements in Transaction	p. 11
Purposes of Human Communication	p. 12
To Discover	p. 12
To Relate	p. 12
To Help	p. 13
To Persuade	p. 13
To Play	p. 14
Types of Human Communication	p. 14
Principles of Communication	p. 21
Communication Is a Package of Signals	p. 22
Communication Is a Process of Adjustment	p. 23
Communication Accommodation	p. 24
Communication Involves Content and Relationship Dimensions	p. 25
Ignoring Relationship Dimensions	p. 26
Recognizing Relationship Dimensions	p. 26
Communication Is Ambiguous	p. 27
Communication Sequences Are Punctuated	p. 28
Communication Involves Symmetrical and Complementary Transactions	p. 29
Communication Is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable	p. 30
Inevitability	p. 30
Irreversibility	p. 32
Unrepeatability	p. 33
Culture and Communication	p. 36
What Is Culture?	p. 37
The Relationship between Culture and Communication	p. 39
The Aim of a Cultural Perspective	p. 40
How Cultures Differ	p. 42
Individual and Collective Orientation	p. 43
High- and Low-Context Cultures	p. 44
Power Distances	p. 45
Masculine and Feminine Cultures	p. 46
Improving Intercultural Communication	p. 47
Recognize and Reduce Ethnocentrism	p. 47
Confront Your Stereotypes	p. 49
Be Mindful	p. 50
Face Fears	p. 50
Recognize Differences	p. 50
Avoid Overattribution	p. 51
Recognize Differences in Meaning	p. 51
Avoid Violating Cultural Rules and Customs	p. 52
Avoid Evaluating Differences Negatively	p. 52
Recognize That Culture Shock Is Normal	p. 52
Perception	p. 57
The Process of Perception	p. 58
Stimulation	p. 58
Organization	p. 58
Interpretation-Evaluation	p. 60
Memory	p. 60
Recall	p. 60
Reflections on the Model of Perception	p. 61
Influences on Perception	p. 61
Implicit Personality Theory	p. 62
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy	p. 63
Perceptual Accentuation	p. 63
Primacy-Recency	p. 65
Consistency	p. 66
Attribution	p. 67
Accuracy in Perception	p. 71
Analyze Your Perceptions	p. 71
Check Your Perceptions	p. 72
Reduce Your Uncertainty	p. 73
Increase Your Cultural Awareness	p. 74
Listening	p. 77
The Importance and Benefits of Listening	p. 78
The Process of Listening	p. 78
Receiving	p. 79
Understanding	p. 80
Remembering	p. 80
Evaluating	p. 82
Responding	p. 83
Listening, Culture, and Gender	p. 83
Listening and Culture	p. 84
Listening and Gender	p. 86
Styles of Effective Listening	p. 87
Empathic and Objective Listening	p. 88
Nonjudgmental and Critical Listening	p. 89
Surface and Depth Listening	p. 89
Active and Inactive Listening	p. 90
The Self in Human Communication	p. 95
Self-Concept	p. 96
Others' Images of You	p. 96
Comparisons with Others	p. 96
Cultural Teachings	p. 96
Your Own Interpretations and Evaluations	p. 97
Self-Awareness	p. 97
The Four Selves	p. 98
Growing in Self-Awareness	p. 98
Self-Esteem	p. 100
Attack Self-Destructive Beliefs	p. 101
Seek Out Nurturing People	p. 101
Secure Affirmation	p. 101
Work on Projects That Will Result in Success	p. 102
Self-Disclosure	p. 102
Factors Influencing Self-Disclosure	p. 104
Deciding about Self-Disclosure	p. 106
Verbal Messages	p. 112
Principles of Verbal Messages	p. 113
Meanings Are in People	p. 113
Meanings Depend on Context	p. 114
Messages Are Culturally Influenced	p. 115
Language Is Both Denotative and Connotative	p. 117
Language Varies in Directness	p. 117
Disconfirmation and Confirmation	p. 118
Sexism	p. 120
Heterosexism	p. 121
Racism	p. 121
Ageism	p. 122
Sexist, Heterosexist, Racist, and Ageist Listening	p. 123
Cultural Identifiers	p. 124
Using Verbal Messages Effectively	p. 126
Language Symbolizes Reality (Partially)	p. 126
Language Expresses Both Facts and Inferences	p. 127
Language Is Relatively Static	p. 129
Language Can Obscure Distinctions	p. 129
Nonverbal Messages	p. 133
The Functions of Nonverbal Communication	p. 134
Integrating Nonverbal and Verbal Messages	p. 134
Researching Nonverbal Communication Functions	p. 135
The Channels of Nonverbal Communication	p. 136
The Body	p. 136
Facial Communication	p. 137
Eye Communication	p. 139
Space Communication	p. 141
Territoriality	p. 142
Artifactual Communication	p. 144
Touch Communication	p. 146
Paralanguage: The Vocal Channel	p. 148
Silence	p. 149
Time Communication	p. 150
Smell Communication	p. 151
Culture and Nonverbal Communication	p. 152
Culture and Facial Expression	p. 153
Culture and Colors	p. 153
Culture and Touch	p. 154
Culture and Silence	p. 154
Culture and Time	p. 154
Interpersonal and Small Group Communication	p. 159
Interpersonal Communication: Conversation	p. 159
The Conversation Process	p. 160
The Conversation Process in Five Stages	p. 163
Maintaining Conversations	p. 166
Conversational Turns	p. 167
Reflections on the Model of Conversation	p. 168
Preventing Conversational Problems: The Disclaimer	p. 169
Repairing Conversational Problems: The Excuse	p. 171
Conversational Skills	p. 172
Metaskills	p. 172
Specific Skills	p. 176
Interpersonal Relationships	p. 182
Relationship Processes	p. 185
Relationship Development	p. 185
Relationship Maintenance	p. 186
Relationship Deterioration	p. 188
Relationship Repair	p. 190
Relationship Types	p. 192
Types of Friendships	p. 192
Types of Lovers	p. 193
Types of Primary Relationships	p. 195
Relationship Theories	p. 198
Attraction Theory	p. 198
Relationship Rules Approach	p. 199
Social Penetration Theory	p. 199
Social Exchange Theory	p. 200
Equity Theory	p. 201
Relationships, Culture, and Technology	p. 202
Relationships and Culture	p. 202
Relationships and Technology	p. 203
Small Group Communication	p. 208
Small Groups	p. 209
Basic Types of Groups	p. 209
Small Group Stages	p. 210
Small Group Formats	p. 212
Small Groups Online	p. 212
Small Group Culture	p. 214
Power in the Small Group	p. 215
Idea-Generation Groups	p. 217
Personal Growth Groups	p. 218
Popular Personal Growth Groups	p. 218
Some Rules and Procedures	p. 218
Information-Sharing Groups	p. 219
Educational or Learning Groups	p. 219
Focus Groups	p. 219
Problem-Solving Groups	p. 220
The Problem-Solving Sequence	p. 220
Problem-Solving Groups at Work	p. 224
Members and Leaders	p. 228
Members in Small Group Communication	p. 229
Member Roles	p. 229
Interaction Process Analysis	p. 230
Member Participation	p. 230
Leaders in Small Group Communication	p. 232
Approaches to Leadership	p. 232
Functions of Leadership	p. 237
Membership, Leadership, and Culture	p. 240
Interpersonal and Small Group Conflict	p. 245
Interpersonal and Small Group Conflict	p. 246
Myths about Conflict	p. 246
The Context of Conflict	p. 246
The Negatives and Positives of Conflict	p. 248
Types of Conflict	p. 250
Content and Relationship Conflicts	p. 250
Online and Workplace Conflicts	p. 250
Conflict Styles	p. 251
Conflict Management Skills	p. 252
Win-Lose and Win-Win Strategies	p. 253
Avoidance and Active Fighting	p. 255
Force and Talk	p. 256
Blame and Empathy	p. 257
Gunnysacking and Present Focus	p. 257
Manipulation and Spontaneity	p. 258
Personal Rejection and Acceptance	p. 258
Fighting below and above the Belt	p. 258
Face-Detracting and Face-Enhancing Strategies	p. 258
Nonassertive and Assertive Strategies	p. 259
Aggressiveness and Argumentativeness	p. 260
Before and after the Conflict	p. 262
Public Speaking	p. 266
Public Speaking Topics, Audiences, and Research	p. 266
Introducing Public Speaking	p. 267
The Benefits of Public Speaking	p. 267
Beliefs about Public Speaking	p. 267
A Definition of Public Speaking	p. 267
Apprehension in Public Speaking	p. 268
Reducing Your Apprehension	p. 270
Select Your Topic and Purpose	p. 272
Your Topic	p. 272
Your Purpose	p. 278
Analyze Your Audience	p. 279
Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values	p. 279
Analyzing the Sociology of the Audience	p. 280
Analyzing the Psychology of the Audience	p. 281
Analyzing and Adapting during the Speech	p. 283
Research Your Topic	p. 284
General Research Principles	p. 284
Research Notes	p. 285
Sources of Information	p. 285
Evaluating Research	p. 292
Integrating Research into Your Speech	p. 293
Citing Research Sources	p. 293
Plagiarism	p. 294
Supporting and Organizing Your Speech	p. 297
Formulate Your Thesis and Main Points	p. 298
Your Thesis	p. 298
Main Points	p. 300
Support Your Main Points	p. 301
Examples	p. 301
Narratives	p. 302
Testimony	p. 302
Statistics	p. 302
Presentation Aids	p. 304
Organize Your Speech	p. 313
Temporal Pattern	p. 313
Spatial Pattern	p. 314
Topical Pattern	p. 314
Problem-Solution Pattern	p. 314
Cause-Effect/Effect-Cause Pattern	p. 314
The Motivated Sequence	p. 315
Additional Organizational Patterns	p. 316
Construct Your Introduction, Conclusion, and Transitions	p. 318
Introduction	p. 318
Conclusion	p. 319
Transitions	p. 320
Mistakes in Introductions, Conclusions, and Transitions	p. 321
Style and Delivery in Public Speaking	p. 325
Outline Your Speech	p. 326
Constructing the Outline	p. 326
Sample Outlines	p. 328
Word Your Speech	p. 334
Oral Style	p. 334
Choosing Words	p. 336
Phrasing Sentences	p. 342
Rehearse and Deliver Your Speech	p. 343
Rehearsal	p. 343
Delivery	p. 345
The Informative Speech	p. 356
Guidelines for Informative Speaking	p. 357
Limit the Amount of Information	p. 358
Adjust the Level of Complexity	p. 358
Stress Relevance and Usefulness	p. 359
Relate New Information to Old	p. 360
Vary the Levels of Abstraction	p. 360
The Speech of Description	p. 362
Strategies for Describing	p. 362
Developing the Speech of Description	p. 362
The Speech of Definition	p. 365
Strategies for Defining	p. 366
Developing the Speech of Definition	p. 368
The Speech of Demonstration	p. 369
Strategies for Demonstrating	p. 369
Developing the Speech of Demonstration	p. 374
The Persuasive Speech	p. 377
Guidelines for Persuasive Speaking	p. 378
Anticipate Selective Exposure	p. 378
Ask for Reasonable Amounts of Change	p. 379
Identify with Your Audience	p. 380
Use Logical Appeals	p. 380
Use Emotional Appeals	p. 383
Use Credibility Appeals	p. 386
Motivate Your Listeners	p. 392
The Speech on Questions of Fact	p. 394
Thesis	p. 395
Main Points	p. 395
Support	p. 395
Developing Speeches on Questions of Fact	p. 395
The Speech on Questions of Value	p. 396
Thesis	p. 396
Main Points	p. 396
Support	p. 396
Developing Speeches on Questions of Value	p. 396
The Speech on Questions of Policy	p. 401
Thesis	p. 401
Main Points	p. 402
Support	p. 402
Developing Speeches on Questions of Policy	p. 402
Organizational Examples	p. 402
The Mass Media	p. 405
The Functional and Dysfunctional Media	p. 406
To Help	p. 407
To Play	p. 408
To Relate, to Create Ties of Union	p. 408
To Inform	p. 408
To Influence	p. 410
Becoming a Critical Consumer of Media	p. 412
Learn How the Media Work	p. 412
Make Use of a Wide Variety of Media	p. 412
Question the Credibility of the Media	p. 412
Exercise Critical Thinking	p. 412
Talk Back to the Media	p. 413
Emotional Communication	p. 416
Emotions and Emotional Messages	p. 417
The Body, Mind, and Culture in Emotions	p. 417
Emotions, Arousal, and Expression	p. 418
Emotions, Culture, and Gender	p. 422
Principles of Emotional Communication	p. 424
Obstacles in Communicating Emotions	p. 425
Societal Rules and Customs	p. 425
Fear	p. 426
Inadequate Interpersonal Skills	p. 427
Guidelines for Communicating Emotions	p. 427
Describe Your Feelings	p. 428
Identify the Reasons for Your Feelings	p. 428
Anchor Your Feelings to the Present	p. 428
Own Your Own Feelings	p. 428
Criticism in the Public Speaking Classroom	p. 431
The Nature and Values of Criticism	p. 432
Cultural Differences in Approaches to Criticism	p. 433
Standards and Principles of Criticism	p. 435
Standards of Criticism	p. 435
Principles of Expressing Criticism	p. 437
Developing Special Occasion Speeches	p. 446
The Speech of Introduction	p. 447
Guidelines for Speeches of Introduction	p. 447
Sample Speeches of Introduction	p. 448
The Speech of Presentation or Acceptance	p. 450
Guidelines for Speeches of Presentation	p. 450
A Sample Speech of Presentation	p. 451
Guidelines for Speeches of Acceptance	p. 451
Sample Speeches of Acceptance	p. 451
The Speech to Secure Goodwill	p. 453
Guidelines for Speeches Aimed at Securing Goodwill	p. 453
Sample Speeches to Secure Goodwill	p. 454
The Speech of Tribute	p. 456
Guidelines for Speeches of Tribute	p. 456
A Sample Speech of Tribute	p. 456
Additional Special Occasion Speeches	p. 457
Dedication Speeches	p. 457
Commencement Speeches	p. 458
Eulogies	p. 458
Farewell Speeches	p. 460
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