Rent 9780805372113 | Human Anatomy | Martini, Frederic; Timmons, Michael J.; Tallitsch, Robert B. @knetbooks.com

Summary Table of Contents

Since its first edition Human Anatomy as been praised for its clarity of presentation, its outstanding visually-oriented illustration program, and its ability to help users understand anatomical structures. Past editions of Human Anatomy have won very prestigious awards, including the award for Textbook Excellence by the Text and Academic Authors Association and the award for Illustration Excellence by the Association of Medical Illustrators. Innovative pedagogical elements and a tightly integrated supplements package make this new edition an excellent choice for all anatomy studies. The exhaustive volume provides an introduction to anatomy and addresses cells, the tissue level of organization, integumentary system, the skeletal system, the muscular system, surface anatomy, the nervous system, the endocrine system, the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the reproductive system, and human development. For health care professionals of all kinds, massage therapists, forensic medical examiners and athletic trainers.

An Introduction to Anatomy	p. 1
Microscopic Anatomy	p. 2
Gross Anatomy	p. 3
Other Perspectives on Anatomy	p. 3
Levels of Organization	p. 4
An Introduction to Organ Systems	p. 6
The Language of Anatomy	p. 13
Superficial Anatomy	p. 13
Anatomical Landmarks	p. 13
Anatomical Regions	p. 14
... MOREAnatomical Directions	p. 15
Sectional Anatomy	p. 16
Planes and Sections	p. 16
Body Cavities	p. 18
Clinical Discussion: Sectional Anatomy and Clinical Technology	p. 21
Related Clinical Terms	p. 23
Related Clinical Issues	p. 784
Anatomy and Observation
The Cell	p. 26
The Study of Cells	p. 27
Cellular Anatomy	p. 27
The Cell Membrane	p. 29
Membrane Permeability: Passive Processes	p. 31
Membrane Permeability: Active Processes	p. 32
The Cytoplasm	p. 33
The Cytosol	p. 33
Organelles	p. 34
Nonmembranous Organelles	p. 34
The Cytoskeleton	p. 34
Microvilli	p. 35
Centrioles, Cilia, and Flagella	p. 36
Ribosomes	p. 37
Membranous Organelles	p. 37
Mitochondria	p. 37
The Nucleus	p. 38
The Endoplasmic Reticulum	p. 39
The Golgi Apparatus	p. 40
Lysosomes	p. 40
Peroxisomes	p. 42
Membrane Flow	p. 44
Intercellular Attachment	p. 42
The Cell Life Cycle	p. 44
Interphase	p. 44
Mitosis	p. 45
Clinical Brief: Cell Division and Cancer	p. 45
Related Clinical Terms	p. 47
Related Clinical Issues	p. 784
Causes of Cancer
The Tissue Level of Organization	p. 51
Epithelial Tissue	p. 52
Functions of Epithelial Tissue	p. 52
Embryology Summary: Formation of Tissues	p. 53
Specializations of Epithelial Cells	p. 54
Maintaining the Integrity of the Epithelium	p. 55
Intercellular Connections	p. 55
Attachment to the Basement Membrane	p. 55
Epithelial Maintenance and Renewal	p. 55
Classification of Epithelia	p. 56
Squamous Epithelia	p. 56
Cuboidal Epithelia	p. 57
Columnar Epithelia	p. 57
Glandular Epithelia	p. 57
Types of Secretion	p. 57
Gland Structure	p. 60
Modes of Secretion	p. 61
Embryology Summary: Development of Epithelia	p. 63
Connective Tissues	p. 62
Classification of Connective Tissues	p. 64
Connective Tissue Proper	p. 64
Cells of Connective Tissue Proper	p. 64
Connective Tissue Fibers	p. 65
Ground Substance	p. 66
Embryonic Tissues	p. 66
Loose Connective Tissues	p. 66
Dense Connective Tissues	p. 68
Fluid Connective Tissues	p. 68
Supporting Connective Tissues	p. 70
Cartilage	p. 70
Bone	p. 71
Clinical Brief: Sharks and the Fight Against Cancer ("Jaws" to the Rescue)	p. 71
Embryology Summary: Origins of Connective Tissues	p. 74
Membranes	p. 75
Mucous Membranes	p. 75
Serous Membranes	p. 75
The Cutaneous Membrane	p. 76
Synovial Membranes	p. 76
The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body	p. 76
Muscle Tissue	p. 77
Skeletal Muscle Tissue	p. 77
Cardiac Muscle Tissue	p. 77
Smooth Muscle Tissue	p. 77
Neural Tissue	p. 79
Tissues, Nutrition, and Aging	p. 79
Embryology Summary: Development of Organ Systems	p. 80
Clinical Discussion: Tumor Formation and Growth	p. 82
Related Clinical Terms	p. 82
Related Clinical Issues	p. 784
Infants and Brown Fat
Liposuction
Cartilages and Knee Injuries
Problems with Serous Membranes
Tissue Structure and Disease
The Integumentary System	p. 87
Integumentary Structure and Function	p. 88
The Epidermis	p. 89
Layers of the Epidermis	p. 89
Stratum Germinativum	p. 89
Stratum Spinosum	p. 90
Stratum Granulosum	p. 91
Stratum Lucidum	p. 91
Stratum Corneum	p. 91
Clinical Brief: Transdermal Drug Administration	p. 91
Thick and Thin Skin	p. 91
Epidermal Ridges	p. 91
Skin Color	p. 92
The Dermis	p. 93
Dermal Organization	p. 93
Wrinkles, Stretch Marks, and Lines of Cleavage	p. 94
Other Dermal Components	p. 95
The Blood Supply to the Skin	p. 95
The Nerve Supply to the Skin	p. 95
The Subcutaneous Layer	p. 95
Accessory Structures	p. 96
Hair Follicles and Hair	p. 96
Hair Production	p. 96
Follicle Structure	p. 96
Functions of Hair	p. 98
Types of Hairs	p. 98
Hair Color	p. 98
Growth and Replacement of Hair	p. 98
Glands in the Skin	p. 99
Sebaceous Glands	p. 99
Sweat Glands	p. 100
Control of Glandular Secretions	p. 101
Other Integumentary Glands	p. 101
Clinical Brief: Seborrheic Dermatitis	p. 100
Nails	p. 104
Local Control of Integumentary Function	p. 104
Clinical Brief: Anthrax	p. 105
Aging and the Integumentary System	p. 105
Embryology Summary: Development of the Integumentary System	p. 102
Related Clinical Terms	p. 106
Related Clinical Issues	p. 786
Psoriasis and Xerosis
Skin Cancers
Dermatitis
Tumors in the Dermis
Baldness and Hirsutism
Acne
Inflammation of the Skin
Complications of Inflammation
Burns and Grafts
Scar Tissue Formation
Synthetic Skin
The Skeletal System: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure	p. 112
Structure of Bone	p. 113
Histological Organization	p. 113
The Matrix of Bone	p. 113
The Cells of Bone	p. 113
Compact and Spongy Bone	p. 114
Structural Differences Between Compact and Spongy Bone	p. 114
Functional Differences Between Compact and Spongy Bone	p. 116
The Periosteum and Endosteum	p. 117
Clinical Brief: Rickets	p. 118
Bone Development and Growth	p. 118
Intramembranous Ossification	p. 118
Endochondral Ossification	p. 120
Increasing the Length of a Developing Bone	p. 120
Increasing the Diameter of a Developing Bone	p. 122
Formation of the Blood and Lymphatic Supply	p. 122
Bone Innervation	p. 122
Factors Regulating Bone Growth	p. 122
Bone Maintenance, Repair, and Remodeling	p. 124
Changes in Bone Shape	p. 124
Injury and Repair	p. 124
Aging and the Skeletal System	p. 125
Clinical Discussion: A Classification of Fractures	p. 126
Anatomy of Skeletal Elements	p. 126
Classification of Bones	p. 126
Bone Markings (Surface Features)	p. 127
Integration with Other Systems	p. 129
Related Clinical Terms	p. 129
Related Clinical Issues	p. 789
Inherited Abnormalities in Skeletal Development
Hyperostosis
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis and Other Skeletal Abnormalities Associated with Aging
The Skeletal System: Axial Division	p. 133
The Skull and Associated Bones	p. 135
Bones of the Cranium	p. 142
Occipital Bone	p. 142
Parietal Bones	p. 142
Frontal Bone	p. 142
Temporal Bones	p. 142
Sphenoid	p. 147
Ethmoid	p. 148
The Cranial Fossae	p. 148
Bones of the Face	p. 150
The Maxillae	p. 150
The Palatine Bones	p. 150
The Nasal Bones	p. 150
The Inferior Nasal Conchae	p. 150
The Zygomatic Bones	p. 150
The Lacrimal Bones	p. 150
The Vomer	p. 150
The Mandible	p. 152
The Orbital and Nasal Complexes	p. 152
The Orbital Complex	p. 152
The Nasal Complex	p. 153
Clinical Brief: Sinus Problems and Septal Defects	p. 153
Hyoid Bone	p. 155
Embryology Summary: Development of the Skull	p. 156
The Skulls of Infants, Children, and Adults	p. 161
Clinical Brief: Problems with Growth of the Skull	p. 161
The Vertebral Column	p. 163
Spinal Curvature	p. 164
Clinical Brief: Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis	p. 164
Vertebral Anatomy	p. 165
The Vertebral Body	p. 165
The Vertebral Arch	p. 165
The Articular Processes	p. 165
Vertebral Articulation	p. 165
Vertebral Regions	p. 166
Cervical Vertebrae	p. 166
Thoracic Vertebrae	p. 167
Lumbar Vertebrae	p. 170
The Sacrum	p. 171
The Coccyx	p. 171
Embryology Summary: Development of the Vertebral Column	p. 172
Clinical Brief: Spina Bifida	p. 174
The Thoracic Cage	p. 174
The Ribs	p. 174
Clinical Brief: Cracked Ribs	p. 174
The Sternum	p. 174
Related Clinical Terms	p. 176
Related Clinical Issues	p. 789
The Thoracic Cage and Surgical Procedures
The Skeletal System: Appendicular Division	p. 180
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb	p. 182
The Pectoral Girdle	p. 182
The Clavicle	p. 182
The Scapula	p. 182
The Upper Limb	p. 185
The Humerus	p. 185
The Ulna	p. 185
The Radius	p. 190
The Carpal Bones	p. 190
The Hand	p. 190
Embryology Summary: Development of the Appendicular Skeleton	p. 192
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb	p. 194
The Pelvic Girdle	p. 195
The Coxa	p. 195
The Pelvis	p. 195
The Lower Limb	p. 201
The Femur	p. 201
The Patella	p. 204
The Tibia	p. 204
The Fibula	p. 204
The Tarsus	p. 207
The Foot	p. 207
Individual Variation in the Skeletal System	p. 209
The Skeletal System: Articulations	p. 213
The Classification of Joints	p. 214
Synarthroses (Immovable Joints)	p. 214
Amphiarthroses (Slightly Movable Joints)	p. 214
Diarthroses (Freely Movable Joints)	p. 214
Synovial Fluid	p. 215
Accessory Structures	p. 215
Strength versus Mobility	p. 216
Clinical Brief: Dislocation of a Synovial Joint	p. 216
Articular Form and Function	p. 217
Describing Dynamic Motion	p. 217
Types of Movements	p. 217
Linear Motion (Gliding)	p. 218
Angular Motion	p. 218
Rotation	p. 218
Special Movements	p. 218
A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints	p. 218
Representative Articulations	p. 222
The Temporomandibular Joint	p. 222
Intervertebral Articulations	p. 222
The Intervertebral Discs	p. 222
Intervertebral Ligaments	p. 223
Vertebral Movements	p. 224
Clinical Discussion: Problems with the Intervertebral Discs	p. 224
The Sternoclavicular Joint	p. 224
The Shoulder Joint	p. 225
Ligaments	p. 227
Skeletal Muscles and Tendons	p. 227
Bursae	p. 227
Clinical Brief: Shoulder Injuries	p. 227
The Elbow Joint	p. 227
Joints of the Wrist	p. 229
Stability of the Wrist	p. 229
The Joints of the Hand	p. 230
The Hip Joint	p. 230
The Articular Capsule	p. 230
Stabilization of the Hip	p. 231
The Knee Joint	p. 232
The Articular Capsule	p. 232
Supporting Ligaments	p. 232
Locking of the Knee	p. 235
Joints of the Ankle and Foot	p. 000
The Ankle Joint	p. 235
Joints of the Foot	p. 236
Aging and Articulations	p. 236
Bones and Muscles	p. 238
Related Clinical Terms	p. 238
Related Clinical Issues	p. 790
The Thoracic Cage and Surgical Procedures
Rheumatism, Arthritis, and Synovial Function
Bursitis
Hip Fractures and the Aging Process
A Case Study: Bo Jackson's Hip Injury
Knee Injuries
Problems with the Ankle and Foot
The Muscular System: Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Muscle Organization	p. 244
Functions of Skeletal Muscle	p. 245
Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles	p. 245
Gross Anatomy	p. 245
Connective Tissue of Muscle	p. 245
Nerves and Blood Vessels	p. 246
Microanatomy of Skeletal Muscle Fibers	p. 247
Myofibrils and Myofilaments	p. 247
Sarcomere Organization	p. 247
Muscle Contraction	p. 251
The Sliding Filament Theory	p. 251
The Start of a Contraction	p. 251
The End of a Contraction	p. 252
Clinical Brief: Rigor Mortis	p. 253
The Neural Control of Muscle Fiber Contraction	p. 253
Muscle Contraction: A Summary	p. 254
Motor Units and Muscle Control	p. 255
Muscle Tone	p. 255
Muscle Hypertrophy	p. 255
Muscle Atrophy	p. 255
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers	p. 256
Distribution of Fast, Slow, and Intermediate Fibers	p. 256
The Organization of Skeletal Muscle Fibers	p. 257
Parallel Muscles	p. 257
Convergent Muscles	p. 257
Pennate Muscles	p. 258
Circular Muscles	p. 258
Levers: A Systems Design for Movement	p. 259
Classes of Levers	p. 259
Muscle Terminology	p. 260
Origins and Insertions	p. 260
Actions	p. 260
Names of Skeletal Muscles	p. 261
Aging and the Muscular System	p. 262
Related Clinical Terms	p. 262
Related Clinical Issues	p. 791
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
Myasthenia Gravis
Polio
The Muscular System: Axial Musculature	p. 266
The Axial Musculature	p. 267
Muscles of the Head and Neck	p. 269
Muscles of Facial Expression	p. 269
Extraocular Muscles	p. 273
Muscles of Mastication	p. 273
Muscles of the Tongue	p. 274
Muscles of the Pharynx	p. 275
Anterior Muscles of the Neck	p. 276
Clinical Discussion: What's New?	p. 274
Muscles of the Vertebral Column	p. 278
Oblique and Rectus Muscles	p. 278
The Diaphragm	p. 278
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor	p. 283
Embryology Summary: Development of the Muscular System	p. 286
Related Clinical Terms	p. 285
Related Clinical Issues	p. 791
Hernias
The Muscular System: The Appendicular Musculature	p. 290
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs	p. 291
Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle	p. 292
Muscles That Move the Arm	p. 295
Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand	p. 297
Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers	p. 299
Clinical Brief: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome	p. 301
Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs	p. 305
Muscles That Move the Thigh	p. 305
Muscles That Move the Leg	p. 309
Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes	p. 313
Clinical Brief: Intramuscular Injections	p. 316
Clinical Discussion: Compartment Syndrome	p. 320
Related Clinical Terms	p. 320
Related Clinical Issues	p. 792
Sports Injuries
Surface Anatomy	p. 323
Regional Approach to Surface Anatomy	p. 324
The Head and Neck	p. 324
The Thorax	p. 326
The Anterior Thorax	p. 326
Back and Shoulder Regions	p. 326
The Abdomen	p. 327
The Upper Limb	p. 328
The Forearm and Wrist	p. 329
The Pelvis and Lower Limb	p. 330
The Knee, Leg, Ankle, and Foot	p. 331
The Nervous System: Neural Tissue	p. 334
An Overview of the Nervous System	p. 335
Cellular Organization in Neural Tissue	p. 336
Neuroglia	p. 337
Neuroglia of the CNS	p. 337
Neuroglia of the PNS	p. 339
Neurons	p. 342
Neuron Classification	p. 343
Neural Regeneration	p. 345
The Nerve Impulse	p. 346
Synaptic Communication	p. 346
Chemical Synapses	p. 346
Electrical Synapses	p. 347
Neuron Organization and Processing	p. 347
Embryology Summary: Introduction to the Development of the Nervous System	p. 349
Anatomical Organization of the Nervous System	p. 350
Related Clinical Terms	p. 351
Related Clinical Issues	p. 792
Axoplasmic Transport and Disease
Demyelination Disorders
Growth and Myelination of the Nervous System
The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves	p. 355
Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord	p. 356
Clinical Brief: Shingles	p. 356
Spinal Meninges	p. 356
The Dura Mater	p. 356
The Arachnoid	p. 359
The Pia Mater	p. 359
Clinical Discussion: Spinal Taps and Myelography	p. 360
Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord	p. 361
Organization of Gray Matter	p. 361
Organization of White Matter	p. 362
Clinical Brief: Spinal Cord Injuries	p. 362
Spinal Nerves	p. 362
Peripheral Distribution of Spinal Nerves	p. 363
Nerve Plexuses	p. 363
The Cervical Plexus	p. 364
The Brachial Plexus	p. 367
The Lumbar Sacral Plexuses	p. 370
Reflexes	p. 373
Classification of Reflexes	p. 373
Spinal Reflexes	p. 374
Higher Centers and Integration of Reflexes	p. 374
Embryology Summary: Development of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves	p. 376
Related Clinical Terms	p. 375
Related Clinical Issues	p. 793
Spinal Meningitis
Spinal Anesthesia
Technology and Motor Paralysis
Multiple Sclerosis
Retlexes and Diagnostic Testing
The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves	p. 381
An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain	p. 382
Embryology of the Brain	p. 382
Major Regions and Landmarks	p. 382
Cerebrum	p. 382
Diencephalon	p. 383
Mesencephalon	p. 384
The Pons and Cerebellum	p. 384
Medulla Oblongata	p. 384
Gray Matter and White Matter Organization	p. 384
The Ventricles of the Brain	p. 384
Protection and Support of the Brain	p. 384
The Cranial Meninges	p. 384
The Dura Mater	p. 386
The Arachnoid	p. 386
The Pia Mater	p. 386
Clinical Brief: Epidural and Subdural Hemorrhages	p. 386
The Blood-Brain Barrier	p. 388
Cerebrospinal Fluid	p. 389
Formation of CSF	p. 389
Circulation of CSF	p. 390
Clinical Discussion: Hydrocephalus	p. 391
The Cerebrum	p. 391
The Cerebral Hemispheres	p. 391
The Cerebral Lobes	p. 391
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex	p. 392
Association Areas	p. 394
Integrative Centers	p. 394
The Central White Matter	p. 394
The Basal Nuclei	p. 394
Functions of the Basal Nuclei	p. 394
The Limbic System	p. 395
The Diencephalon	p. 400
The Epithalamus	p. 400
The Thalamus	p. 400
Functions of Thalamic Nuclei	p. 400
The Hypothalamus	p. 400
Functions of the Hypothalamus	p. 400
The Mesencephalon	p. 403
Clinical Brief: The Substantia Nigra and Parkinson's Disease	p. 403
The Pons	p. 405
The Cerebellum	p. 406
The Medulla Oblongata	p. 408
Cranial Nerves	p. 409
The Olfactory Nerve (N I)	p. 410
The Optic Nerve (N II)	p. 411
The Oculomotor Nerve (N III)	p. 412
The Trochlear Nerve (N IV)	p. 412
The Trigeminal Nerve (N V)	p. 412
Clinical Brief: Tic Douloureux	p. 414
Clinical Brief: Bell's Palsy	p. 414
The Abducens Nerve (N VI)	p. 414
The Facial Nerve (N VII)	p. 414
The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (N VIII)	p. 414
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (N IX)	p. 416
The Vagus Nerve (N X)	p. 417
The Accessory Nerve (N XI)	p. 418
The Hypoglossal Nerve (N XII)	p. 418
A Summary of Cranial Nerve Branches and Functions	p. 419
Embryology Summary: Development of the Brain and Cranial Nerves	p. 420
Clinical Discussion: Cranial Reflexes	p. 422
Related Clinical Terms	p. 422
Related Clinical Issues	p. 794
Cranial Trauma
Cerebellar Dysfunction
The Nervous System: Pathways and Higher-Order Functions	p. 427
Sensory and Motor Pathways	p. 428
Sensory Pathways	p. 428
The Posterior Column Pathway	p. 428
The Spinothalamic Pathway	p. 431
The Spinocerebellar Pathway	p. 431
Motor Pathways	p. 432
The Corticospinal Pathway	p. 433
Clinical Brief: Cerebral Palsy	p. 000
Medial and Lateral Pathways	p. 434
The Basal Nuclei and Cerebellum	p. 435
Levels of Somatic Motor Control	p. 436
Clinical Brief: Anencephaly	p. 438
Higher-Order Functions	p. 438
Integrative Regions of the Cerebral Cortex	p. 438
The General Interpretive Area	p. 438
The Speech Center	p. 438
The Prefrontal Cortex	p. 438
Brodman Areas and Cortical Function	p. 439
Hemispheric Specialization	p. 439
Clinical Brief: Damage to the Integrative Centers	p. 440
Memory	p. 440
Clinical Brief: Disconnection Syndrome	p. 441
Consciousness: The Reticular Activating System	p. 441
Clinical Brief: Amnesia	p. 441
Clinical Discussion: Levels of Consciousness	p. 442
Aging and the Nervous System	p. 442
Clinical Brief: Cerebrovascular Diseases	p. 442
Clinical Brief: Alzheimer's Disease	p. 443
Related Clinical Terms	p. 443
Related Clinical Issues	p. 795
Tay-Sachs Disease
Huntington's Disease
The Nervous System: Autonomic Division	p. 447
An Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)	p. 448
Pathways for Visceral Motor Output	p. 448
Subdivisions of the ANS	p. 448
Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Division	p. 448
Parasympathetic (Craniosacral) Division	p. 448
Innervation Patterns	p. 448
The Sympathetic Division	p. 450
The Sympathetic Chain Ganglia	p. 450
Functions of the Sympathetic Chain	p. 452
Anatomy of the Sympathetic Chain	p. 445
Collateral Ganglia	p. 452
Functions of the Collateral Ganglia	p. 452
Anatomy of the Collateral Ganglia	p. 452
The Adrenal Medullae	p. 452
Effects of Sympathetic Stimulation	p. 454
Clinical Brief: Horner's Syndrome	p. 455
Sympathetic Activation and Neurotransmitter Release	p. 455
Membrane Receptors and Sympathetic Function	p. 455
Alpha and Beta Receptors	p. 456
Sympathetic Stimulation and ACh	p. 456
A Summary of the Sympathetic Division	p. 456
The Parasympathetic Division	p. 456
Organization and Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division	p. 456
General Functions of the Parasympathetic Division	p. 457
Parasympathetic Activation and Neurotransmitter Release	p. 459
Membrane Receptors and Responses	p. 459
A Summary of the Parasympathetic Division	p. 459
Relationships Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions	p. 459
Anatomy of Dual Innervation	p. 459
A Comparison of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions	p. 460
Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions	p. 460
Visceral Reflexes	p. 461
Higher Levels of Autonomic Control	p. 463
Related Clinical Terms	p. 464
The Nervous System: General and Special Senses	p. 467
Receptors	p. 468
Interpretation of Sensory Information	p. 468
Central Processing and Adaptation	p. 468
Sensory Limitations	p. 469
The General Senses	p. 469
Nociceptors	p. 469
Thermoreceptors	p. 469
Mechanoreceptors	p. 470
Tactile Receptors	p. 470
Baroreceptors	p. 472
Proprioceptors	p. 472
Chemoreceptors	p. 472
Olfaction (Smell)	p. 472
Olfactory Receptors	p. 472
Olfactory Pathways	p. 474
Olfactory Discrimination	p. 474
Gustation (Taste)	p. 475
Gustatory Receptors	p. 475
Gustatory Pathways	p. 475
Gustatory Discrimination	p. 476
Equilibrium and Hearing	p. 476
The External Ear	p. 477
The Middle Ear	p. 477
The Auditory Ossicles	p. 477
Clinical Brief: Otitis Media and Mastoiditis	p. 479
The Inner Ear	p. 479
The Vestibular Complex and Equilibrium	p. 481
Clinical Brief: Nystagmus	p. 481
Hearing	p. 483
The Cochlea	p. 483
Sound Detection	p. 486
Clinical Brief: Hearing Loss	p. 486
Auditory Pathways	p. 486
Vision	p. 487
Accessory Structures of the Eye	p. 487
Eyelids	p. 487
The Lacrimal Apparatus	p. 488
The Eye	p. 489
The Fibrous Tunic	p. 489
The Vascular Tunic (Uvea)	p. 492
Clinical Brief: Conjunctivitis	p. 492
Clinical Brief: Corneal Transplants	p. 492
The Neural Tunic	p. 493
The Chambers of the Eye	p. 493
The Lens	p. 493
Clinical Brief: Glaucoma	p. 493
Visual Pathways	p. 495
Cortical Integration	p. 497
The Brain Stem and Visual Processing	p. 497
Clinical Brief: Cataracts	p. 497
Embryology Summary: Development of Special Sense Organs	p. 498
Related Clinical Terms	p. 497
Related Clinical Issues	p. 795
The Control of Pain
Assessment of Tactile Sensitivities
Vertigo, Dizziness, and Motion Sickness
Testing and Treating Hearing Deficits
Scotomas and Floaters
The Endocrine System	p. 506
An Overview of the Endocrine System	p. 507
The Hypothalamus and Endocrine Regulation	p. 509
The Pituitary Gland	p. 510
The Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland	p. 511
The Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland	p. 511
The Hypophyseal Portal System	p. 512
Hormones of the Anterior Lobe	p. 512
The Thyroid Gland	p. 513
Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid Hormones	p. 513
The C Cells of the Thyroid Gland	p. 513
The Parathyroid Glands	p. 515
The Thymus	p. 5116
The Adrenal Gland	p. 516
The Adrenal Cortex	p. 516
The Zona Glomerulosa	p. 518
The Zona Fasciculata	p. 518
The Zona Reticularis	p. 518
The Adrenal Medulla	p. 518
Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys and Heart	p. 519
The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissuesof the Digestive System	p. 519
The Pancreas	p. 519
Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System	p. 521
Testes	p. 521
Ovaries	p. 521
Embryology Summary: Development of the Endocrine System	p. 522
The Pineal Gland	p. 524
Hormones and Aging	p. 524
Clinical Discussion: Endocrine Disorders	p. 524
Related Clinical Terms	p. 525
Related Clinical Issues	p. 796
Diabetes Insipidus
Thyroid Gland Disorders
Disorders of Parathyroid Function
Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
Disorders of the Adrenal Medulla
Diabetes Mellitus
Endocrine Disorders
The Cardiovascular System: Blood	p. 532
Functions of the Blood	p. 533
Composition of the Blood	p. 533
Clinical Brief: Transfusions	p. 534
Plasma	p. 534
Differences Between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid	p. 534
The Plasma Proteins	p. 535
Clinical Brief: Plasma Expanders	p. 535
Formed Elements	p. 535
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)	p. 535
Clinical Brief: Anemia and Polycythemia	p. 536
Structure of RBCs	p. 536
RBC Life Span and Circulation	p. 537
RBCs and Hemoglobin	p. 538
Blood Types	p. 538
Clinical Brief: Erythrocytosis	p. 538
Clinical Brief: Elevating Hemoglobin Levels	p. 539
Clinical Brief: Testing for Compatibility	p. 540
White Blood Cells (WBCs)	p. 540
Granular Leukocytes	p. 541
Agranular Leukocytes	p. 541
Platelets	p. 541
Clinical Brief: Hemophilia	p. 543
Clinical Brief: Synthetic Blood	p. 543
Hempoiesis	p. 543
Erythropoiesis	p. 545
Stages in RBC Maturation	p. 545
Clinical Brief: Blood Doping	p. 545
Leukopoiesis	p. 545
Related Clinical Terms	p. 546
Related Clinical Issues	p. 797
Blood Tests and RBCs
Sickle Cell Anemia
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
The Leukemias
Problems with the Clotting Process
The Cardiovascular System: The Heart	p. 549
An Overview of the Circulatory System	p. 550
The Pericardium	p. 550
Structure of the Heart Wall	p. 552
Cardiac Muscle Tissue	p. 000
The Intercalated Discs	p. 552
The Fibrous Skeleton	p. 552
Orientation and Superficial Anatomy of the Heart	p. 554
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart	p. 556
The Right Atrium	p. 556
The Right Ventricle	p. 556
The Left Atrium	p. 556
The Left Ventricle	p. 558
Structural Differences Between the Left and Right Ventricles	p. 558
The Structure and Function of Heart Valves	p. 558
Clinical Brief: Mitral Valve Prolapse	p. 558
Heart Sounds	p. 560
Coronary Blood Vessels	p. 560
The Right Coronary Artery	p. 560
The Left Coronary Artery	p. 560
The Cardiac Veins	p. 560
Clinical Discussion: Coronary Artery Disease	p. 562
The Cardiac Cycle	p. 563
The Coordination of Cardiac Contractions	p. 563
The Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Nodes	p. 564
The Conducting System of the Heart	p. 564
Clinical Brief: Myocardial Infarctions	p. 564
The Electrocardiogram (ECG)	p. 566
Autonomic Control of Heart Rate	p. 566
Embryology Summary: Development of the Heart	p. 568
Related Clinical Terms	p. 567
Related Clinical Issues	p. 800
The Cardiomyopathies
Valvular Heart Disease
Infection and Intlammation of the Heart
Rheumatic Heart Disease and Valvular Stenosis
Problems with Pacemaker Function
Monitoring the Living Heart
The Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation	p. 572
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels	p. 573
Distinguishing Arteries from Veins	p. 574
Arteries	p. 575
Elastic Arteries	p. 575
Muscular Arteries	p. 575
Arterioles	p. 575
Capillaries	p. 575
Capillary Beds	p. 575
Veins	p. 577
Venules	p. 577
Medium-Sized Veins	p. 578
Large Veins	p. 578
Venous Valves	p. 578
Clinical Discussion: Arteriosclerosis	p. 578
The Distribution of Blood	p. 579
Blood Vessel Distribution	p. 579
The Pulmonary Circuit	p. 580
The Systemic Circuit	p. 580
Systemic Arteries	p. 580
Systemic Veins	p. 594
Cardiovascular Changes at Birth	p. 601
Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease	p. 603
Aging and the Cardiovascular System	p. 603
Embryology Summary: Development of the Cardiovascular System	p. 604
Related Clinical Terms	p. 603
Related Clinical Issues	p. 801
Aneurysms
Problems with Venous Valve Function
The Lymphatic System	p. 612
An Overview of the Lymphatic System	p. 613
Functions of the Lymphatic System	p. 613
Structure of Lymphatic Vessels	p. 614
Lymphatic Capillaries	p. 615
Valves of Lymphatic Vessels	p. 615
Major Lymph-Collecting Vessels	p. 616
The Thoracic Duct	p. 617
The Right Lymphatic Duct	p. 617
Lymphocytes	p. 617
Types of Lymphocytes	p. 617
Lymphocytes and the Immune Response	p. 617
Distribution and Life Span of Lymphocytes	p. 619
Lymphopoiesis: Lymphocyte Production	p. 619
Lymphoid Tissues	p. 620
Lymphoid Organs	p. 621
Lymph Nodes	p. 621
Distribution of Lymphoid Tissues and Lymph Nodes	p. 622
Clinical Brief: Lymphadenopathy and Metastatic Cancer	p. 623
The Thymus	p. 624
The Spleen	p. 624
Embryology Summary: Development of the Lymphatic System	p. 629
Age and the Lymphatic System	p. 628
Related Clinical Terms	p. 628
Related Clinical Issues	p. 801
Lymphedema
SCID
AIDS
Infected Lymphatic Nodules
Lymphomas
Breast Cancer
Disorders of the Spleen
Immune Disorders
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
The Respiratory System	p. 634
Overview of the Respiratory System	p. 635
Functions of the Respiratory System	p. 636
The Respiratory Epithelium	p. 636
Clinical Brief: Cystic Fibrosis	p. 637
The Upper Respiratory System	p. 637
The Nose and Nasal Cavity	p. 637
The Pharynx	p. 637
The Nasopharynx	p. 639
The Oropharynx	p. 639
The Laryngopharynx	p. 639
The Lower Respiratory System	p. 639
The Larynx	p. 639
Cartilages of the Larynx	p. 639
Laryngeal Ligaments	p. 641
The Laryngeal Musculature	p. 641
The Trachea	p. 642
Clinical Brief: Tracheal Blockage	p. 642
The Primary Bronchi	p. 642
The Lungs	p. 645
Lobes of the Lungs	p. 645
Lung Surfaces	p. 645
The Pulmonary Bronchi	p. 000
Branches of the Right Primary Bronchus	p. 645
Branches of the Left Primary Bronchus	p. 645
Branches of the Secondary Bronchi	p. 648
The Bronchopulmonary Segments	p. 648
Clinical Brief: Asthma	p. 648
The Bronchioles	p. 648
Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli	p. 648
The Alveolus and the Respiratory Membrane	p. 648
Clinical Brief: Emphysema	p. 648
The Blood Supply to the Lungs	p. 651
The Pleural Cavities and Membranes	p. 651
Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation	p. 654
Respiratory Muscles	p. 654
Respiratory Movements	p. 654
Respiratory Changes at Birth	p. 654
Embryology Summary: Development of the Respiratory System	p. 652
Respiratory Centers of the Brain	p. 655
Clinical Brief: Artificial Respiration and CPR	p. 656
Aging and the Respiratory System	p. 656
Related Clinical Terms	p. 656
Related Clinical Issues	p. 804
Overloading the Respiratory Defenses
Nosebleeds
Disorders of the Larynx
Bronchitis
Examining the Living Lung
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Pulmonary Embolism
Pneumothorax
Thoracentesis
Lung Cancer, Smoking, and Diet
The Digestive System	p. 662
An Overview of the Digestive System	p. 663
Histological Organization of the Digestive Tract	p. 663
The Mucosa	p. 663
The Submucosa	p. 664
The Muscularis Externa	p. 664
The Serosa	p. 664
Muscularis Layers and the Movement of Digestive Materials	p. 665
Peristalsis	p. 666
Segmentation	p. 666
The Peritoneum	p. 667
Clinical Brief: Peritonitis	p. 667
Mesenteries	p. 667
The Oral Cavity	p. 667
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity	p. 667
The Tongue	p. 669
Salivary Glands	p. 672
Embryology Summary: Development of the Digestive System	p. 670
Clinical Brief: Mumps	p. 673
The Teeth	p. 673
Clinical Brief: Dental Problems	p. 675
The Pharynx	p. 675
The Swallowing Process	p. 675
The Esophagus	p. 676
Histology of the Esophageal Wall	p. 676
The Stomach	p. 677
Anatomy of the Stomach	p. 677
Mesenteries of the Stomach	p. 677
Blood Supply to the Stomach	p. 680
Musculature of the Stomach	p. 680
Histology of the Stomach	p. 680
Clinical Brief: Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers	p. 681
Regulation of the Stomach	p. 681
The Small Intestine	p. 681
Clinical Brief: Drastic Weight Loss Techniques	p. 683
Regions of the Small Intestine	p. 683
The Duodenum	p. 683
The Jejunum	p. 683
The Ileum	p. 683
Support of the Small Intestine	p. 683
Histology of the Small Intestine	p. 685
The Intestinal Epithelium	p. 685
Intestinal Crypts	p. 685
The Lamina Propria	p. 685
Regional Specializations	p. 686
Regulation of the Small Intestine	p. 686
The Large Intestine	p. 686
The Cecum	p. 686
The Colon	p. 688
Regions of the Colon	p. 688
The Rectum	p. 688
Histology of the Large Intestine	p. 688
Regulation of the Large Intestine	p. 689
Accessory Digestive Organs	p. 689
The Liver	p. 689
Anatomy of the Liver	p. 690
Histological Organization of the Liver	p. 690
The Gallbladder	p. 693
Clinical Brief: Problems with Bile Storage and Secretion	p. 694
The Pancreas	p. 693
Histological Organization of the Pancreas	p. 695
Pancreatic Enzymes	p. 695
The Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion	p. 695
Clinical Brief: Pancreatitis	p. 695
Aging and the Digestive System	p. 695
Related Clinical Terms	p. 696
Related Clinical Issues	p. 806
Achalasia and Esophagitis
Stomach Cancer
Gastroenteritis
Diverticulitis and Colitis
Cirrhosis
The Urinary System	p. 702
The Kidneys	p. 703
Superficial Anatomy of the Kidney	p. 703
Sectional Anatomy of the Kidney	p. 703
The Blood Supply to the Kidneys	p. 705
Innervation of the Kidneys	p. 705
Histology of the Kidney	p. 708
An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Nephron	p. 708
The Renal Corpuscle	p. 708
The Proximal Convoluted Tubule	p. 709
The Loop of Henle	p. 712
The Distal Convoluted Tubule	p. 712
The Collecting System	p. 712
Clinical Discussion: Examination of the Kidneys and Urinary System	p. 713
Structures for Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination	p. 712
The Ureters	p. 714
Histology of the Ureters	p. 714
The Urinary Bladder	p. 714
Histology of the Urinary Bladder	p. 714
Clinical Brief: Problems with the Conducting System	p. 714
The Urethra	p. 714
Histology of the Urethra	p. 716
Clinical Brief: Urinary Tract Infections	p. 716
The Micturition Reflex and Urination	p. 717
Aging and the Urinary System	p. 717
Embryology Summary: Development of the Urinary System	p. 718
Related Clinical Terms	p. 717
Related Clinical Issues	p. 806
Urine Composition
Hemodialysis
Problems with the Micturition Reflex
The Reproductive System: Organization of the Reproductive System	p. 725
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System	p. 725
The Testes	p. 725
Descent of the Testes	p. 725
The Spermatic Cord	p. 725
Clinical Brief: Cryptorchidism	p. 727
The Scrotum and the Position of the Testes	p. 728
Structure of the Testes	p. 728
Histology of the Testes	p. 728
Spermatogenesis and Meiosis	p. 729
Spermiogenesis	p. 729
Sustentacular Cells	p. 731
Anatomy of a Spermatozoon	p. 731
The Male Reproductive Tract	p. 732
The Epididymis	p. 732
The Ductus Deferens	p. 732
The Urethra	p. 732
The Accessory Glands	p. 733
The Seminal Vesicles	p. 733
The Prostate Gland	p. 735
The Bulbourethral Glands	p. 735
Clinical Brief: Prostatitis	p. 735
Semen	p. 735
The Penis	p. 735
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System	p. 737
The Ovaries	p. 737
The Ovarian Cycle and Oogenesis	p. 740
Age and Oogenesis	p. 742
The Uterine Tubes	p. 742
Histology of the Uterine Tube	p. 742
Clinical Brief: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)	p. 742
The Uterus	p. 743
Suspensory Ligaments of the Uterus	p. 743
Internal Anatomy of the Uterus	p. 743
The Uterine Wall	p. 744
Clinical Brief: Cervical Cancer	p. 745
Blood Supply to the Uterus	p. 745
Histology of the Uterus	p. 745
The Uterine Cycle	p. 745
The Vagina	p. 747
Histology of the Vagina	p. 748
Clinical Brief: Vaginitis	p. 748
The External Genitalia	p. 749
The Mammary Glands	p. 749
Development of the Mammary Glands During Pregnancy	p. 750
Embryology Summary: Development of the Reproductive System	p. 751
Pregnancy and the Female Reproductive System	p. 754
Aging and the Reproductive System	p. 754
Menopause	p. 754
The Male Climacteric	p. 754
Related Clinical Terms	p. 754
Related Clinical Issues	p. 807
Testicular Torsion
Prostate Cancer
Uterine Tumors and Cancers
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Conception Control
Human Development: An Overview of Development	p. 761
Fertilization	p. 761
The Oocyte at Ovulation	p. 761
Pronucleus Formation and Amphimixis	p. 761
Prenatal Development	p. 762
The First Trimester	p. 762
Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation	p. 763
Implantation	p. 764
Placentation	p. 766
Embryogenesis	p. 766
The Second and Third Trimesters	p. 772
Labor and Delivery	p. 774
Stages of Labor	p. 774
The Dilation Stage	p. 774
The Expulsion Stage	p. 774
The Placental Stage	p. 774
Clinical Brief: Forceps Deliveries and Breech Births	p. 774
Premature Labor	p. 774
The Neonatal Period	p. 774
Clinical Brief: Evaluating the Newborn Infant	p. 776
Related Clinical Terms	p. 776
Related Clinical Issues	p. 809
Chromosomal Analysis
Technology and the Treatment of Infertility
Problems with the Implantation Process
Problems with Placentation
Teratogens and Abnormal Development
Complexity and Perfection: An Improbable Dream
Appendixes	p. 783
Clinical Issues	p. 784
Weights and Measures	p. 811
Answers to Review Questions	p. 813
Foreign Word Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms	p. 823
Eponyms in Common Use	p. 824
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 826
Index	p. 847
Photo Credits	p. 867
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