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| Maps | p. vi |
| Preface | p. vii |
| Introduction: The Geographic Background of Latin American History | p. xiii |
| The Colonial Heritage of Latin America | p. 3 |
| Ancient America | p. 7 |
| Environment and Culture in Ancient America | p. 7 |
| Populations in 1492 | p. 11 |
| Nuclear America | p. 13 |
| Early American Civilizations | p. 15 |
| The Maya of Ce... MORE | p. 16 |
| Maya Economy and Society | p. 19 |
| Maya Religion and Learning | p. 20 |
| Maya Decline and Transformation of Mesoamerica | p. 22 |
| The Aztecs of Mexico | p. 24 |
| Aztec Imperial Expansion | p. 24 |
| Aztec Culture and Society | p. 27 |
| The Incas of Peru | p. 30 |
| Origins of Inca Culture | p. 30 |
| Inca Economy and Society | p. 31 |
| Inca Religion and Learning | p. 35 |
| The Hispanic Background | p. 37 |
| The Medieval Heritage of Iberia's Christian Kingdoms | p. 38 |
| Castile | p. 40 |
| Aragón | p. 41 |
| Ferdinand and Isabella: The Catholic Sovereigns | p. 42 |
| Restoration of Order | p. 42 |
| Religious and Economic Reforms | p. 43 |
| Foreign Policy | p. 44 |
| Reappraisal of Ferdinand and Isabella's Policies | p. 45 |
| The Hapsburg Era: Triumph and Tragedy | p. 48 |
| The Reign of Charles | p. 48 |
| The Reign of Philip II and the Remaining Hapsburgs | p. 50 |
| The Waning Economy and Society | p. 50 |
| Literary and Artistic Developments | p. 51 |
| The Conquest of America | p. 53 |
| The Great Voyages | p. 53 |
| Exploration under Prince Henry | p. 53 |
| The Sea Route to the East | p. 54 |
| The Advance into the Atlantic | p. 55 |
| The Voyages of Columbus | p. 56 |
| The Discovery of America in Historical Perspective | p. 58 |
| Balboa and Magellan | p. 62 |
| The Conquest of Mexico | p. 63 |
| Early Contact with Moctezuma | p. 63 |
| Cortés-Quetzalcóatl | p. 64 |
| The March to Tenochtitlán | p. 66 |
| The Aftermath of Conquest | p. 67 |
| The Conquest of Peru | p. 68 |
| Pizarro and Atahualpa | p. 68 |
| Post-Conquest Troubles | p. 69 |
| How a Handful of Spaniards Won Two Empires | p. 70 |
| The Quest for El Dorado | p. 72 |
| Failures in North America | p. 72 |
| Frustrations in South America | p. 73 |
| The Conquistadors | p. 74 |
| Lope de Aguirre-An Underdog of the Conquest | p. 76 |
| The Economic Foundations of Colonial Life | p. 79 |
| Tribute and Labor in the Spanish Colonies | p. 80 |
| The Encomienda and Slavery | p. 80 |
| The New Laws of the Indies and the Encomienda | p. 82 |
| Repartimiento, Yanaconaje, and Free Labor | p. 84 |
| Black Slavery | p. 86 |
| The Colonial Economy | p. 87 |
| Cortes as a Businessman | p. 87 |
| The Growth of the Haciendas | p. 89 |
| Spanish Agriculture in the New World | p. 90 |
| Colonial Mining and Industry | p. 92 |
| Commerce, Smuggling, and Piracy | p. 94 |
| The Colonial Commercial System | p. 94 |
| Sir Francis Drake, Piracy, and Plunder | p. 96 |
| The Framework of the Colonial Economy | p. 97 |
| State, Church, and Society | p. 99 |
| Political Institutions of the Spanish Empire | p. 99 |
| Formation of Colonial Administration | p. 99 |
| The Royal Agents | p. 100 |
| Provincial Administration | p. 102 |
| Ineffectiveness of Much Spanish Colonial Law | p. 104 |
| The Church in the Indies | p. 105 |
| The Spiritual Conquest of America | p. 105 |
| The Moral Decline of the Clergy and the Missionary Impulse | p. 108 |
| The Inquisition in the New World | p. 110 |
| The Church and Education | p. 111 |
| Science, Literature, and the Arts | p. 112 |
| The Structure of Class and Caste | p. 114 |
| The Ruling Class | p. 115 |
| The Mestizo: An Ambiguous Status | p. 116 |
| Indigenous Peoples: A Separate Nation | p. 116 |
| Blacks, Mulattos, Zambos: The Lowest Class | p. 120 |
| Life in the City and on the Hacienda | p. 121 |
| Marriage, Sexuality, and the Status of Women | p. 123 |
| Colonial Brazil | p. 127 |
| The Beginning of Colonial Brazil | p. 127 |
| The Captaincy System | p. 127 |
| Portugal's Indigenous Policy | p. 130 |
| The French and Dutch Challenges | p. 131 |
| The Mineral Cycle, the Cattle Industry, and the Commercial System | p. 132 |
| Government and Church | p. 134 |
| The Administrators and Their Deficiencies | p. 134 |
| The Church and the State | p. 136 |
| Masters and Slaves | p. 136 |
| Color, Class, and Slavery | p. 137 |
| Large Estates and Colonial Towns | p. 139 |
| The Bourbon Reforms and Spanish America | p. 141 |
| Reform and Recovery | p. 141 |
| The Bourbon Reforms | p. 141 |
| Revival of Colonial Commerce and Breakdown of Trading Monopoly | p. 143 |
| Increased Economic Activity | p. 145 |
| Labor Systems in the Eighteenth Century | p. 148 |
| Early Labor Struggles | p. 149 |
| Political Reforms | p. 150 |
| Strengthening the Defenses | p. 152 |
| Colonial Culture and the Enlightenment | p. 153 |
| Creole Nationalism | p. 155 |
| Colonial Society in Transition, 1750-1810: An Overview | p. 156 |
| The Revolt of the Masses | p. 158 |
| The Revolt in Peru | p. 160 |
| The Insurrection in New Granada, 1781 | p. 163 |
| The Independence of Latin America | p. 165 |
| Background of the Wars of Independence | p. 165 |
| Creoles and Peninsular Spaniards | p. 165 |
| The Causes of Revolution | p. 168 |
| The Liberation of South America | p. 170 |
| Simón Bolívar, the Liberator | p. 170 |
| The Southern Liberation Movement and San Martin | p. 174 |
| The Achievement of Brazilian Independence | p. 177 |
| Mexico's Road to Independence | p. 178 |
| Latin American Independence: A Reckoning | p. 184 |
| Latin America in the Nineteenth Century | p. 187 |
| Decolonization and the Search for National Identities, 1821-1870 | p. 201 |
| The Fruits of Independence | p. 201 |
| Economic Stagnation | p. 202 |
| Politics: The Conservative and Liberal Programs | p. 203 |
| Mexico | p. 205 |
| The Mexican Economy | p. 205 |
| Politics: Liberals versus Conservatives | p. 206 |
| La Reforma, Civil War, and the French Intervention | p. 209 |
| Postwar Transformation of La Reforma | p. 212 |
| Argentina | p. 213 |
| The Liberation of Paraguay, Uruguay, and Upper Peru | p. 213 |
| The Struggle for Progress and National Unity | p. 214 |
| The Paraguayan War | p. 217 |
| Progress and Development under Sarmiento | p. 218 |
| Chile | p. 220 |
| Portales and Economic Growth | p. 220 |
| Economic Expansion under Bulnes | p. 221 |
| Montt's Moderate Reforms | p. 222 |
| Liberal Control | p. 223 |
| United Provinces of Central America | p. 224 |
| Independence and the Failure of Union, 1810-1865 | p. 224 |
| Race, Nation, and the Meaning of Freedom, 1821-1888 | p. 227 |
| Brazil | p. 229 |
| Dom Pedro, Emperor | p. 229 |
| Regency, Revolt, and a Boy Emperor | p. 230 |
| The Game of Politics and the Crisis of Slavery | p. 233 |
| The Antislavery Movement | p. 234 |
| Peru | p. 236 |
| Peruvian Politics and Economy | p. 237 |
| Pardo and the Civilianist Party | p. 238 |
| Cuba | p. 239 |
| Economic and Social Change: The Bitter Harvest of King Sugar | p. 239 |
| The Ten Years' War | p. 242 |
| Gran Colombia | p. 244 |
| Páez, the Conservative-Liberal Split, and the Federal War in Venezuela, 1830-1863 | p. 246 |
| Santander and the Birth of a Two-Party System in Colombia, 1830-1850 | p. 248 |
| The Triumph of Neocolonialism and the Liberal State, 1870-1900 | p. 251 |
| The New Colonialism | p. 251 |
| Expansion of the Hacienda System | p. 253 |
| Foreign Control of Resources | p. 254 |
| The Politics of Acquisition | p. 255 |
| Mexican Politics and Economy | p. 255 |
| Dictatorship under Díaz | p. 255 |
| Concentration of Landownership | p. 257 |
| The Economic Advance | p. 258 |
| Labor, Agrarian, and Middle-Class Unrest | p. 259 |
| Argentine Politics and Economy | p. 260 |
| Consolidation of the State | p. 260 |
| Economic Boom and Inflation | p. 261 |
| The Formation of the Radical Party | p. 262 |
| Electoral Reform and the Growth of the Labor Movement | p. 263 |
| Chilean Politics and Economy | p. 263 |
| Nitrates and War | p. 263 |
| Aftermath of the War of the Pacific | p. 265 |
| Balmaceda's Nationalistic Policies | p. 267 |
| The Parliamentary Republic, Foreign Economic Domination, and the Growth of the Working Class | p. 268 |
| Brazilian Politics and Economy | p. 269 |
| The Fall of the Monarchy | p. 269 |
| The New Republic | p. 269 |
| The Economic Revolution | p. 271 |
| Central American Politics and Economy | p. 274 |
| Guatemala, 1865-1898 | p. 274 |
| Nicaragua, 1870-1909 | p. 275 |
| El Salvador, 1876-1911 | p. 276 |
| Venezuelan Politics and Economy | p. 276 |
| Colombian Politics and Economy | p. 278 |
| Rafael Nunez, the "Regeneration," and the War of a Thousand Days, 1880-1903 | p. 279 |
| Index I | p. 1 |
| Maps | |
| Geographic Features of Middle America | p. xiv |
| Geographic Features of South America | p. xv |
| Principal Sites of Pre-Conquest Culture in Mesoamerica | p. 17 |
| Valley of Mexico | p. 26 |
| Growth of the Inca Empire, 1460-1532 | p. 33 |
| Spain in the Time of Christopher Columbus | p. 46 |
| Early Spanish Voyages in the Caribbean | p. 61 |
| Colonial Conquest, Trade, and Enslavement in the Making of Latin America | p. 88 |
| Viceroyalties and Audiencias in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America | p. 102 |
| Colonial Brazil | p. 129 |
| Viceroyalties in Latin America in 1780 | p. 151 |
| Latin America, 1830 | p. 207 |
| War and National Development in Paraguay and Bolivia, 1864-1938 | p. 219 |
| War of the Pacific | p. 266 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |