Mary Fulbrook is Dean of the Faculty of Social and Historical Sciences at University College London (UCL). She was founding Joint Editor of German History, and has served as Chair of the German History Society as well as Chair of the Modern History Section of the British Academy. Her books include Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR, 1949–1989 (1995), German National Identity After the Holocaust (1999), Interpretations of the Two Germanies, 1945–1990 (Second Edition, 2000), Historical Theory (2002), A Concise History of Germany (Second Edition, 2004), The People’s State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker (2005), Dissonant Lives: Generations and Violence through the German Dictatorships (2011), and the Fraenkel Prize winning A Small Town near Auschwitz: Ordinary Nazis and the Holocaust (2012).

List of Plates vii

List of Maps ix

Preface to the Fourth Edition x

Preface to the Third Edition xi

Preface to the Second Edition xii

Acknowledgements xiv

1 The Course of German History 1

Part I A Divided Society: The Weimar Republic and the Third Reich 13

2 The Weimar Republic: Origins and Orientations 15

3 The Collapse of Democracy and the Rise of Hitler 40

4 A ‘National Community’? State, Economy and Society, 1933–1939 57

5 War, Extermination and Defeat 80

Part II The Divided Nation: The Two Germanies, 1945–1990 111

6 Occupation and Division, 1945–1949 113

7 Crystallization and Consolidation, 1949–1961 142

8 Transformation and the ‘Established Phase’, 1961–1988 164

9 Diverging Societies 183

10 Politics and the State 200

11 Dissent and Opposition 217

12 Diverging Cultures and National Identities? 237

13 The East German Revolution and the End of the Postwar Era 259

Part III The Divided Century 281

14 The Berlin Republic 283

15 Tension and Transformation in Twentieth-century Germany 301

Notes 319

Select Bibliography of English-language Works 337

Index 345

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