9780133957242

Focused on the field of knowledge lying between digital and analog circuit theory, this new text will help engineers working with digital systems shorten their product development cycles and help fix their latest design problems.The scope of the material covered includes signal reflection, crosstalk, and noise problems which occur in high speed digital machines (above 10 megahertz).This volume will be of practical use to digital logic designers, staff and senior communications scientists, and all those interested in digital design.

Howard W. Johnson is president of Olympic Technology Group, Inc., of Redmond, Washington, a digital electronic design and consulting organization. Before founding the firm, he was Manager of Technology and Advanced Development at Ultra Network Technologies, a manufacturer of gigabit-per-second local area networks for supercomputers. Since obtaining his Ph.D. in 1982 from Rice University, he has specialized in the design of high-speed digital communications and digital signal processing systems.

Martin Graham has been a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at the University of California at Berkeley since 1966, where he teaches the design of reliable and manufacturable electronic systems.

Preface
Fundamentals	p. 1
Frequency and Time	p. 1
Time and Distance	p. 6
Lumped Versus Distributed Systems	p. 7
A Note About 3 dB and RMS Frequencies	p. 8
Four Kinds of Reactance	p. 10
Ordinary Capacitance	p. 11
Ordinary Inductance	p. 17
A Better Method for Estimating Decay Time	p. 22
Mutual Capacitance	p. 25
Mutual Inductance	p. 29
High-Speed Properties of Logic Gates	p. 37
Historical Development of a Very Old Digital Technology	p. 37
Power	p. 39
Speed	p. 59
Packaging	p. 66
Measurement Techniques	p. 83
Rise Time and Bandwidth of Oscilloscope Probes	p. 83
Self-inductance of a Probe Group Loop	p. 86
Spurious Signal Pickup from Probe Ground Loops	p. 92
How Probes Load Down a Circuit	p. 95
Special Probing Fixtures	p. 98
Avoiding Pickup from Probe Shield Currents	p. 104
Viewing a Serial Data Transmission System	p. 108
Slowing Down the System Clock	p. 110
Observing Crosstalk	p. 111
Measuring Operating Margins	p. 113
Observing Metastable States	p. 120
Transmission Lines	p. 133
Shortcomings of Ordinary Point-to-Point Wiring	p. 133
Infinite Uniform Transmission Line	p. 140
Effects of Source and Load Impedance	p. 160
Special Transmission Line Cases	p. 167
Line Impedance and Propagation Delay	p. 178
Ground Planes and Layer Stacking	p. 189
High-Speed Current Follows the Path of Least Inductance	p. 189
Crosstalk in Solid Ground Planes	p. 191
Crosstalk in Slotted Ground Planes	p. 194
Crosstalk in Cross-Hatched Ground Planes	p. 197
Crosstalk with Power and Ground Fingers	p. 199
Guard Traces	p. 201
Near-End and Far-End Crosstalk	p. 204
How to Stack Printed Circuit Board Layers	p. 212
Terminations	p. 223
End Terminators	p. 223
Source Terminators	p. 231
Middle Terminators	p. 235
AC Biasing for End Terminators	p. 236
Resistor Selection	p. 239
Crosstalk in Terminators	p. 244
Vias	p. 249
Mechanical Properties of Vias	p. 249
Capacitance of Vias	p. 257
Inductance of Vias	p. 258
Return Current and Its Relation to Vias	p. 260
Power Systems	p. 263
Providing a Stable Voltage Reference	p. 263
Distributing Uniform Voltage	p. 268
Everyday Distribution Problems	p. 279
Choosing a Bypass Capacitor	p. 281
Connectors	p. 295
Mutual Inductance - How Connectors Create Crosstalk	p. 295
Series Inductance - How Connectors Create EMI	p. 300
Parasitic Capacitance - Using Connectors on a Multidrop Bus	p. 305
Measuring Coupling in a Connector	p. 309
Continuity of Ground Underneath a Connector	p. 312
Fixing EMI Problems with External Connections	p. 314
Special Connectors for High-Speed Applications	p. 316
Differential Signaling Through a Connector	p. 319
Power Handling Features of Connectors	p. 321
Ribbon Cables	p. 323
Ribbon Cable Signal Propagation	p. 324
Ribbon Cable Crosstalk	p. 329
Ribbon Cable Connectors	p. 336
Ribbon Cable EMI	p. 338
Clock Distribution	p. 341
Timing Margin	p. 341
Clock Skew	p. 343
Using Low-Impedance Drivers	p. 346
Using Low-Impedance Clock Distribution Lines	p. 348
Source Termination of Multiple Clock Lines	p. 350
Controlling Crosstalk on Clock Lines	p. 352
Delay Adjustments	p. 353
Differential Distribution	p. 360
Clock Signal Duty Cycle	p. 361
Canceling Parasitic Capacitance of a Clock Repeater	p. 362
Decoupling Clock Receivers from the Clock Bus	p. 364
Clock Oscillators	p. 367
Using Canned Clock Oscillators	p. 367
Clock Jitter	p. 376
Collected References	p. 385
A Points to Remember	p. 389
B Calculation of Rise Time	p. 399
C MathCad Formulas	p. 409
Index	p. 441
Table of Contents provided by Blackwell. All Rights Reserved.

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PrefaceThis is a book for digital designers. It highlights and explains analog circuit principles relevant to high-speed digital design. Teaching by example, the authors cover ringing, crosstalk, and radiated noise problems which commonly beset high-speed digital machines.None of this material is new. On the contrary, it has been handed down by word of mouth and passed along through application notes for many years. This book simply collects together that wisdom. Because much of this material is not covered in standard college curricula, many practicing engineers view high-speed effects as somewhat mysterious, ominous, or daunting. For them, this subject matter has earned the name "black magic." The authors would like to dispel the popular myth that anything unusual or unexplained happens at high speeds. It's simply a matter of knowing which principles apply, and how.Digital designers working at low speeds do not need this material. In low-speed designs, signals remain clean and well behaved, conforming nicely to the binary model.At high speeds, where fast signal rise times exaggerate the influence of analog effects, engineers experience a completely different view of logic signals. To them, logic signals often appear hairy, jagged, and distorted. For their products to function, high-speed designers must know and use analog principles. This book explains what those principles are and how to apply them.Readers without the benefit of formal training in analog circuit theory can use and apply the formulas and examples in this book. Readers who have completed a first year class in introductory linear circuit theory may comprehend this material at a deeper level.Chapters 1-3 introduce analog circuit terminology, the high-speed properties of logic gates, and standard high-speed measurement techniques, respectively. These three chapters form the core of the book and should be included in any serious study of high-speed logic design.The remaining chapters, 4-12, each treat specialized topics in high-speed logic design and may be studied in any order.Appendix A collects highlights from each section, listing the most important ideas and concepts presented. It can be used as a checklist for system design or as an index to the text when facing a difficult problem.Appendix B details the mathematical assumptions behind various forms of rise time measurement. This section helps relate results given in this book to other sources and standards of nomenclature.Appendix C lists standard formulas for computing the resistance, capacitance, and inductance of physical structures. These formulas have been implemented in MathCad and are available from the authors in magnetic form.

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High Speed Digital Design A Handbook of Black Magic

High Speed Digital Design A Handbook of Black Magic

0133957241

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