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Health Economics

ISBN: 9780673993984 | 0673993981
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Pearson College Div
Pub. Date: 5/1/1997

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SummaryTable of Contents
Phelps combines current economic thinking and research in health economics with real health policy problems. Early chapters develop necessary methodological foundations supported with concrete empirical studies. Later chapters focus on major policy areas such as the structure and effects of Medicare reform, competition and regulation in health care, and international comparisons of health care systems, building on the conceptual material developed earlier in the book.
Prefacexiii
CHAPTER 1 Why Health Economics?
1(29)
Important (If Not Unique) Aspects of Health Care Economics
2(8)
... MORE10(5)
The Production of Health
15(4)
Health Through the Life Cycle
19(1)
Lifestyle and Health
20(6)
Summary
26(1)
Problems
27(2)
Appendix to Chapter 1 A Formal Model of Utility Maximization
29(1)
CHAPTER 2 An Overview of How Markets Interrelate in Medical Care and Health Insurance
30(31)
Medical Care Markets with Fixed Technology
31(12)
Dynamic Issues--Changes Through Time
43(16)
Summary
59(1)
Problems
59(2)
CHAPTER 3 The Transformation of Medical Care to Health
61(41)
The Productivity of Medical Care
61(17)
Confusion About the Production Function: A Policy Dilemma
78(12)
Physician-specific Variations (Medical Practice Styles)
90(5)
Extensive and Intensive Margin Differences: Are They Similar?
95(2)
Summary
97(1)
Problems
98(1)
Appendix to Chapter 3 Marginal, Average, and Total Productivity
99(3)
CHAPTER 4 The Demand for Medical Care: Conceptual Framework
102(36)
Indifference Curves for Health and Other Goods
103(7)
From Indifference Curves to Demand Curves
110(2)
How Demand Curves Depend on Illness Events
112(1)
Demand Curves for Many Medical Services
113(2)
The Demand Curve for a Society: Adding Up Individual Demands
115(1)
Using the Demand Curve to Measure Value of Care
116(2)
How Insurance Affects a Demand Curve for Medical Care
118(11)
Time Costs and Travel Costs
129(1)
The Role of Quality in the Demand for Care
130(3)
Summary
133(1)
Problems
134(2)
Appendix to Chapter 4 Demand Curves and Demand Elasticities
136(2)
CHAPTER 5 Empirical Studies of Medical Care Demand and Applications
138(44)
Studies of Demand Curves
139(13)
Effects of Age and Gender on Demand
152(2)
The Effects of Illness on Demand
154(1)
Lifestyle and Its Effects on Demand
154(1)
The Demand for Quality: Choice of Provider Specialization
155(3)
Other Studies of Demand for Medical Care
158(1)
Natural Experiments I: The Demand for Physician Care
159(1)
Natural Experiments II: The Demand for Drugs
160(1)
Time Series Information: The Demand for Drugs Yet Again
161(1)
Natural Experiments III: The Role of Time in Demand for Care
162(1)
More on the Role of Time in the Demand for Care
162(3)
Applications and Extensions of Demand Theory
165(5)
Decision Theory: Deriving the "Right" Demand Curve for Medical Care
170(1)
Cost-Effectiveness Ratios and Demand Curves
171(1)
Why Variations in Medical Practice?
172(1)
Summary
173(1)
Problems
174(2)
Appendix to Chapter 5 An Example of Medical Decision Theory
176(6)
CHAPTER 6 The Physician
182(37)
The "Firm"--Inputs, Output, and Cost
183(1)
The Physician as Entrepreneur
184(1)
The Physician-Firm and Its Production Function
185(10)
Nonphysician Primary-Care Providers
195(2)
The Size of the Firm--Group Practice of Medicine
197(7)
The Physician as Labor
204(8)
The Aggregate Supply Curve: Entry and Exit
212(1)
The Open Economy: United States- and Foreign-trained Physicians
213(2)
Summary
215(1)
Problems
215(2)
Appendix to Chapter 6 Cost Passthrough
217(2)
CHAPTER 7 Physicians in the Marketplace
219(39)
Physician Location Decisions
220(7)
Consumer Search and Market Equilibrium
227(11)
Actual Search by Patients
238(1)
Advertising and the Costs of Information
238(3)
The Role of Licensure
241(2)
Estimates of the Demand Curve Facing Physician-Firms
243(2)
Induced Demand
245(9)
The Role of Payment Schemes
254(1)
Summary
255(1)
Problems
256(2)
CHAPTER 8 The Hospital as a Supplier of Medical Care
258(32)
The Hospital Organization
258(7)
Who Is the Residual Claimant?
265(9)
Hospital Costs
274(6)
Long-Run Versus Short-Run Costs
280(1)
The Hospital's "Cost Curve"
281(2)
Another Complication: Outpatient Surgery
283(1)
The Demand Curve Facing a Single Hospital
284(2)
Revisiting the Utility-Maximizing Hospital Manager
286(1)
Summary
287(1)
Problems
288(2)
CHAPTER 9 Hospitals in the Marketplace
290(40)
Hospitals and the Market for Medical Staff
290(6)
Hospitals and Patients
296(3)
A Model of Equilibrium Quality and Price
299(4)
Insurance and Competition in the Hospital's Decision
303(3)
How Doctors and Hospitals Interact: "Goodies" for the Doctor
306(2)
How Doctors and Hospitals Interact: Patients for the Hospital
308(1)
Competition--"Old Style" Versus "New Style"
309(2)
Entry and Exit: The Pivotal Role of For-Profit Hospitals
311(1)
The Hospital in Labor Markets
312(7)
Nursing "Shortages"
319(4)
Summary
323(1)
Problems
324(2)
Appendix to Chapter 9 The Hospital's Quality and Quantity Decision
326(4)
CHAPTER 10 The Demand for Health Insurance
330(36)
The Source of Uncertainty
331(1)
Why People Dislike Risky Events
332(1)
The Risk-Averse Decision Maker
333(3)
Choosing the Insurance Policy
336(6)
Patterns of Insurance Coverage
342(2)
How the Price of Insurance Differs for Different People
344(3)
Group Demand Versus Individual Demand for Insurance
347(1)
Insurance Purchases Through Time
348(1)
How Income Taxes Subsidize Health Insurance
349(5)
Empirical Estimates of Demand for Insurance
354(2)
The Overall Effect of the Tax Subsidy on the Health Sector
356(1)
"Optimal" Insurance
357(1)
Other Models of Demand for Insurance
358(1)
Summary
359(1)
Problems
359(5)
Appendix to Chapter 10 A Detailed Calculation of Welfare Loss
364(2)
CHAPTER 11 Health Insurance in the Marketplace
366(37)
The Supply of Insurance
366(1)
The Production Function of Health Insurers
367(11)
Cost-Controlling Health Insurance Plans
378(8)
How Common Are Cost-Control Measures?
386(1)
How Popular Are Cost-Controlling Health Plans?
387(2)
How Effective Are Cost-Controlling Health Plans?
389(3)
Evolution in Private Cost Control--Vertical Integration and "Integrated Delivery Systems"
392(7)
Pluralistic Provision of Health Care
399(1)
Summary
400(1)
Problems
401(1)
Appendix to Chapter 11 The Statistics of an Insurance Pool
402(1)
CHAPTER 12 Government Provision of Health Insurance: Medicare and Its Revisions
403(37)
The Medicare Program
404(4)
Economic Consequences of Medicare's Structure
408(4)
Changes in Medicare
412(25)
Summary
437(1)
Problems
437(3)
CHAPTER 13 Other Government Health Care Programs
440(28)
The Medicaid Program
440(5)
Economic Policy Issues in Medicaid
445(14)
Military Health Care Systems
459(4)
Other Government Programs
463(2)
Summary
465(1)
Problems
466(2)
CHAPTER 14 Medical Malpractice
468(34)
Background on the Legal System in the United States
468(7)
The Economic Logic of Negligence Law
475(4)
Judicial Error, Defensive Medicine, and "Tough Guys"
479(2)
Medical Malpractice Insurance
481(1)
Evidence on Actual Deterrence
482(12)
Malpractice Awards: "Lightning" or a "Broom Sweeping Clean"?
494(1)
Tort Reform
495(4)
Tort Reform Writ Large
499(1)
Summary
500(1)
Problems
500(2)
CHAPTER 15 Externalities in Health and Medical Care
502(37)
Externalities, Property Rights, and the Control of Externalities
503(2)
Externalities of Contagion
505(7)
Health-Affecting Externalities: The Example of Alcohol
512(8)
Externalities from Tobacco
520(3)
"Financial" Externalities--Transfers Between People
523(1)
Information as an Externality
524(3)
Research as an Externality
527(2)
Why So Little Research on Medical Effectiveness?
529(1)
Transfusion-induced AIDS and Hepatitis
530(5)
Summary
535(1)
Problems
535(2)
Appendix to Chapter 15 Value of Life
537(2)
CHAPTER 16 Regulation in the U.S. Health Care Sector
539(42)
Licensure
540(8)
Drug and Medical Device Regulation
548(10)
"Certificate of Need" (CON) Laws
558(11)
Price Controls
569(7)
Quality Control
576(2)
Summary
578(1)
Problems
579(2)
CHAPTER 17 Universal Insurance Issues and International Comparisons of Health Care Systems
581(42)
General Considerations for a National Health Policy
584(8)
Review of Health Policy and Systems in Selected Countries
592(1)
Snapshots of Four Countries
593(12)
Aggregate International Comparisons
605(11)
Growth in Costs and Health Outcomes
616(4)
Summary
620(1)
Problems
621(2)
Author's Postscript623(4)
Answers to Selected Problems627(16)
Bibliography643(28)
Acknowledgments671(2)
Index673

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