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The HCS12/9S12 An Introduction to Hardware and Software Interfacing

by: Huang, Han-Way

The HCS12/9S12 An Introduction to Hardware and Software Interfacing

by: Huang, Han-Way

ISBN 13:
9781401898120
ISBN 10:
1401898122
Edition: CD
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 07/26/2005
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Summary

This new book provides a total solution for learning and teaching embedded system design based on the Motorola HCS12/9S12 microcontroller. Readers will learn step-by-step how to program the HCS12 using both assembly and C languages, as well as how to use such development tools as asmIDE, MiniIDE, GNU C, and EGNU IDE. Supportive examples clearly illustrate all applications of the HCS12 peripheral functions, including parallel port, timer functions, PWM, UART port, SPI, I2C, CAN, on-chip flash and EEPROM programming, external memory expansion, and more. A back-of-book CD contains the source code for all examples in the book, several groups of reusable utility functions, and complimentary freeware development tools for improved learning.

Preface

Introduction to the HCS12 Microcontroller

(28)

Objectives

(1)

Basic Computer Concepts

(5)

The Processor

(3)

Memory

(2)

The Computer's Software

(2)

The HCS12 CPU Registers

(2)

Memory Addressing

(1)

HCS12 Addressing Modes

(6)

Inherent Mode

(1)

Immediate Mode

(1)

Direct Mode

(1)

Extended Mode

(1)

Relative Mode

(1)

Indexed Modes

(3)

Addressing More than 64 Kbytes

(1)

HCS12 Instruction Examples

(5)

The Load and Store Instructions

(1)

Transfer and Exchange Instructions

(1)

Move Instructions

(1)

Add and Subtract Instructions

(1)

Instruction Queue

(1)

Instruction Execution Cycle

(1)

Embedded Systems

(2)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(2)

HCS12 Assembly Programming

(48)

Objectives

(1)

Assembly Language Program Structure

(2)

The Label Field

(1)

The Operation Field

(1)

The Operand Field

(1)

The Comment Field

(1)

Assembler Directives

(3)

Software Development Issues

(2)

Writing Programs to Do Arithmetic

(13)

Carry/Borrow Flag

(1)

Multiprecision Addition

(2)

Subtraction and the C Flag

(1)

Multiprecision Subtraction

(1)

Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD) Addition

(2)

Multiplication and Division

(5)

Program Loops

(12)

Condition Code Register

(1)

Branch Instructions

(2)

Compare and Test Instructions

(1)

Loop Primitive Instructions

(3)

Decrementing and Incrementing Instructions

(1)

Bit Condition Branch Instructions

(2)

Instructions for Variable Initialization

(1)

Shift and Rotate Instructions

(6)

Boolean Logic Instructions

(1)

Bit Test and Manipulate Instruction

(1)

Program Execution Time

(2)

The Multiply and Accumulate Instruction EMACS

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(3)

Members and Hardware and Software Development Tools

(48)

Objectives

(1)

HCS12 Members

(1)

Development Tools for the HCS12

(1)

HCS12 Demo and Evaluation Boards

(3)

The SSE256 Demo Board

(2)

The Dragon 12 Demo Board

(1)

The D-Bug12 Monitor

(2)

The D-Bug12 Operating Modes

(1)

EVB Mode

(2)

Using a Demo Board with the D-Bug12 Monitor

(21)

Starting the AsmIDE

(1)

Communicating with the Demo Board

(1)

Using the D-Bug12 Commands

(11)

Entering an Assembly Program

(1)

Assembling the Program

100

(1)

Downloading the S-Record File onto the Demo Board for Execution

101

(2)

Running and Debugging the Program

103

(3)

Other D-Bug12 Modes

106

(3)

The Pod Mode

106

(1)

The Jump-to-EEPROM Mode

106

(1)

The Bootloader Mode

107

(2)

Tips for Assembly Program Debugging

109

(5)

Syntax Errors

109

(1)

Logical Errors

109

(5)

BDM-Based Source-Level Debugger

114

(7)

Overview of BDM

114

(1)

BDM Commands

115

(2)

BDM Serial Interface

117

(1)

The BDM-Based Source-Level Debugger

117

(1)

The DragonBDM from Wytec

118

(1)

Using the Wytec DragonBDM Kit

118

(3)

Summary

121

(2)

Lab Exercises and Assignment

123

(2)

Advanced Assembly Programming

125

(56)

Objectives

125

(1)

Introduction

126

(1)

Stack

126

(2)

Indexable Data Structures

128

(4)

Strings

132

(11)

Data Conversion

132

(1)

Character and Word Counting

132

(6)

Word Matching

138

(3)

String Insertion

141

(2)

Subroutines

143

(2)

Issues in Subroutine Calls

145

(1)

Parameter passing

145

(1)

Result returning

146

(1)

Allocation of local variables

146

(1)

The Stack Frame

146

(2)

Examples of Subroutine Calls

148

(13)

Finding the Greatest Common Divisor

148

(2)

Multiple Byte Division

150

(4)

Bubble Sort

154

(4)

Finding the Square Root

158

(3)

Using the D-Bug12 Functions to Perform I/O Operations

161

(12)

Calling D-Bug12 Functions from Assembly Language

162

(1)

Descriptions of Callable Functions

163

(7)

Using the D-Bug12 Functions

170

(3)

Tips for Program Debugging Involving Subroutine Calls

173

(2)

What to Do When the Program Gets Stuck

174

(1)

General Debugging Strategy

174

(1)

Summary

175

(1)

Exercises

176

(2)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

178

(3)

C Language Programming

181

(40)

Objectives

181

(1)

Introduction to C

182

(1)

Types, Operators, and Expressions

183

(4)

Data Types

183

(1)

Variable Declarations

183

(1)

Constants

183

(1)

Arithmetic Operators

184

(1)

Bitwise Operators

184

(1)

Relational and Logical Operators

185

(1)

Precedence of Operators

186

(1)

Control Flow

187

(3)

If Statement

187

(1)

If-Else Statement

187

(1)

Multiway Conditional Statement

187

(1)

Switch Statement

188

(1)

For-Loop Statement

189

(1)

While Statement

189

(1)

Do-While Statement

189

(1)

Goto Statement

190

(1)

Input and Output

190

(1)

Functions and Program Structure

191

(2)

Pointers, Arrays, Structures, and Unions

193

(6)

Pointers and Addresses

193

(1)

Arrays

194

(1)

Pointers and Arrays

195

(1)

Passing Arrays to a Function

195

(1)

Initializing Arrays

196

(1)

Structures

196

(2)

Unions

198

(1)

Miscellaneous Items

199

(2)

Automatic/External/Static/Volatile

199

(1)

Scope Rules

199

(1)

Type Casting

200

(1)

Using the C Compiler

201

(1)

Using the GNU C Compiler and EGNU IDE

201

(13)

The GNU C Compiler

202

(1)

The Procedure for Using the EGNU IDE

202

(11)

Inline Assembly Instructions

213

(1)

C Library Functions for the EGNU IDE

214

(2)

Tips for C Program Debugging

216

(2)

Summary

218

(1)

Exercises

219

(1)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

220

(1)

Interrupts, Clock Generation, Resets, and Operation Modes

221

(34)

Objectives

221

(1)

Fundamental Concepts of Interrupts

222

(4)

What Is an Interrupt?

222

(1)

Why Are Interrupts Used?

223

(1)

Interrupt Maskability

223

(1)

Interrupt Priority

224

(1)

Interrupt Service

224

(1)

Interrupt Vector

225

(1)

Interrupt Programming

225

(1)

Overhead of Interrupts

226

(1)

Resets

226

(1)

HCS12 Exceptions

227

(8)

Maskable Interrupts

227

(3)

Nonmaskable Interrupts

230

(1)

Interrupts in D-Bug12 EVB Mode

231

(4)

Clock and Reset Generation Block (CRG)

235

(10)

Modes of CRG Operation

236

(1)

CRG Signals

237

(1)

The Oscillator Block (OSC)

238

(1)

Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

238

(4)

System Clock Generation

242

(3)

Clock Monitor

245

(1)

Real-Time Interrupt (RTI)

245

(1)

Computer Operating Properly

245

(1)

Low-Power Modes

246

(1)

The WAI Instruction

247

(1)

The Stop Instruction

247

(1)

Resets

247

(1)

Power-On Reset

247

(1)

External Reset

247

(1)

HCS12 Operation Modes

248

(2)

Normal Operation Modes

249

(1)

Special Operation Modes

249

(1)

Background Debug Mode

250

(1)

Summary

250

(1)

Exercises

251

(1)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

252

(3)

Parallel Ports

255

(72)

Objectives

255

(1)

Basic Concepts of I/O

256

(1)

I/O Addressing

257

(1)

I/O Synchronization

257

(4)

Synchronizing the Microprocessor and the Interface Chip

258

(1)

Synchronizing the Interface Chip and I/O Device

259

(2)

Overview of HCS12 Parallel Ports

261

(14)

Port Registers

262

(1)

Port A and Port B

263

(1)

Port E

263

(4)

Port K

267

(1)

Port T

267

(2)

Port S

269

(1)

Port M

270

(2)

Ports H, J, and P

272

(1)

Ports ADO and ADI

273

(1)

Port L

274

(1)

Ports U, V, and W

274

(1)

Electrical Characteristic Considerations for I/O Interfacing

275

(4)

Voltage-Level Compatibility

276

(1)

Current Drive Capability

277

(1)

Timing Compatibility

278

(1)

Interfacing with Simple Input and Output Devices

279

(8)

Interfacing with LEDs

279

(2)

Interfacing with Seven-Segment Displays

281

(5)

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)

286

(1)

The HD44780U LCD Controller

287

(14)

Display Data RAM

289

(2)

Character Generator ROM (CGROM)

291

(1)

Character Generator RAM (CGRAM)

291

(1)

Registers

291

(1)

Instruction Description

292

(1)

Interfacing the HD44780U to the HCS12 Microcontroller

293

(8)

Interfacing with DIP Switches

301

(2)

Interfacing Parallel Ports to a Keypad

303

(6)

Keypad Scanning

303

(1)

Keypad Debouncing

304

(2)

ASCII Code Lookup

306

(3)

Interfacing with a D/A Converter

309

(3)

The AD7302 D/A Converter

309

(1)

Interfacing the AD7302 with the HCS12

310

(2)

Stepper Motor Control

312

(7)

Stepper Motor Drivers

316

(3)

Key Wakeups

319

(3)

Key-Wakeup Registers

319

(1)

Key-Wakeup Initialization

319

(1)

Considerations for the Key-Wakeup Application

320

(2)

Summary

322

(1)

Exercises

323

(2)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

325

(2)

Timer Functions

327

(76)

Objectives

327

(1)

Why Are Timer Functions Important?

328

(1)

Standard Timer Module

329

(1)

Timer Counter Register

330

(2)

Timer System Control Register 1

330

(1)

Timer System Control Register 2 (TSCR2)

331

(1)

Timer Interrupt Flag 2 Register (TFLG2)

331

(1)

Input-Capture Function

332

(9)

Input-Capture/Output-Compare Selection

332

(1)

Pins for Input-Capture

333

(1)

Registers Associated with Input-Capture

333

(1)

Input-Capture Applications

334

(7)

Output-Compare Function

341

(18)

Operation of the Output-Compare Function

341

(1)

Registers Related to the Output-Compare Function

342

(1)

Applications of the Output-Compare Function

343

(5)

Making Sound Using the Output-Compare Function

348

(7)

Using OC7 to Control Multiple Output-Compare Functions

355

(3)

Forced Output-Compare

358

(1)

Pulse Accumulator

359

(11)

Signal Pins

359

(1)

Operation Modes

359

(1)

Interrupt Sources

360

(1)

Registers Related to Pulse Accumulator

361

(2)

Operations of the Enhanced Pulse Accumulators

363

(2)

Pulse Accumulator Applications

365

(5)

Modulus Down-Counter

370

(3)

Using the Modulus Down-Counter to Generate Periodic Interrupts

370

(2)

Using the Modulus Down-Counter to Generate Time Delays

372

(1)

Enhanced Capture Timer (ECT) Module

373

(6)

Enhanced Capture Timer Modes of Operation

373

(1)

Why the Enhanced Capture Timer Module?

374

(1)

The Operation of the Enhanced Input-Capture Function

374

(5)

Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Function

379

(14)

PWM Clock Select

379

(4)

PWM Channel Timers

383

(10)

DC Motor Control

393

(4)

Drivers

393

(1)

Feedback

394

(3)

Electrical Braking

397

(1)

Summary

397

(1)

Exercises

398

(2)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

400

(3)

Serial Communication Interface (SCI)

403

(30)

Objectives

403

(1)

Fundamental Concept of Serial Communications

404

(1)

The RS-232 Standard

404

(10)

EIA-232E Electrical Specification

404

(1)

EIA-232E Functional Specification

405

(3)

EIA-232E Mechanical Specification

408

(1)

EIA-232E Procedural Specification

409

(2)

Data Format

411

(2)

Data Transmission Errors

413

(1)

Null Modem Connection

413

(1)

The HCS12 Serial Communication Interface

414

(1)

SCI Baud Rate Generation

415

(1)

The SCI Operation

416

(8)

Character Transmission

417

(3)

Break Characters

420

(1)

Idle Characters

421

(1)

Character Reception

421

(1)

Receiver Wakeup

422

(1)

Single-Wire Operation

423

(1)

Loop Operation

423

(1)

Operation of the SCI in Different MCU Modes

424

(1)

Flow Control of USART in Asynchronous Mode

424

(1)

Interfacing SCI with EIA-232

425

(5)

Summary

430

(1)

Exercises

430

(1)

Lab Exercises and Assignment

431

(2)

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

433

(56)

Objectives

433

(1)

Introduction to the SPI Function

434

(1)

SPI Signal Pins

434

(1)

Registers Related to the SPI Subsystem

435

(3)

SPI Operation

438

(4)

Transmission Formats

438

(2)

Bidirectional Mode (MOMI or SISO)

440

(1)

Mode Fault Error

441

(1)

Low Power Mode Options

441

(1)

SPI Circuit Connection

442

(2)

Configuration of and Data Transfer in SPI

444

(3)

SPI-Compatible Chips

447

(1)

The 74HC595 Shift Register

447

(4)

The TC72 Digital Thermometer

451

(7)

Functioning of TC72

451

(1)

Temperature Data Format

451

(1)

Serial Bus Interface

452

(2)

Internal Register Structure

454

(4)

The D/A Converter TLV5616

458

(6)

Signal Pins

458

(1)

Data Format

459

(1)

TLV5616 Output Voltage

459

(1)

Data Shifting Timing

459

(1)

Interfacing the TLV5616 with the HCS12

460

(4)

Matrix LED Displays

464

(2)

The Organization of Matrix LED Displays

464

(1)

Colors of Matrix LED Displays

464

(1)

Connection Method

464

(1)

Dimension of Matrix LED Displays

464

(1)

Method of Driving Matrix LED Displays

464

(2)

The MAX6952 Matrix LED Display Driver

466

(17)

Pin Functions

467

(1)

Internal Registers

468

(7)

Blinking Operation

475

(1)

Choosing Values for RSET and CSET

476

(7)

Summary

483

(1)

Exercises

484

(3)

Lab Exercises and Assignment

487

(2)

Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) Interface

489

(62)

Objectives

489

(1)

The I2C Protocol

490

(11)

Characteristics of I2C Protocol

490

(1)

I2C Signal Levels

490

(1)

I2C Data Transfer Signal Components

491

(2)

Synchronization

493

(1)

Arbitration

494

(1)

Data Transfer Format

495

(1)

7-bit Addressing

496

(2)

10-bit Addressing

498

(3)

An Overview of the HCS12 I2C Module

501

(1)

Registers for I2C Operation

502

(7)

The I2C Address Register (IBAD)

502

(1)

The I2C Control Register (IBCR)

502

(1)

The I2C Status Register (IBSR)

503

(2)

The I2C Data Register (IBDR)

505

(1)

The I2C Frequency Divider Register (IBFD)

505

(4)

Programming the I2C Module

509

(4)

Generation of the Start Condition

510

(1)

I2C Data Transfer in Master Mode

511

(2)

I2C Data Transfer in Slave Mode

513

(1)

The Serial Real-Time Clock DS1307

513

(13)

Signal Functions

513

(1)

RTC and RAM Address Map

514

(1)

Clock and Calendar

515

(1)

The DS1307 Control Register

516

(1)

Data Transfer

516

(1)

Circuit Connection

517

(9)

The Digital Thermometer and Thermostat DS1631A

526

(13)

Pin Assignment

526

(1)

Functional Description

527

(1)

DS1631A Registers

528

(1)

The DS1631A Operation

528

(2)

DS1631A Command Set

530

(1)

I2C Communication with DS 1631A

531

(8)

Interfacing the Serial EEPROM 24LC08B with I2C

539

(9)

Pin Assignment and Block Diagram

539

(1)

Device Addressing

540

(1)

Write Operation

541

(1)

Acknowledge Polling

541

(1)

Read Operation

541

(2)

Circuit Connection Between the I2C Master and the 24LC08B

543

(5)

Summary

548

(1)

Exercises

549

(1)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

550

(1)

Analog-to-Digital Converter

551

(42)

Objectives

551

(1)

Basics of A/D Conversion

552

(6)

A Data Acquisition System

552

(1)

Analog Voltage and Digital Code Characteristic

552

(2)

A/D Conversion Algorithms

554

(2)

Optimal Voltage Range for A/D Conversion

556

(1)

Scaling Circuit

556

(1)

Voltage Translation Circuit

557

(1)

The HCS12 A/D Converter

558

(10)

Signal Pins Related to A/D Converter

559

(1)

Registers Associated with A/D Converter

560

(8)

The Functioning of the ATD Module

568

(3)

Analog Input Multiplexer

568

(1)

ATD Module Clock

568

(1)

Sample-and-Hold Stage

568

(1)

Input Channel Wraparound

569

(1)

FIFO Mode

569

(1)

External Trigger Source

570

(1)

Signed and Unsigned Control

570

(1)

ATD Operation Modes

570

(1)

Procedure for Performing A/D Conversion

571

(4)

Using the Temperature Sensor TC1047A

575

(6)

Using the IH-3606 Humidity Sensor

581

(3)

Measuring Barometric Pressure

584

(4)

Summary

588

(1)

Exercises

588

(3)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

591

(2)

Controller Area Network (CAN)

593

(60)

Objectives

593

(1)

Overview of Controller Area Network

594

(2)

Layered Approach in CAN

594

(1)

General Characteristics of CAN

594

(2)

CAN Messages

596

(7)

Data Frame

596

(3)

Remote Frame

599

(1)

Error Frame

600

(1)

Overload Frame

600

(1)

Interframe Space

601

(1)

Message Filtering

602

(1)

Message Validation

602

(1)

Bitstream Encoding

602

(1)

Error Handling

603

(1)

Bit Error

603

(1)

Stuff Error

603

(1)

CRC Error

603

(1)

Form Error

603

(1)

Acknowledgment Error

603

(1)

Error Signaling

603

(1)

Fault Confinement

603

(1)

CAN Node Status

603

(1)

Error Counts

604

(1)

CAN Message Bit Timing

604

(1)

Nominal Bit Time

604

(1)

Length of Time Segments

605

(1)

Synchronization Issue

605

(1)

Resynchronization Jump Width

605

(1)

Phase Error of an Edge

606

(1)

Overview of the HCS12 CAN Module

606

(2)

MSCAN Module Memory Map

608

(20)

MSCAN Control Registers

608

(10)

MSCAN Message Buffers

618

(5)

Transmit Storage Structure

623

(1)

Receive Storage Structure

624

(1)

Identifier Acceptance Filter

625

(1)

MSCAN Clock System

625

(2)

MSCAN Interrupt Operation

627

(1)

MSCAN Initialization

627

(1)

Physical CAN Bus Connection

628

(4)

The MCP2551 CAN Transceiver

629

(1)

Interfacing the MCP2551 to the HCS12 CAN Devices

630

(2)

Setting the CAN Timing Parameters

632

(4)

MSCAN Configuration

636

(2)

Data Transmission and Reception in MSCAN

638

(10)

MSCAN Data Transmission Programming

639

(2)

MSCAN Data Reception Programming

641

(3)

Putting It All Together

644

(4)

Summary

648

(1)

Exercises

649

(1)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

650

(3)

Internal Memory Configuration and External Memory Expansion

653

(154)

Objectives

653

(1)

Introduction

654

(1)

Internal Resource Remapping

654

(5)

655

(1)

SRAM Mapping

656

(1)

EEPROM Mapping

656

(1)

Miscellaneous Memory Mapping Control

656

(3)

Expanded Memory Mapping

659

(2)

On-Chip Flash Memory

661

(16)

Flash Memory Map

661

(1)

Flash Memory Protection

661

(3)

Flash Memory Related Registers

664

(4)

Securing the Flash Memory

668

(1)

Unsecuring the Microcontroller

668

(2)

Configuring the FCLKDIV Register

670

(1)

Flash Memory Programming and Erasure Algorithms

671

(6)

The On-Chip EEPROM Memory

677

(9)

EEPROM Memory Map

677

(1)

EEPROM Associated Registers

677

(4)

EEPROM Protection

681

(1)

Configuring the ECLKDIV Register

681

(1)

Programming and Erasure of EEPROM

681

(5)

HCS12 External Memory Interface

686

(7)

HCS12 Pins for External Memory Interfacing

686

(2)

Waveforms of Bus Signals

688

(1)

Bus Transactions

689

(2)

Bus Multiplexing

691

(1)

The HCS12 Bus Cycles

691

(2)

Issues Related to Adding External Memory

693

(3)

Memory Space Assignment

694

(1)

Address Decoder Design

695

(1)

Timing Verification

696

(1)

Memory Devices

696

(8)

The K6R1008C1D

696

(1)

The AT28C010 EEPROM

697

(7)

Example of External Memory Expansion for the HCS12

704

(9)

Memory Space Assignment

706

(1)

Address Latch

707

(1)

Address Decoder Design

708

(1)

Write Control Signals

708

(1)

Example HCS12 External Memory Design

709

(4)

Summary

713

(1)

Exercises

714

(1)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

714

(1)

Appendices

A. Instruction Set Reference

715

(22)

B. Summary Features of HCS12 Devices

737

(4)

C. Tutorial for Using the MiniIDE

741

(14)

D. MC9S12DP256 Registers

755

(26)

E. LCD Functions for the SSE256 Demo Board

781

(4)

F. Music Note Frequencies

785

(4)

G. Using the MAX7221 LED Display Driver

789

(18)

References

807

(2)

Glossary

809

(10)

Index

819

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The HCS12/9S12 An Introduction to Hardware and Software Interfacing

The HCS12/9S12 An Introduction to Hardware and Software Interfacing

9781401898120

1401898122

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

The HCS12/9S12 An Introduction to Hardware and Software Interfacing

The HCS12/9S12 An Introduction to Hardware and Software Interfacing

9781401898120

1401898122

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Excerpts

Write a Review

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