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Harbrace College Handbook

by: Hodges, John C.; Horner, Winifred Bryan; Webb, Suzanne Strobeck; Miller, Robert Keith

Harbrace College Handbook

by: Hodges, John C.; Horner, Winifred Bryan; Webb, Suzanne Strobeck; Miller, Robert Keith

ISBN 13:
9780155072824
ISBN 10:
015507282X
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 08/01/1998
Publisher: Heinle & Heinle
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Summary

Offers practical, well-organized, & easily accessible advice for writers in a compact yet comprehensive guide. Demonstrates principles of writing that are applicable to both course work & professional tasks.

Preface

GRAMMAR

(104)

Chapter 1 Sentence Sense ss

(29)

The parts of a sentence

(1)

1a Recognizing verbs and predicates

(1)

1b Recognizing subjects, objects, and complements

(6)

(1) Subjects of verbs

(2)

(2) Objects of verbs

(1)

(3) Subject and object complements

(1)

(4) Word order

(2)

1c Recognizing parts of speech

(9)

(1) Verbs

(1)

(2) Nouns

(2)

(3) Pronouns

(1)

(4) Adjectives

(1)

(5) Adverbs

(1)

(6) Prepositions

(2)

(7) Conjunctions

(1)

(8) Interjections

(1)

1d Recognizing phrases

(5)

(1) Kinds of phrases

(2)

(2) Phrases used as nouns

(1)

(3) Phrases used as modifiers

(2)

1e Recognizing clauses

(4)

(1) Independent clauses

(1)

(2) Subordinate clauses

(4)

If Sentences form and function

(3)

(1) Examining sentence forms

(1)

(2) Examining the purpose or function of sentences

(2)

Chapter 2 Sentence Fragments frag

(5)

Testing for fragments

(1)

2a Phrases

(1)

2b Subordinate clauses

(3)

Chapter 3 Comma Splices and Fused Sentences cs/fs

(9)

How to separate clauses

(1)

How to link and relate clause

(1)

3a With coordinating conjunctions

(3)

3b With conjunctive adverbs or transitional phrases

(1)

3c Divided quotations

(3)

Chapter 4 Adjectives and Adverbs ad

(9)

4a Adverbs

(1)

4b Adjectives used as subject or object complements

(1)

4c Comparative and superlative forms

(3)

(1) The comparative

(1)

(2) The superlative

(1)

(3) Incorrect double comparatives or superlatives

(1)

4d Awkward or ambiguous use of a noun as an adjective

(1)

4e The double negative

(2)

Chapter 5 Coherence: Misplaced Parts and Dangling Modifiers mp/dm

(5)

5a Placing modifiers near the words they modify

(2)

(1) Single-word modifiers

(1)

(2) Prepositional phrases

(1)

(3) Adjective clauses

(1)

(4) "Squinting" constructions

(1)

(5) Awkward constructions that split an infinitive

(1)

5b Dangling modifiers

(3)

(1) Participal Phrases

(1)

(2) Phrases containing gerunds or infinitives

(1)

(3) Elliptical adverb clauses

(2)

Chapter 6 Pronouns pro

(16)

Personal pronouns

(2)

Relative pronouns

(1)

6a Pronoun agreement

(1)

6b Pronoun reference

(4)

(1) Clear antecedents

(1)

(2) Clear references

(1)

(3) Broad or implied references

(1)

(4) Awkward use of it or you

(2)

6c Pronoun form in compound constructions

(2)

6d Clause as determiner of pronoun form

(3)

(1) Who or whoever as the subject of a clause

(1)

(2) Whom for all pronouns used as objects

(1)

(3) Confusing constructions with who or whom

(1)

(4) Pronouns after than or as

(2)

6e Possessive before gerund

(1)

6f Objective with infinitive

(1)

6g Subjective with subject complement

(2)

Chapter 7 Verbs v

(31)

Tense

(1)

Regular and irregular verbs

(1)

Auxiliary verbs

(3)

Forms of be

(1)

Voice

(1)

Transitive and intransitive verbs

(1)

Mood

(1)

Conjugation of a verb

(2)

7a Subject-verb agreement

(7)

(1) Other words between the subject and the verb

(1)

(2) Endings of subjects and verbs not clearly sounded

(1)

(3) Subjects joined by and

(1)

(4) Subjects joined by either...or

(1)

(5) Inverted word order or there + verb constructions

(1)

(6) Relative pronouns (who, which, that) used as subjects

(1)

(7) Indefinite pronouns

(1)

(8) Collective nouns and phrases

(2)

(9) Linking verbs

(1)

(10) Titles, words as words, nouns plural in form but singular in meaning

(1)

7b Principal parts of verbs

(5)

7c Tense forms

(1)

(1) The meaning of tense forms

(2)

(2) Logical sequence of tense forms

(2)

7d Subjunctive mood

(3)

7e Unnecessary shifts in tense or mood

102

(4)

EFFECTIVE SENTENCES

106

(38)

Chapter 8 Sentence Unity: Consistency su

106

(8)

8a Clearly related ideas

106

(1)

8b Arranging details

106

(2)

8c Mixed metaphors and mixed constructions

108

(1)

(1) Mixed metaphors

108

(1)

(2) Mixed constructions

109

(1)

8d Faulty predication

109

(1)

8e Unnecessary shifts

110

(4)

(1) Faulty is...when, is...where, or is...because constructions

110

(1)

(2) Consistent tense, mood, and person

110

(1)

(3) Consistent person and number

111

(1)

(4) Shifts between direct and indirect discourse

111

(1)

(5) Consistent tone and style

111

(1)

(6) Consistent perspective and viewpoint

112

(2)

Chapter 9 Subordination and Coordination sub/coor

114

(6)

9a Subordinating related short sentences

115

(2)

(1) Adjectives and adjective phrases

115

(1)

(2) Adverbs and adverb phrases

116

(1)

(3) Appositives and contrasting elements

116

(1)

(4) Subordinate clauses

116

(1)

9b Subordinating and coordinating main clauses

117

(1)

(1) Subordinating structures for less important ideas

117

(1)

(2) Coordinating structures for ideas of equal importance

117

(1)

(3) Logical connection of ideas by subordinate and coordinate structures

117

(1)

9c Faculty or excessive subordination

118

(2)

Chapter 10 Parallelism

120

(4)

10a Balancing similar grammatical elements

121

(1)

(1) Parallel words and phrases

121

(1)

(2) Parallel clauses

121

(1)

(3) Parallel sentences

122

(1)

10b Parallel construction

122

(1)

10c Correlatives

123

(1)

Chapter 11 Emphasis emp

124

(9)

11a Placement of important words

124

(1)

11b Periodic and cumulative sentences

125

(1)

11c Ascending order of importance

126

(1)

11d Forceful verbs

127

(3)

(1) Active and passive voice

127

(2)

(2) Action verbs and forceful linking verbs

129

(1)

11e Repeating important words

130

(1)

11f Inverting standard word order

130

(1)

11g Balanced sentence construction

131

(1)

11h Varying sentence length for emphasis

131

(2)

Chapter 12 Variety var

133

(11)

12a Varying sentence length

134

(1)

12b Varying sentence beginnings

135

(2)

(1) Adverb or adverbial clause

135

(1)

(2) Prepositional phrase or a verbal phrase

136

(1)

(3) Connectives

136

(1)

(4) Appositive, absolute phrase, or introductory series

137

(1)

12c Varying sentence structure

137

(3)

(1) Complex sentence

138

(1)

(2) Compound predicate in a simple sentence

138

(1)

(3) Appositive in a simple sentence

138

(1)

(4) Prepositional or verbal phrase added to a simple sentence

138

(1)

(5) Additional conjunctions to increase the compounds in a sentence

139

(1)

12d Varying subject-verb sequence

140

(1)

12e Question, exclamation, or command

141

(3)

DICTION

144

(40)

Chapter 13 Good Usage usg

144

(13)

Dictionaries

144

(1)

Unabridged dictionaries

145

(1)

Special dictionaries

145

(2)

13a Using a dictionary

147

(3)

13b Dictionary labels

150

(2)

(1) Colloquial or informal

150

(1)

(2) Slang

151

(1)

(3) Regionalisms

151

(1)

(4) Nonstandard and substandard

151

(1)

(5) Archaic and obsolete

152

(1)

13c Appropriate usage

152

(5)

(1) Technical words

152

(1)

(2) Inclusive language

152

(2)

(3) Confusion of sit/set and lie/lay and rise/raise

154

(3)

Chapter 14 Exactness e

157

(15)

14a Accurate and precise word choice

157

(8)

(1) Accuracy

157

(1)

(2) Precision

158

(2)

(3) Connotations

160

(1)

(4) Specific, concrete words

161

(3)

(5) Figurative language

164

(1)

14b Idiomatic expressions

165

(2)

14c Fresh expressions

167

(3)

Chapter 15 Conciseness: Avoiding Wordiness and Needless Repetition w/rep

170

(7)

15a Making every word count

170

(3)

(1) Redundancy

170

(1)

(2) Unnecessary words

171

(1)

(3) Expletives

172

(1)

15b Revising to eliminate wordiness

173

(1)

15c Necessary repetition

174

(1)

15d Revising to eliminate needless repetition

174

(1)

15e Style, overwriting

175

(2)

Chapter 16 Clarity and Completeness XXX

177

(7)

16a Articles, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions

177

(3)

(1) Use of articles

177

(2)

(2) Omitted conjunctions or prepositions

179

(1)

16b Verbs and auxiliaries

180

(1)

16c Complete comparisons

180

(1)

16d Intensifiers

181

(3)

PUNCTUATION

184

(52)

Chapter 17 The Comma

184

(18)

17a Before a coordinating conjunction linking independent clauses

185

(2)

17b After introductory words, phrases, and clauses

187

(3)

(1) Adverb clauses before independent clauses

187

(1)

(2) Introductory phrases before independent clauses

188

(2)

17c Between separate items in a series

190

(2)

(1) Words, phrases, and clauses in a series

190

(1)

(2) Coordinate adjectives

191

(1)

17d With nonrestrictive, parenthetical, and miscellaneous elements

192

(4)

(1) Adjective clauses or phrases

193

(1)

(2) Appositives

193

(1)

(3) Contrasted elements

194

(1)

(4) Geographical names, items in dates, and addresses

195

(1)

(5) Parenthetical expressions

195

(1)

(6) Mild interjections and words used in direct address

196

(1)

(7) Absolute phrases

196

(1)

17e For the prevention of misreading

196

(2)

17f Unnecessary (or misplaced) commas

198

(4)

(1) Not between the subject and the verb of the verb and the object

198

(1)

(2) Not after coordinating conjunctions

198

(1)

(3) Only to set off parenthetical words and short phrases

199

(1)

(4) Not to set off restrective clauses, phrases, or appositives

199

(1)

(5) Not before the first or after the last item of a series

199

(3)

Chapter 18 The Semicolon

202

(4)

18a Connecting independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction

202

(2)

18b Separating elements that contain commas

204

(1)

18c Misuse with parts of unequal grammatical rank

205

(1)

Chapter 19 The Apostrophe

206

(5)

19a Showing possession for nouns and indefinite pronouns

206

(2)

(1) Singular nouns, indefinite pronouns, and acronyms

207

(1)

(2) Plural nouns ending in -s

207

(1)

(3) Compounds and expressions that show joint ownership

207

(1)

(4) Individual ownership

207

(1)

(5) In time relationships, in academic titles, or before gerunds

207

(1)

19b Contractions and numbers

208

(1)

19c Plurals formed with an apostrophe

209

(1)

19d Misuse with personal pronouns and plural nouns

210

(1)

Chapter 20 Quotation Marks

211

(9)

20a Direct quotations and dialogue

211

(2)

(1) Direct quotations

211

(1)

(2) Indirect quotations

211

(1)

(3) Quotations within quotations

212

(1)

(4) Dialogue

212

(1)

(5) Thoughts

213

(1)

20b Long quotations

213

(2)

(1) Prose

213

(1)

(2) Poetry

214

(1)

20c Titles of short works and subdivisions of books

215

(1)

20d Words intended in a special or ironic sense

216

(1)

20e Overusing quotation marks

216

(1)

(1) To call attention to a cliche

216

(1)

(2) To enclose yes or no in indirect discourse

216

(1)

(3) To indicate questionable diction

217

(1)

20f Placement with other punctuation marks

217

(3)

(1) Comma and period

217

(1)

(2) Semicolon and colon

218

(1)

(3) Question mark, exclamation point, and dash

218

(2)

Chapter 21 The Period and Other Marks

220

(16)

21a The period

220

(1)

(1) Declarative sentence, mildly imperative sentence

220

(1)

(2) Some abbreviations

221

(1)

21b The question mark

221

(1)

21c The exclamation point

222

(1)

21d The colon

223

(3)

(1) Preceding and explanation, a series, or a quotation

223

(1)

(2) Between figures in time references and between titles and subtitles

224

(1)

(3) After the salutation of a business letter

225

(1)

21e The dash

226

(1)

(1) Marking a sudden break in thought or abrupt change in tone

226

(1)

(2) Emphasizing a parenthetical element

226

(1)

(3) After an introductory list or series

227

(1)

21f Parentheses

227

(1)

21g Brackets

228

(1)

21h The slash

229

(1)

21i Ellipsis points

230

(6)

(1) Indicating an omission within a quoted passage

230

(2)

(2) Marking a reflective pause or hesitation

232

(4)

MECHANICS

236

(52)

Chapter 22 Spelling, the Spell Checker, and Hyphenation sp

236

(15)

22a Spelling and pronunciation

237

(1)

22b Spelling words of similar sound

238

(4)

(1) Contractions and possessive pronouns

239

(1)

(2) Single words and two-words phrases

239

(1)

(3) Singular nouns ending in -nce and plural nouns ending in -nts

239

(3)

22c Prefixes

242

(1)

22d Suffixes

242

(4)

(1) Dropping or retaining a final unpronounced e

243

(1)

(2) Doubling a final consonant before a suffix

243

(1)

(3) Changing or retaining a final y before a suffix

243

(1)

(4) Retaining a final / before-ly

244

(1)

(5) Adding -s or -es to form the plural of nouns

244

(2)

22e Confusion of ei and ie

246

(1)

22f Hyphenation

246

(5)

(1) Linking two or more words to form a compound

246

(2)

(2) Breaking a word at the end of a line

248

(3)

Chapter 23 Capitals cap

251

(8)

23a Proper names, their abbreviations and acronyms

251

(3)

(1) Names and nicknames

252

(1)

(2) Peoples and their languages

252

(1)

(3) Geographical names

252

(1)

(4) Organizations, government agencies, institutions, and companies

252

(1)

(5) Days of the week, months, and holidays

252

(1)

(6) Historical documents, periods, events, and movements

253

(1)

(7) Religions, holy books, holy days, and words denoting the Supreme Being

253

(1)

(8) Personifications

253

(1)

(9) Words derived from proper nouns

253

(1)

(10) Abbreviations and acronyms or shortened forms of capitalized words

254

(1)

23b Titles of persons before their names

254

(1)

23c Titles and subtitles of books, plays, essays, and other titled works

255

(1)

23d The pronoun I and the interjection O

256

(1)

23e First word of sentences and of directly quoted speech

256

(1)

23g For emphasis

256

(1)

23h Unnecessary capitals

257

(2)

Chapter 24 Italics ital

259

(5)

24a Titles of publications

259

(2)

24b Foreign words and phrases

261

(1)

24c Names of legal cases

261

(1)

24d Names of specific ships, satellites, and spacecraft

262

(1)

24e Words, letters, or figures spoken of as such

262

(1)

24f Emphasized words

262

(2)

Chapter 25 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Numbers ab/ac/n

264

(11)

25a Ms., Mr., Dr., and St.

264

(1)

25b Names of states, countries, continents, months, etc.

265

(1)

25c Street, Avenue, Road, Park, and Company

266

(1)

25d Volume, chapter, and page

267

(3)

(1) Clipped froms of words

269

(1)

(2) Abbreviations with dates and figures

269

(1)

(3) Abbreviations of DC and U.S.

269

(1)

(4) Abbreviations of organizations, agencies, countries, etc.

270

(1)

(5) Abbreviations for some common Latin expression

270

(1)

25e Acronyms

270

(1)

25f Numbers

271

(4)

Chapter 26 Document Design des

275

(13)

26a Proper materials

276

(2)

(1) Paper and binding

276

(1)

(2) Electronic documents

276

(1)

(3) Type, fonts, and justification

277

(1)

26b Clear and orderly arrangement

278

(2)

(1) Layout

278

(1)

(2) Indention

278

(1)

(3) Paging

279

(1)

(4) Headings

279

(1)

26c Electronic documents

280

(4)

(1) Electronic mail

280

(2)

(2) The World Wide Web

282

(2)

26d Proofreading

284

(4)

LARGER ELEMENTS

288

Chapter 27 Working with Paragraphs

288

(34)

27a Unity

290

(5)

(1) Main idea and topic sentences

290

(3)

(2) Main idea and paragraph unity

293

(2)

27b Coherence, transitions

295

(12)

(1) Patterns of coherence

295

(2)

(2) Order of ideas

297

(4)

(3) Transitional devices

301

(4)

(4) Transitional between paragraphs

305

(2)

27c Details and examples

307

(3)

(1) Developing with specific details

308

(1)

(2) Developing with examples

308

(2)

27d Strategies of development

310

(9)

(1) Narrating a series of events

310

(1)

(2) Describing to make a point

311

(1)

(3) Explaining a process

312

(1)

(4) Showing cause and effect

313

(1)

(5) Comparing and contrasting to develop an idea

314

(2)

(6) Classifying and Dividing to develop an idea

316

(2)

(7) Formulating a definition

318

(1)

27e Editing

319

(3)

Chapter 28 Planning and Drafting Essays pln/dft

322

(44)

28a Purpose, audience, and occasion

323

(10)

(1) Purpose

323

(4)

(2) Audience

327

(5)

(3) Occasion

332

(1)

28b Finding an appropriate subject

333

(2)

28c Focusing for a topic

335

(10)

(1) Searching for a subject

335

(7)

(2) Focusing on specific material

342

(3)

28d Establishing a thesis

345

(5)

(1) The thesis statement

345

(4)

(2) Main idea

349

(1)

28e Arranging ideas

350

(5)

(1) Informal working plans

351

(1)

(2) Outlines

352

(3)

28f The first draft

355

(6)

(1) Introductions

355

(3)

(2) Conclusions

358

(2)

(3) Titles

360

(1)

28g Sample first draft

361

(5)

Chapter 29 Revising and Editing Essays rev/ed

366

(17)

29a Tone

367

(1)

29b Revising

368

(3)

(1) What is on the page

369

(1)

(2) What is not on the page

370

(1)

29c Editing

371

(2)

29d Proofreading

373

(2)

29e Essay undergoing revision

375

(4)

29f The final draft

379

(4)

Chapter 30 Writing under Pressure pres

383

(9)

30a Preparing ahead

383

(1)

30b Overcoming writer's block

384

(2)

30c Essay tests

386

(6)

(1) Reading instructions and questions

386

(1)

(2) Organizing your response

387

(2)

(3) Stating main points

389

(1)

(4) Sticking to the question

390

(1)

(5) Revising and proofreading

390

(2)

Chapter 31 Reading and Thinking Critically cr

392

(23)

31a Previewing

393

(2)

31b Distinguishing between fact and opinion

395

(2)

31c Searching for evidence

397

(2)

31d Evaluating a writer's credibility

399

(2)

31e Understanding inductive reasoning

401

(2)

31f Understanding deductive reasoning

403

(3)

31g The Toulming method

406

(3)

31h Recognizing logical fallacies

409

(6)

(1) Ad hominem

409

(1)

(2) Appeal to tradition

409

(1)

(3) Bandwagon

410

(1)

(4) Begging the question

410

(1)

(5) Equivocation

410

(1)

(6) False analogy

410

(1)

(7) False authority

410

(1)

(8) False cause

411

(1)

(9) False dilemma

411

(1)

(10) Guilt by association

411

(1)

(11) Hasty generalization

411

(1)

(12) Non sequitur

412

(1)

(13) Oversimplification

412

(1)

(14) Red herring

412

(1)

(15) Slippery slope

412

(3)

Chapter 32 Writing Arguments arg

415

(17)

32a Establishing a purpose

415

(2)

32b Differing viewpoints

417

(2)

32c Developing an argument

419

(3)

(1) Supporting and argument

419

(1)

(2) Responding to diverse views

420

(2)

32d Using different kinds of appeal

422

(1)

(1) Three classical appeals

422

(1)

(2) Rogerian appeals

423

(1)

32e Organizing an argument

423

(3)

(1) Introductions

424

(1)

(2) Reasons

424

(1)

(3) Beginning a paragraph

425

(1)

(4) Refutation and concessions

425

(1)

(5) Conclusions

425

(1)

32f Sample argument

426

(6)

Chapter 33 Research: Finding and Evaluating Sources res

432

(53)

33a Using information from sources

432

(6)

(1) Analyzing the rhetorical situation

433

(2)

(2) Developing a research problem and analyzing your own knowledge

435

(1)

(3) Establishing a research routine

436

(2)

33b Preparing a working bibliography

438

(1)

33c Using library sources

439

(11)

(1) Books and periodicals

440

(8)

(2) References books

448

(2)

33d Conducting field research

450

(2)

33e Using electronic resources

452

(13)

(1) Developing a research strategy

452

(2)

(2) Using the college library

454

(3)

(3) Using the Internet

457

(8)

33f Evaluating sources and taking notes

465

(7)

(1) Testing reliability, bias, and integrity

465

(3)

(2) Taking notes

468

(4)

33g Avoiding plagiarism

472

(4)

33h Integrating sources

476

(1)

(1) Mastering information

476

(1)

(2) Integrating sources

477

(1)

(3) Using direct quotations

478

(1)

(4) Paraphrasing

479

(3)

(5) Summarizing

482

(3)

Chapter 34 Research: Using and Citing Sources cit

485

(90)

34a MLA style documentation

487

(27)

(1) Using parenthetical citations

487

(8)

(2) Listing the works cited

495

(19)

(3) Final revisiting, editing, and proofreading

514

(1)

34b Sample MLA research paper

514

(24)

34c The note style of documentation

538

(3)

34d APA style documentation

541

(10)

(1) Parenthetical citations

541

(2)

(2) Listing the references

543

(8)

34c Sample APA research paper

551

(24)

Chapter 35 Writing for Special Purposes its/bus

575

35a Writing about literature

575

(40)

(1) Reading, reflecting, and planning

576

(6)

(2) Writing about fiction

582

(10)

(3) Writing about drama

592

(7)

(4) Writing about poetry

599

(14)

(5) Using the proper form

613

(2)

35b Writing for business

615

(1) E-mail

615

(2)

(2) Memos

617

(2)

(3) Business letters

619

(4)

(4) Application letters

623

(4)

(5) Resumes

627

Glossary of Usage usgl

G-1

Glossary of Terms gt

G-15

Copyrights and Acknowledgments

C-1

Index

I-1

ESL Index

I-45

MLA Index

I-47

APA Index

I-49

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Harbrace College Handbook

Harbrace College Handbook

9780155072824

015507282X

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Harbrace College Handbook

Harbrace College Handbook

9780155072824

015507282X

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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