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| Preface | p. ix |
| About the Authors | p. xv |
| Abbreviations and Acronyms | p. xvii |
| Environmental Assessment in Engineering and Planning | p. 1 |
| What Is Environmental Assessment? | p. 4 |
| Engineering and Planning Issues | p. 6 |
| Why Environmental Assessment Is Needed | p. 11 |
| Who Prepares Environmental Assessment and Planning Documents? | p. 11 |
| Integrating Art... MORE | p. 14 |
| Discussion and Study Questions | p. 16 |
| Environmental Laws and Regulations | p. 19 |
| Rationale for Environmental Legislation and Regulations | p. 19 |
| Shortcomings of Environmental Legislation and Regulations | p. 20 |
| Legislative Data Systems | p. 21 |
| Overview of Federal Environmental Legislation | p. 24 |
| Trends in Environmental Legislation and Regulations | p. 60 |
| Discussion and Study Questions | p. 64 |
| National Environmental Policy Act | p. 67 |
| Elements of NEPA | p. 67 |
| Judicial Review | p. 69 |
| Effects of NEPA | p. 75 |
| Implementation of NEPA | p. 75 |
| Council on Environmental Quality | p. 77 |
| Executive Orders and Agency Response | p. 78 |
| State Environmental Policy Acts | p. 80 |
| NEPA and Agency Planning | p. 81 |
| Discussion and Study Questions | p. 90 |
| Environmental Documents and CEQ Regulations | p. 93 |
| Function and Purpose of the NEPA Assessment Process | p. 93 |
| NEPA Regulations | p. 96 |
| Environmental Documents | p. 98 |
| Application of Environmental Documentation Process | p. 100 |
| EIS Format and Content | p. 105 |
| Preparing and Processing the EA or EIS | p. 114 |
| Timing of Agency Action | p. 123 |
| Tiering | p. 125 |
| Mitigation | p. 126 |
| General Considerations in EIS Preparation | p. 127 |
| Case Studies | p. 127 |
| Discussion and Study Questions | p. 134 |
| Elements of Environmental Assessment and Planning | p. 137 |
| Agency Activities | p. 137 |
| Environmental Attributes | p. 138 |
| Determining Environmental Impact | p. 161 |
| Reporting Findings | p. 171 |
| Using Information Technology to Aid in the NEPA Process | p. 172 |
| Discussion and Study Questions | p. 175 |
| Environmental Assessment Methodologies | p. 177 |
| Choosing a Methodology | p. 177 |
| Categorizing Methodologies | p. 180 |
| Review Criteria | p. 182 |
| Methodology Descriptions | p. 193 |
| Methodology Review | p. 194 |
| Future Directions | p. 208 |
| Discussion and Study Questions | p. 209 |
| Generalized Approach for Environmental Assessment | p. 211 |
| Agency Activities | p. 211 |
| Environmental Attributes | p. 214 |
| Institutional Constraints | p. 218 |
| Environmental Setting | p. 218 |
| System | p. 219 |
| Output | p. 219 |
| Rationale for a Computer-Based System | p. 219 |
| Discussion and Study Questions | p. 223 |
| Procedure for Reviewing Environmental Impact Statements | p. 225 |
| Types of EIS Review | p. 226 |
| General Considerations in EIS Review | p. 230 |
| EIS Review Procedures | p. 232 |
| Approaches to Systematic EIS Review | p. 233 |
| Review Comments | p. 243 |
| Summary | p. 243 |
| Discussion and Study Questions | p. 244 |
| International Perspectives on Environmental Assessment, Engineering, and Planning | p. 245 |
| International Implications of NEPA | p. 246 |
| Future NEPA Trends | p. 249 |
| Environmental Impact Assessment in Other Countries | p. 250 |
| EIA in Selected Countries | p. 251 |
| Limitations to EIA Effectiveness in Developing Countries | p. 253 |
| EIA in Asia and the Pacific | p. 253 |
| EIA in Latin America | p. 254 |
| EIA in Canada | p. 255 |
| EIA in Europe | p. 255 |
| EIA in India | p. 258 |
| International Aid Organizations | p. 261 |
| Discussion and Study Questions | p. 263 |
| Economic and Social Impact Analysis | p. 265 |
| Socioeconomic Assessment within NEPA | p. 266 |
| Economic Impact Analysis | p. 268 |
| Economic Models | p. 271 |
| Future Direction for Economic Impact Analysis | p. 279 |
| Social Impact Assessment | p. 280 |
| Social Impact Analysis Methods | p. 283 |
| Assembling the Socioeconomic Impact Assessment | p. 288 |
| Problem Areas | p. 296 |
| Environmental Justice | p. 298 |
| Conclusions | p. 308 |
| Discussion and Study Questions | p. 308 |
| Public Participation | p. 311 |
| Beginnings | p. 311 |
| Early American Experiences in Public Participation | p. 312 |
| Alternative Terminology | p. 314 |
| Public Involvement Requirements within NEPA | p. 314 |
| What Is the Public? | p. 316 |
| What Is Participation? | p. 317 |
| Contemporary Experience in Public Participation | p. 318 |
| Getting Input from the Public | p. 321 |
| Commenting on the Draft EIS-A Special Case of Public Participation | p. 322 |
| Case Studies | p. 323 |
| Application of Public Input | p. 326 |
| Participation in Developing Regulations | p. 327 |
| An Effective Public Participation Program | p. 327 |
| Benefits of an Effective Public Participation Program | p. 332 |
| Response to Public Participation Format Variations | p. 333 |
| Public Participation and the Digital Revolution | p. 335 |
| Internet Capability to Support Public Participation | p. 336 |
| Discussion and Study Questions | p. 337 |
| Energy and Environmental Implications | p. 339 |
| Energy as a Resource | p. 340 |
| Fuel Alternatives and Development of Supplies-Environmental Considerations | p. 346 |
| Energy Costs of Pollution Control | p. 351 |
| Energy Aspects of Recycling Materials | p. 351 |
| Discussion and Study Questions | p. 360 |
| Contemporary Issues in Environmental Assessment | p. 361 |
| Climate Change | p. 361 |
| Acid Rain | p. 376 |
| Deforestation | p. 385 |
| Endangered Species and NEPA | p. 388 |
| Biodiversity | p. 398 |
| Cultural Resources | p. 405 |
| Ecorisk | p. 414 |
| Cumulative Impacts | p. 431 |
| Indirect Impacts | p. 443 |
| How Are These Contemporary issues Different? | p. 445 |
| Discussion and Study Questions | p. 446 |
| National Environmental Policy Act | p. 449 |
| The National Environmental Policy Art of 1969, as Amended | p. 449 |
| Purpose | p. 449 |
| Title I | p. 450 |
| Title II | p. 453 |
| The Environmental Quality Improvement Art, as Amended | p. 456 |
| Attribute Descriptor Package | p. 459 |
| Air | p. 461 |
| Further Reading | p. 464 |
| Water | p. 497 |
| Land | p. 543 |
| Ecology | p. 560 |
| Sound | p. 587 |
| Human Aspects | p. 612 |
| Economics | p. 622 |
| Resources | p. 631 |
| A Step-by-Step Procedure for Preparing Environmental Assessments and Statements | p. 643 |
| Define the Action | p. 643 |
| Develop Alternatives | p. 646 |
| Identify Relevant Project Activities | p. 649 |
| Examine Attributes Likely to Be Affected | p. 651 |
| Solicit Public Concerns | p. 651 |
| Re-evaluate Identification of Activities and Attributes | p. 652 |
| Evaluate Imparts Using Descriptor Package and Worksheets | p. 653 |
| Summarize Impacts | p. 655 |
| Review Other Alternatives | p. 655 |
| Analyze Findings | p. 657 |
| Prepare Assessment Document | p. 659 |
| Review and Process Document | p. 660 |
| Regulations for Implementing Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act | p. 663 |
| Part 1500-Purpose, Policy, and Mandate | p. 663 |
| Part 1501-NEPA and Agency Planning | p. 668 |
| Part 1502-Environmental Impart Statement | p. 675 |
| Part 1503-Commenting | p. 688 |
| Part 1504-Predecision Referrals to the Council of Proposed Federal Actions Determined to be Environmentally Unsatisfactory | p. 691 |
| Part 1505-NEPA and Agency Decision Making | p. 694 |
| Part 1506-Other Requirements of NEPA | p. 696 |
| Part 1507-Agency Compliance | p. 706 |
| Part 1508-Terminology and Index | p. 709 |
| References | p. 723 |
| Index | p. 737 |
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