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Generalist Practice with Organizations and Communities

ISBN: 9780534506292 | 0534506291
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Brooks Cole
Pub. Date: 6/10/2005

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SummaryTable of Contents
Now available in paperback format and thoroughly updated to reflect the latest CSWE ethical standards and current social work literature, this hands-on text offers a practical, user-friendly, and comprehensive introduction to foundation macro practice. Encouraging students to build on their one-on-one (micro) and group (mezzo) communication skills, the authors outline a guided, step-by-step plan for community and organizational change. Two models--PREPARE and IMAGINE--form the heart of the book, providing students with valuable frameworks for e... MORE
Prefacexv
Introduction to Generalist Practice with Organizations and Communities
1(35)
Why Do You Need the Content in This Book?
2(2)... MORE
The Generalist Intervention Model
4(3)
A Micro Approach
6(1)
A Mezzo Approach
6(1)
A Macro Approach
6(1)
What Does Generalist Practice Mean?
7(2)
Defining Generalist Practice: 1. Acquisition of an Eclectic Knowledge Base
9(5)
Theoretical Foundation: Systems Theories
9(2)
Human Behavior and the Social Environment (HBSE)
11(1)
Social Welfare Policy and Services
11(1)
Social Work Practice
12(1)
Research
12(1)
Human Diversity
13(1)
Promotion of Social and Economic Justice
13(1)
Populations-at-Risk
14(1)
Emphasis on Client Empowerment
14(1)
Assimilation of Professional Values and Ethics
15(3)
National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics
16(1)
Awareness of Personal Values
17(1)
Clarification of Conflicting Ethical Dilemmas
17(1)
Understanding Oppression
17(1)
Respect for Diverse Populations
18(1)
Mastery of a Wide Range of Practice Skills to Target Any Size System
18(2)
Effective Work Within an Organizational Structure
20(1)
Appropriate Use of Supervision
21(1)
A Wide Range of Roles
21(5)
Enabler
21(1)
Mediator
22(1)
Integrator/Coordinator
22(1)
General Manager
23(1)
Educator
23(1)
Analyst/Evaluator
23(1)
Broker
24(1)
Facilitator
24(1)
Initiator
24(1)
Negotiator
25(1)
Mobilizer
25(1)
Advocate
25(1)
Use of Critical Thinking Skills
26(1)
Use of a Planned Change Process
27(5)
Engagement
28(1)
Assessment: Identifying Issues and Collecting Information
28(2)
Assessment and Planning in Macro Practice: The Prepare Process
30(1)
Implementation and Evaluation in Macro Practice: The IMAGINE Process
31(1)
Termination in Macro Practice
31(1)
Follow-up in Macro Practice
31(1)
Postscript
32(4)
Using Micro Skills in the Macro Environment
36(44)
Introduction
37(1)
Assertiveness
37(1)
Conflict
37(1)
Working with Supervisors
38(1)
Beginning Relationships in Macro Practice
38(1)
A Review of Basic Micro Skills
39(1)
Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior
39(7)
Eye Contact
40(1)
Attentive Listening
40(3)
Facial Expressions
43(1)
Body Positioning
43(1)
Multicultural Sensitivity and Nonverbal Behavior
44(2)
Warmth, Empathy, and Genuineness
46(4)
Warmth
46(1)
Empathy
46(3)
Genuineness
49(1)
Communicating with Other People in Macro Contexts
50(3)
Simple Encouragement
50(1)
Being Sensitive to Cultural Differences
50(1)
Paraphrasing
50(1)
Reflective Responding
50(1)
Clarification
51(1)
Interpretation
51(1)
Providing Information
51(1)
Emphasizing People's Strengths
51(1)
Summarization
52(1)
Eliciting Information
52(1)
The Use of ``Why?''
53(1)
Overlap of Techniques
53(1)
Appropriate Assertiveness in the Macro Environment: Empowering Yourself and Others
53(5)
Nonassertive, Assertive, and Aggressive Communication
58(4)
The Advantages of Assertiveness
60(1)
Assertiveness Training
60(2)
A Final Note on Assertiveness Training
62(1)
Conflict and Its Resolution
62(7)
The Pros of Conflict
62(1)
The Cons of Conflict
63(1)
Personal Styles for Addressing Conflict
63(1)
Steps in Conflict Resolution
63(6)
Working under Supervisors
69(10)
Administrative Functions of Supervisors
69(2)
Educational Functions of Supervisors
71(1)
Other Functions of Supervisors
71(1)
Using Supervision Effectively
71(2)
Problems in Supervision
73(6)
Postscript
79(1)
Group Skills for Organizational and Community Change
80(32)
Introduction
81(1)
Networking
81(8)
Importance of Networking
82(3)
Types of Networks
85(2)
Problems with Networks
87(1)
Worker Roles in Networking
88(1)
Working in and with Teams
89(3)
Characteristics of Effective Teams
89(3)
Planning and Conducting Meetings
92(6)
Plan Ahead
92(1)
Clarify Purpose and Establish Objectives
92(1)
Select Participants
93(1)
Select a Time and Place
93(1)
Prepare an Agenda
94(1)
Start Meetings on Time
94(1)
State Ending Time at the Start
95(1)
Let People Know How Much of Your Time They Can Have
95(1)
Keep the Group on Target
95(2)
End the Meeting on Time
97(1)
Plan for Follow-Up Meetings
97(1)
Parliamentary Procedure
98(4)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Parliamentary Procedure
98(1)
Basic Parliamentary Concepts
98(1)
Main Motions
99(3)
Managing Conflict
102(9)
Types of Conflict
104(2)
Advanced Conflict Management: Guidelines and Strategies
106(5)
Postscript
111(1)
Understanding Organizations
112(45)
Introduction
113(1)
Defining Organizations, Social Services, and Social Agencies
113(2)
Organizations
113(1)
Social Services
114(1)
Social Agencies
114(1)
Organizational Theories
115(4)
Systems Theories
115(1)
Classic Scientific Management Theories
115(1)
Human Relations Theories
116(1)
Cultural Perspective
116(2)
Economics Perspective
118(1)
Contingency Perspective
118(1)
Which Organizational Theory Is Best?
119(1)
Social Agencies as Systems
119(3)
Viewing Organizations from a Systems Perspective
122(1)
Resource Input
122(1)
Process Through Organizational Technology
123(1)
Output
123(1)
Outcomes
123(1)
The Nature of Organizations
123(11)
Agency Settings
123(2)
Organizational Goals
125(3)
Organizational Culture
128(1)
Organizational Structure
128(5)
Centralized Versus Decentralized Organizations
133(1)
The Macro Context of Organizations
134(7)
The Shifting Macro Environment and Shrinking Resources
134(1)
Necessary Resource Inputs
134(1)
Legitimation
135(1)
Client Sources
135(2)
Relationship with Other Organizations
137(4)
Social Work Organizations in National and International Contexts
141(2)
ACOSA
142(1)
IASSW
142(1)
IFSW
142(1)
Methods of Management
143(1)
Working in a Bureaucracy
143(3)
Value Discrepancies Between Workers and ``The System''
143(1)
How to Survive in a Bureaucracy
144(2)
A Total Quality Approach to Management
146(8)
Defining Total Quality Management
147(1)
Clients as Customers
147(1)
Customer Feedback
147(1)
Quality as the Primary Goal
147(1)
Employee Empowerment
148(2)
Use of Teams and Teamwork: Melding Mezzo and Macro Practice
150(2)
A Total Quality Approach to Leadership
152(1)
Establishing a Culture of Quality
152(1)
TQM Tools
153(1)
Beyond Quality: The Learning Organization
153(1)
Common Problems Encountered in Organizations
154(1)
Impersonal Behavior
154(1)
Rewards and Recognition
154(1)
Agency Policy and Worker Discretion
155(1)
Traditions and Unwritten Rules
155(1)
Postscript
155(2)
Prepare--Decision Making for Organizational Change
157(31)
Introduction
158(1)
Change in Organizations
159(6)
Undertaking Specific Projects
159(1)
Initiating and Developing Programs
160(2)
Changing Agency Policies
162(3)
Beginning the Change Process
165(1)
The Process of Organizational Change
166(2)
Step 1: Prepare--Identify Problems to Address
168(4)
Substep 1: Decide to Seriously Evaluate the Potential for Macro-Level Intervention
169(1)
Substep 2: Define and Prioritize Problems
169(1)
Substep 3: Translate Problems into Needs
170(2)
Substep 4: Determine Which Need or Needs You Will Address
172(1)
Step 2: Prepare--Review Your Macro and Personal Reality
172(5)
Substep 1: Evaluate Macro Variables Working For or Against You in the Macro Change Process
172(3)
Substep 2: Review Your Personal Reality--Strengths and Weaknesses That May Act For or Against Successful Change Efforts
175(2)
Step 3: Prepare--Establish Primary Goals
177(1)
Step 4: Prepare: Identify Relevant People of Influence
178(3)
Rationales for Internal Advocacy
181(1)
Step 5: Prepare--Assess Potential Costs and Benefits to Clients and Agency
181(1)
Step 6: Prepare--Review Professional and Personal Risk
182(3)
Could I Lose My Job?
182(1)
Will My Career Path Be Affected?
183(1)
Will I Strain Interpersonal Relationships at Work?
184(1)
A Strengths Perspective on Risks
184(1)
Step 7: Prepare--Evaluate the Potential Success of a Macro Change Process
185(2)
Substep 1: Review the Prepare Process and Weigh the Pros and Cons of Proceeding
185(1)
Substep 2: Identify Possible Macro Approaches to Use, Estimate Their Effectiveness, and Select the Most Appropriate One
186(1)
Postscript
187(1)
Imagine--How to Implement Macro Intervention: Changing Agency Policy
188(25)
Introduction
189(1)
The Planned Change Process and Organizational Change
189(1)
Imagine: A Process for Organizational Change
190(14)
Imagine: Start with an Innovative Idea
190(1)
Imagine: Muster Support and Formulate an Action System
191(5)
Imagine: Identify Assets
196(1)
Imagine: Specify Goals, Objectives, and Action Steps to Attain Them
196(2)
Imagine: Implement the Plan
198(1)
Imagine: Neutralize Opposition
198(6)
Imagine: Evaluate Progress
204(1)
Application of Imagine to Macro Intervention
204(9)
Changing Agency Policy
205(1)
Formal and Informal Agency Policies
205(1)
Types of Changes in Agency Policy
205(8)
Imagine--Project Implementation and Program Development
213(35)
Introduction
214(1)
Initiating and Implementing a Project
215(8)
Imagine: Develop an Innovative Idea
216(1)
Imagine: Muster Support
216(1)
Imagine: Identify Assets
217(1)
Imagine: Specify Goals, Objectives, and Action Steps to Attain Them
217(1)
Imagine: Implement the Plan
218(4)
Imagine: Neutralize Opposition
222(1)
Imagine: Evaluate Progress
223(1)
Developing a Program
223(14)
Imagine: Develop an Innovative Idea
226(1)
Imagine: Muster Support
227(4)
Imagine: Identify Assets
231(2)
Imagine: Specify Goals, Objectives, and Action Steps to Attain Them
233(1)
Imagine: Implement the Plan
233(2)
Imagine: Neutralize Opposition
235(1)
Imagine: Evaluate Progress and Effectiveness
235(2)
Program Development: A Case Example
237(10)
Imagine: Develop an Innovative Idea
237(1)
Imagine: Muster Support
237(1)
Imagine: Identify Assets
238(2)
Imagine: Specify Goals, Objectives, and Action Steps to Attain Them
240(7)
Imagine: Implement the Plan
247(1)
Imagine: Neutralize Opposition
247(1)
Imagine: Evaluate Progress
247(1)
Postscript
247(1)
Understanding Neighborhoods and Communities
248(36)
Introduction
249(1)
The Role of Social Workers in Neighborhoods and Communities
250(3)
Defining Community and Neighborhood
253(5)
Functions of Communities
253(3)
Types of Communities
256(2)
Using the Systems Perspective
258(1)
The Community as an Ecological and Social System
259(2)
Additional Perspectives on the Community
261(3)
Competition
262(1)
Centralization
262(1)
Concentration
263(1)
Invasion
263(1)
Succession
263(1)
Concepts Characterize Real Life
263(1)
Community Resource Systems
264(2)
Demographic Development of Communities
266(2)
Urbanization and Suburbanization
266(1)
Gentrification
267(1)
Rural Communities
267(1)
Where Is the Best Place to Live?
268(1)
Social Stratification
268(1)
Community Economic Systems
269(2)
Community Political Systems
271(2)
Formal Organizations and Informal Political Processes
271(2)
Power in the Community
273(2)
Defining Power
273(1)
Types of Power
273(1)
Sources of Power
274(1)
Power and Conflict
274(1)
Neighborhoods
275(6)
Functions of Neighborhoods
275(2)
Types of Neighborhoods
277(1)
Neighborhoods as Helping Networks
278(1)
Neighborhood Organizations
278(2)
Community and Neighborhood Resources
280(1)
Putting It All Together: Assessing Communities and Neighborhoods
281(3)
Macro Practice in Communities
284(26)
Introduction
285(1)
Change in Communities
285(2)
A Philosophical Perspective on Macro Practice: Pursuit of Social and Economic Justice
287(1)
Perspectives on the Community
287(1)
Approaches to Community Change
288(1)
Beginning the Change Process
288(22)
Engagement in the Community
289(1)
Prepare: Assessing Potential for Community Change
289(10)
Imagine: A Process for Community Change
299(11)
Evaluating Macro Practice
310(29)
Introduction
311(1)
Overview of Evaluation
311(1)
Purposes of Program Evaluation: A Summary
312(1)
Key Concepts in Evaluation
312(5)
Control Group
312(1)
Experimental Group
313(1)
Dependent Variable
313(1)
Independent Variable
313(1)
Sampling
313(1)
Random Sample
313(1)
Experimental Design
313(1)
Quasi-Experimental Designs
313(1)
Baseline
314(1)
Mean
314(1)
Median
314(1)
Mode
315(1)
Standard Deviation
315(1)
Reliability
316(1)
Validity
316(1)
Descriptive Statistics
316(1)
Inferential Statistics
316(1)
Outcome
316(1)
Statistical Significance
316(1)
Chi-Square Test
317(1)
Problems and Barriers in Program Evaluation
317(2)
Failure to Plan for Evaluation
317(1)
Lack of Program Stability
318(1)
Relationships Between Evaluators and Practitioners
318(1)
When Evaluation Results Are Unclear
319(1)
When Evaluation Results Are Not Accepted
319(1)
When Evaluation Is Not Worth the Effort
319(1)
Kinds of Evaluations
319(7)
Formative (or Monitoring) Evaluations
319(2)
Summative Evaluations
321(1)
Effectiveness and Efficiency Evaluations
321(1)
Evaluation Approaches
321(1)
Quantitative Methods
321(1)
Qualitative Methods
322(1)
One-Group Post-Test Designs
322(1)
Pre-Test/Post-Test Designs
322(1)
Client Satisfaction Surveys
322(1)
Goal Attainment Scaling
323(1)
Target Problem Scaling
324(1)
Case Studies
325(1)
Group Comparisons
325(1)
Quality Assurance Reviews
326(1)
Summary of Evaluation Designs
326(1)
Stages in Evaluation
326(12)
Stage 1: Conceptualization and Goal Setting
326(2)
Stage 2: Measurement
328(1)
Stage 3: Sampling
329(1)
Stage 4: Design
329(1)
Stage 5: Data Gathering
329(4)
Stage 6: Data Analysis
333(2)
Stage 7: Presentation of Data
335(3)
Ethics and Values in Evaluation
338(1)
Advocacy and Social Action with Populations-at-Risk
339(32)
Introduction
340(1)
Defining Advocacy, Social Action, Empowerment, and Populations-at-Risk
340(3)
Defining Advocacy
341(1)
Defining Social Action
341(1)
Defining Empowerment
342(1)
Defining Populations-at-Risk
342(1)
Populations-at-Risk
343(4)
Factors Contributing to Putting Populations at Risk
343(1)
Examples of Populations-at-Risk
344(3)
The Role of Social Workers with Populations at Risk
347(1)
Advocacy
347(9)
Concerns about the Use of Advocacy
347(1)
The Value and Limitations of Advocacy
348(1)
Agency Commitment to Advocacy
348(1)
Opportunities for Macro-Level Advocacy
349(1)
Principles of Macro-Level Advocacy
350(1)
Guidelines for Macro-Level Advocacy
351(1)
Advocacy Tactics
352(4)
Legislative Advocacy
356(10)
Factors Affecting Legislative Advocacy
358(1)
Steps in Legislative Advocacy
358(6)
Other Political Activities
364(2)
Social Action
366(4)
Alinsky's Social Action Approach
366(1)
Concerns about Social Action
367(1)
Legal Action
367(3)
Empowerment
370(1)
Ethics and Ethical Dilemmas in Macro Practice
371(44)
Introduction
372(1)
Professional Values and Ethics in Macro Contexts
372(2)
The NASW Code of Ethics
374(15)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities to Clients
374(6)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities to Colleagues
380(4)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities in Practice Settings
384(3)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibility as Professionals
387(1)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibility to the Social Work Profession
387(1)
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibility to the Broader Society
388(1)
Personal Values
389(1)
Types of Ethical Issues Confronting Agency Practitioners
389(1)
Ethical Absolutism Versus Ethical Relativism
390(1)
Ethical Dilemmas
391(1)
Facing an Ethical Dilemma: Decision-Making Steps
392(1)
Step 1: Recognize the Problem
392(1)
Step 2: Investigate the Variables
392(1)
Step 3: Get Feedback from Others
393(1)
Step 4: Appraise the Values That Apply to the Dilemma
393(1)
Step 5: Evaluate the Dilemma
393(1)
Step 6: Identify and Think about Possible Alternatives
393(1)
Step 7: Weigh the Pros and Cons of Each Alternative
393(1)
Step 8: Make Your Decision
393(1)
Ranking Ethical Principles
393(3)
Reamer's Guide to Ethical Decision Making
393(2)
Dolgoff, Loewenberg, and Harrington's ``Ethical Principles Screen''
395(1)
Ethical Dilemmas in Macro Contexts
396(18)
Distributing Limited Resources
396(2)
Community Support (or the Lack Thereof) for Service Provision
398(2)
Relationships with Colleagues
400(1)
Engaging in Sexual Activities with Clients
401(1)
Neglecting Child Maltreatment
402(3)
Incompetence Due to Personal Problems
405(2)
Conforming to Agency Policy
407(2)
Breaching Confidentiality in a Macro Context
409(3)
Co-optation Versus Cooperation
412(1)
Conflict of Interest
413(1)
Potential Harm to Participants
413(1)
Stigmatization Tactics
413(1)
Furthering Ethical Practice in Agency Settings
414(1)
Postscript
414(1)
Working with the Courts
415(29)
The Significance of the Legal System
416(1)
Functions of Professional Terminology
417(1)
Important Legal Terms
417(7)
Laws
417(1)
Criminal Law
417(1)
Civil Law
417(1)
Violations
418(1)
Jurisdiction
419(1)
Allegation
420(1)
Court Process
420(1)
Due Process
420(1)
Stipulation
420(1)
Burden of Proof
421(1)
Standards of Proof
421(1)
Evidence
421(1)
Witnesses
422(1)
Guardian Ad Litem
422(1)
Confidentiality and Privileged Communication
422(1)
Subpoena
423(1)
Differences Between Courtroom Protocol and Social Work Practice
424(2)
Adversarial Versus Conjoint Problem Solving
424(1)
Formal Versus Informal Atmosphere
425(1)
Legal Due Process Versus Client Rights
426(1)
Outcome: Determination of the Charge Versus Rehabilitation
426(1)
Presentation in Court
426(1)
Preparation for Testimony
426(7)
Documentation
427(1)
Review of Other Documents
427(1)
Establishment of Expert Witness Status
428(1)
Review of Testimony with Attorney
428(1)
Preparation of Witnesses
428(5)
Phases in the Adjudication Process
433(3)
Direct Examination of Witnesses
433(2)
Cross-Examination of Witnesses
435(1)
Strategies in Cross-Examination
436(3)
Attacking Direct Examination Testimony
436(1)
Attacking Credentials
437(1)
Attacking You as a Person
437(1)
Attacking the Profession
438(1)
Other Confrontational Tactics
438(1)
Suggestions for Cross-Examination Testimony
438(1)
Stages in the Juvenile Court Process
439(1)
Developing Issues in Social Work and the Law
439(5)
Developing and Managing Agency Resources
444(43)
Introduction
445(1)
Working with the Media
445(5)
General Guidelines for Using the Media
446(1)
Contacts with the Media
447(1)
Media Interviews
448(1)
Other Media Communications
449(1)
Using Technology in Your Agency
450(6)
Understanding Computer Hardware
450(1)
Understanding the Software
451(2)
Agency Software Usage
453(2)
Using the Internet
455(1)
General Observations about Computers
456(1)
Fund-raising
456(7)
Sources of Funds
457(6)
Grants and Contracts
463(1)
Finding Out about Grants and Contracts: Where Are They?
464(3)
Government Grants
465(1)
Foundation Grants
465(2)
Business and Corporate Grants
467(1)
How to Apply for a Grant
467(20)
Preapplication Phase
467(1)
Application Phase
468(16)
Postapplication Phase
484(3)
References487(20)
Name Index507(4)
Subject Index511

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