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The General Principles of EU Law

by: Tridimas, Takis

The General Principles of EU Law

by: Tridimas, Takis

ISBN 13:
9780199258062
ISBN 10:
0199258066
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 07/27/2006
Publisher: Oxford University Press
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Summary

The European Court of Justice has profoundly influenced the development of the legal order of the European Community through the elaboration of unwritten general principles of law derived from the fundamental values underlying the national legal systems. This fully revised and updated Second Edition provides a detailed and systematic analysis of the general principles as applied by the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance. It assesses the impact of the EU Constitution on the relationship between the EU and the Member States and the protection of Community rights in national courts.

Table of Cases

xxiii

Table of Legislation

Chapter 1: The General Principles of Law in the European Union Legal Order

(58)

1.1. Introduction

(4)

1.2. The general principles of law derived from the laws of Member States: An overview

(2)

1.3. Origins and development of general principles

(4)

1.4. From general principles to constitutional texts: The gradual formalization of EU Law

(3)

1.5. The Constitution and its values

(3)

1.6. The general principles as a source of Community law

(12)

1.6.1. The gap-filling function of general principles

(2)

1.6.2. Article 220

(1)

1.6.3. The Court's evaluative approach

(3)

1.6.4. The influence of national laws

(2)

1.6.5. Attributes of general principles

(4)

1.7. The function of general principles in the Community legal order

(7)

1.7.1. Aid to interpretation

(2)

1.7.2. Grounds for review

(4)

1.7.3. Breach of general principles and liability in damages

(1)

1.8. The scope of application of general principles

(14)

1.8.1. Implementing measures

(2)

1.8.2. Measures adopted under an express Treaty derogation

(1)

1.8.3. Measures which fall within the scope of Community law

(3)

1.8.4. The reaction of English courts

(2)

1.8.5. Public authorities bound by the general principles

(3)

1.8.6. The application of general principles against individuals

(3)

1.9. The general principles of law and the EC Treaty

(6)

1.9.1. The general principles in the hierarchy of Community rules

(1)

1.9.2. The general principles as rules of Treaty interpretation

(5)

1.10. The general principles as sources of international law

(3)

Chapter 2: The Principle of Equality

(77)

2.1. The principle of equality as a general principle of Community law

(5)

2.2. Formalizing equality: Article 13 EC and the Charter

(8)

2.2.1. Article 13 EC

(2)

2.2.2. The Charter of Fundamental Rights

(1)

2.2.3. The anti-discrimination directives

(5)

2.3. The principle of non-discrimination in the ECHR

(2)

2.4. The application of equality in Community law: General observations

(4)

2.5. Agricultural law

(17)

2.5.1. The Royal Scholten-Honig case

(1)

2.5.2. Comparability

(2)

2.5.3. Objective justification

(19)

2.5.3.1. Discretion of the Community institutions

(4)

2.5.3.2. Different treatment of products of different Member States

(2)

2.5.3.3. Similar treatment of dissimilar situations

(2)

2.5.3.3.1. Individual circumstances of producers

(1)

2.5.3.3.2. Similar treatment of products of different Members States

(1)

2.5.3.4. Other considerations

(3)

2.6. Equal treatment and harmonization of national laws

(2)

2.7. Staff cases

(5)

2.8. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of sex and sexual orientation

102

(16)

2.8.1. Sex equality as a fundamental right

102

(2)

2.8.2. Beyond discrimination on grounds of sex

104

(7)

2.8.3. Positive discrimination

111

(7)

2.9. Article 12 EC: The prohibition of discrimination on grounds of nationality

118

(18)

2.9.1. The content of the prohibition

118

(5)

2.9.2. Scope of application

123

(12)

2.9.2.1. Access to education

124

(4)

2.9.2.2. Intellectual property rights

128

(2)

2.9.2.3. Judicial proceedings

130

(2)

2.9.2.4. European citizenship

132

(3)

2.9.3. Article 12, second paragraph

135

(1)

Chapter 3: The Principle of Proportionality: Review of Community Measures

136

(39)

3.1. The principle of proportionality and its function in Community law

136

(3)

3.2. What does proportionality entail?

139

(2)

3.3. The development of the principle in Community law

141

(1)

3.4. Review of policy measures: The 'manifestly inappropriate' test

142

(7)

3.5. Agricultural law

149

(12)

3.5.1. Market regulation measures

150

(1)

3.5.2. Production control measures

150

(4)

3.5.2.1. Co-responsibility levy

151

(1)

3.5.2.2. Maximum guaranteed quantities

152

(1)

3.5.2.3. Individual quotas

152

(1)

3.5.2.4. The Skimmed Milk cases

153

(1)

3.5.3. Establishment of a common organization of the market

154

(1)

3.5.4. Monetary compensatory amounts

155

(1)

3.5.5. Administrative measures: Forfeiture of deposits and securities

156

(5)

3.6. Health and consumer protection measures

161

(3)

3.7. Protective measures in trade with third States

164

(4)

3.8. Flat-rate reductions

168

(1)

3.9. Sanctions

169

(4)

3.10. Overview of factors to be taken into account

173

(2)

Chapter 4: The Principle of Proportionality: Relationship with Competence and Subsidiarity

175

(18)

4.1. Proportionality as a principle governing the exercise of Community competence

175

(2)

4.2. Case law on proportionality

177

(3)

4.3. Community competence

180

(3)

4.4. Subsidiarity and the ECJ

183

(5)

4.5. Subsidiarity and proportionality under the EU Constitution: An assessment of the Protocol

188

(5)

Chapter 5: The Principle of Proportionality: Review of National Measures

193

(49)

5.1. From the rule of law to economic integration

193

(3)

5.2. Equality and proportionality: Complementary or alternative patterns of integration?

196

(13)

5.2.1. Patterns of integration and the judgment in Keck

196

(3)

5.2.2. Post-Keck developments and initial reactions

199

(2)

5.2.3. Refining Keck: The rediscovery of 'the access to the market' spirit?

201

(8)

5.3. The 'less restrictive alternative' test

209

(11)

5.3.1. Article 30

209

(3)

5.3.2. Mandatory requirements

212

(2)

5.3.3. The limits of the less restrictive alternative test

214

(4)

5.3.4. Equivalence and duplication

218

(2)

5.4. Specific grounds

220

(14)

5.4.1. Public health

221

(4)

5.4.2. Public security

225

(6)

5.4.3. Consumer protection

231

(3)

5.5. Criminal penalties

234

(4)

5.6. The role of national courts

238

(4)

Chapter 6: Legal Certainty and Protection of Legitimate Expectations

242

(56)

6.1. Legal certainty

242

(9)

6.2. Protection of legitimate expectations

251

(1)

6.3. Non-retroactivity

252

(21)

6.3.1. Criminal measures

252

(2)

6.3.2. Non-criminal measures

254

(2)

6.3.3. The conditions of retroactivity

256

(1)

6.3.4. Cases where the Court has annulled retroactive measures

257

(2)

6.3.5. Monetary compensatory amounts

259

(1)

6.3.6. Reinstatement of effects of a measure declared void

260

(2)

6.3.7. Obligation to provide for retroactive effect

262

(3)

6.3.8. The criterion of forseeability

265

(1)

6.3.9. Immediate application of the law

266

(3)

6.3.10. Maintenance of existing advantages and benefits

269

(2)

6.3.11. The presumption against retroactivity

271

(2)

6.4. Legitimate expectations arising from legislation

273

(7)

6.4.1. Protection of specific interests

273

(2)

6.4.2. Milk quotas

275

(5)

6.5. Legitimate expectations arising from conduct of the Community institutions

280

(4)

6.6 Revocation of beneficial administrative acts

284

(1)

6.7. Expectations of a non-commercial nature

285

(1)

6.8. Legitimate expectations and national measures

286

(3)

6.9. Recovery of unduly paid Community monies

289

(3)

6.10. Recovery of unlawful State aid

292

(6)

Chapter 7: Fundamental Rights

298

(72)

7.1. Introduction

298

(2)

7.2. Review of Community measures

300

(19)

7.2.1. The early years

300

(1)

7.2.2. From Internationale Handelsgesellschaft to Hauer

301

(3)

7.2.3. Legislative developments

304

(1)

7.2.4. The national reaction

305

(2)

7.2.5. What is a fundamental right?

307

(4)

7.2.6. Searching for the appropriate standard of protection

311

(2)

7.2.7. The right to property and the freedom to trade

313

(6)

7.3. Review of national measures

319

(18)

7.3.1. Implementing measures

320

(3)

7.3.2. Measures derogating from the fundamental freedoms

323

(4)

7.3.3. Other measures falling within the scope of Community law

327

(2)

7.3.4. The Grogan case: Deference or intervention?

329

(3)

7.3.5. Stretching the scope of Community law: An ever-expanding jurisdiction?

332

(9)

7.3.5.1. From free movement to human rights protection

332

(3)

7.3.5.2. Measures which potentially interfere with free movement

335

(2)

7.4. Human rights versus fundamental freedoms

337

(4)

7.5. Community law and the European Convention on Human Rights

341

(15)

7.5.1. The status of the Convention in Community law

341

(1)

7.5.2. The relationship between the ECJ and the ECtHR: Deference and convergence

342

(2)

7.5.3. The status of the advocate general

344

(4)

7.5.4. From the Straits of Gibraltar to the straits of Bosphorus

348

(5)

7.5.5. EU accession to the ECHR

353

(3)

7.6. The Charter of Fundamental Rights

356

(14)

7.6.1. Origins, objectives, and content of the Charter

356

(3)

7.6.2. Status and effect

359

(3)

7.6.3. Horizontal provisions

362

(8)

Chapter 8: The Rights of Defence

370

(48)

8.1. Introduction

370

(4)

8.2. The right against self-incrimination

374

(4)

8.3. When does the right to a fair hearing apply?

378

(5)

8.4. Member States' rights

383

(2)

8.5. Content of the right to a fair hearing

385

(3)

8.6. Fair hearing and confidentiality

388

(3)

8.7. Consequences of failure to observe

391

(3)

8.8. Competition proceedings

394

(9)

8.8.1. The right to a hearing

394

(3)

8.8.2. Access to the file

397

(4)

8.8.3. Complainants

401

(2)

8.9. Anti-dumping proceedings

403

(2)

8.10. Staff cases

405

(1)

8.11. The relationship between the right to a hearing and other procedural rights

406

(4)

8.12. The principle of good administration

410

(5)

8.13. The right to a hearing before national authorities

415

(3)

Chapter 9: The Principle of Effectiveness

418

(59)

9.1. A decentralized model of justice

418

(2)

9.2. Three phases in the Court's case law

420

(3)

9.3. The dual requirement of equivalence and effectiveness

423

(4)

9.3.1. The principle of effectiveness

424

(1)

9.3.2. The principle of equivalence

424

(3)

9.4. Limitation periods

427

(7)

9.5. Rules specifically introduced to limit Community claims

434

(4)

9.6. Unjust enrichment and the defence of passing on

438

(5)

9.7. Effective judicial review

443

(13)

9.7.1. The right to judicial review before national courts

443

(4)

9.7.2. Intensity of review

447

(6)

9.7.3. Locus standi before national courts

453

(2)

9.7.4. The right to an effective remedy under the Charter

455

(1)

9.8. Compensation

456

(5)

9.8.1. Damages

456

(2)

9.8.2. The payment of interest

458

(3)

9.9. Is a national court required to raise a point of Community law on its own motion?

461

(5)

9.10. Obligation to review final administrative decisions

466

(1)

9.11. Interim measures

467

(10)

9.11.1. Interim relief in national courts to protect Community rights

467

(2)

9.11.2. Interim relief in national courts to suspend national measures implementing Community regulations

469

(8)

Chapter 10: The Liability of Community Institutions

477

(21)

10.1. Article 288(2)

477

(1)

10.2. The case law before Bergaderm

478

(8)

10.2.1. Administrative action

478

(1)

10.2.2. Legislative measures

479

(6)

10.2.2.1. Superior rule of law for the protection of the individual

480

(2)

10.2.2.2. Seriousness of the violation

482

(3)

10.2.3. Measures other than measures of economic policy

485

(1)

10.3. The judgment in Bergaderni

486

(3)

10.4. The post-Bergaderm case law: Discretion and duty of care

489

(3)

10.5. Liability for lawful acts

492

(3)

10.6. Causal link

495

(3)

Chapter 11: State Liability for Breach of EU Law

498

(50)

11.1. The legal basis of State liability

498

(5)

11.2. The conditions of State liability: An overview

503

(1)

11.3. Failure to transpose a directive into national law

504

(5)

11.4. Breach of Community law as a result of action by the national legislature

509

(3)

11.4.1. The case law

509

(2)

11.4.2. A critique of the Court's reasoning

511

(1)

11.5. Breach of the Treaty by the national administration

512

(2)

11.6. Incorrect transposition of a directive

514

(2)

11.7. Seriousness of breach and Member State discretion

516

(5)

11.8. Breach of Union law by the national judiciary

521

(8)

11.8.1. The judgment in Köbler

521

(4)

11.8.2. Assessment and implications

525

(4)

11.9. Causation

529

(4)

11.10. The right to reparation: The importance of national law

533

(1)

11.11. Which authority is responsible for providing reparation?

534

(3)

11.12. The aftermath of Francovich

537

(3)

11.12.1. Time limit

538

(1)

11.12.2. Retroactive application of implementing measures

539

(1)

11.13. The national reaction

540

(1)

11.14. Relationship with other remedies

541

(2)

11.15. Liability of private parties

543

(5)

11.15.1. Horizontal provisions

543

(2)

11.15.2. Implied rights of action

545

(3)

Chapter 12: Conclusions

548

(13)

Bibliography

561

(16)

Index

577

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

The General Principles of EU Law

The General Principles of EU Law

9780199258062

0199258066

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

The General Principles of EU Law

The General Principles of EU Law

9780199258062

0199258066

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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