Rent 9780023947919 | General Chemistry : Principles and Modern Applications

Summary Table of Contents

General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications is recognized for its superior problems, lucid writing, and precision of argument. This updated and expanded edition retains the popular and innovative features of previous editionsincluding Feature Problems, follow-up Integrative and Practice Exercises to accompany every in-chapter Example, and Focus On application boxes, as well as new Keep in Mind marginal notes. Topics covered include atoms and the atomic theory, chemical compounds and reactions, gases, Thermochemistry, electrons in atoms, chemical bonding, liquids, solids, and intermolecular forces, chemical kinetics, principles of chemical equilibrium, acids and bases, electrochemistry, representative and transitional elements, and nuclear and organic chemistry. For individuals interested in a broad overview of chemical principles and applications.

About the Authors
Preface
Student's Guide to Using this Text
Matter-Its Properties and Measurement
The Scientific Method
Properties of Matter
Classification of Matter
Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) Units
Density and Percent Composition: Their Use in Problem Solving
Uncertainties in Scientific Mea... MOREsurements
Significant Figures
Focus on The Scientific Method at Work: Polywater
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
Atoms and the Atomic Theory
Early Chemical Discoveries and the Atomic Theory
Electrons and Other Discoveries in Atomic Physics
The Nuclear Atom
Chemical Elements
Atomic Masses
Introduction to the Periodic Table
The Concept of the Mole and the Avogadro Constant
Using the Mole Concept in Calculations
Focus on Occurrence and Abundances of the Elements
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
Chemical Compounds
Types of Chemical Compounds and Their Formulas
The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds
Composition of Chemical Compounds
Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in Describing Chemical Compounds
Naming Compounds: Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Names and Formulas of Inorganic Compounds
Names and Formulas of Organic Compounds
Focus on Mass Spectrometry-Determining Molecular Formulas
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
Chemical Reactions in Solution
Determining the Limiting Reactant
Other Practical Matters in Reaction Stoichiometry
Focus on Industrial Chemistry
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
The Nature of Aqueous Solutions
Precipitation Reactions
Acid-Base Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction: Some General Principles
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations
Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: Titrations
Focus on Water Treatment
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
Gases
Properties of Gases: Gas Pressure
The Simple Gas Laws
Combining the Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation and the General Gas Equation
Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation
Gases in Chemical Reactions
Mixtures of Gases
Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
Gas Properties Relating to the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Nonideal (Real) Gases
Focus on
Earth's Atmosphere
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
Thermochemistry 220
Getting Started: Some Terminology
Heat
Heats of Reaction and Calorimetry
Work
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Heats of Reaction: DU and DH
Indirect Determination of DH: Hess's Law
Standard Enthalpies of Formation
Fuels as Sources of Energy
Focus on Fats, Carbohydrates, and Energy Storage
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
Electrons in Atoms
Electromagnetic Radiation
Atomic Spectra
Quantum Theory
The Bohr Atom
Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum Mechanics
Wave Mechanics
Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals
Interpreting and Representing the Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom
Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum Number
Multielectron Atoms
Electron Configurations
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
Focus on Helium-Neon Lasers
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
The Periodic Table and Some Atomic Properties
Classifying the Elements: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
Metals and Nonmetals and Their Ions
The Sizes of Atoms and Ions
Ionization Energy
Electron Affinity
Magnetic Properties
Periodic Properties of the Elements
Focus on the Periodic Law and Mercury
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
Lewis Theory: An Overview
Covalent Bonding: An Introduction
Polar Covalent Bonds and Electrostatic Potential Maps
Writing Lewis Structures
Resonance
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Shapes of Molecules
Bond Order and Bond Lengths
Bond Energies
Focus on Molecules in Space: Measuring Bond Lengths
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
Chemical Bonding II: Additional Aspects
What a Bonding Theory Should Do
Introduction to the Valence-Bond Method
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
Multiple Covalent Bonds
Molecular Orbital Theory
Delocalized Electrons: Bonding in the Benzene Molecule
Bonding in Metals
Some Unresolved Issues
Can Electron Charge-Density Plots Help?
Focus on Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular Forces and Some Properties of Liquids
Vaporization of Liquids: Vapor Pressure
Some Properties of Solids
Phase Diagrams
Van der Waals Forces
Hydrogen Bonding
Network Covalent Solids and Ionic Solids
Crystal Structures
Energy Changes in the Formation of Ionic Crystals
Focus on Liquid Crystals
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
Solutions and Their Physical Properties
Types of Solutions: Some Terminology
Solution Concentrations
Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process
Solution Formation and Equilibrium
Solubilities of Gases
Vapor Pressures of Solutions
Osmotic Pressure
Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
Solutions of Electrolytes
Colloidal Mixtures
Focus on Chromatography
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Measuring Reaction Rates
Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates: The Rate Law
Zero-Order Reactions
First-Order Reactions
Second-Order Reactions
Reaction Kinetics: A Summary
Theoretical Models for Chemical Kinetics
The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
Reaction Mechanisms
Catalysis
Focus on Combustion and Explosions
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
Dynamic Equilibrium
The Equilibrium Constant Expression
Relationships Involving Equilibrium Constants
The Magnitude of an Equilibrium Constant
The Reaction Quotient, Q: Predicting the Direction of Net Change
Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le Ch��telier's Principle
Equilibrium Calculations: Some Illustrative Examples
Focus on The Nitrogen Cycle and the Synthesis of Nitrogen Compounds
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
Acids and Bases
Arrhenius Theory: A Brief Review
Brønsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases
Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale
Strong Acids and Strong Bases
Weak Acids and Weak Bases
Polyprotic Acids
Ions as Acids and Bases
Molecular Structure and Acid-Base Behavior
Lewis Acids and Bases
Focus on Acid Rain
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
Additional Aspects of Acid-Base Equilibria
The Common-Ion Effect in Acid-Base Equilibria
Buffer Solutions
Acid-Base Indicators
Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves
Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids
Acid-Base Equilibrium Calculations: A Summary
Focus on Buffers in Blood
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria
Solubility Product Constant, Ksp
Relationship Between Solubility and Ksp
Common-Ion Effect in Solubility Equilibria
Limitations of the Ksp Concept
Criteria for Precipitation and Its Completeness
Fractional Precipitation
Solubility and pH
Equilibria Involving Complex Ions
Qualitative Cation Analysis
Focus on Shells, Teeth, and Fossils
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Free Energy
Spontaneity: The Meaning of Spontaneous Change
The Concept of Entropy
Evaluating Entropy and Entropy Changes
Criteria for Spontaneous Change: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Standard Free Energy Change, DG°
Free Energy Change and Equilibrium
DG° and as Functions of Temperature
Coupled Reactions
Focus on Coupled Reactions in Biological Systems
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
Electrochemistry
Electrode Potentials and Their Measurement
Standard Electrode Potentials
DG, and
as a Function of Concentrations
Batteries: Producing Electricity Through Chemical Reactions
Corrosion: Unwanted Voltaic Cells
Electrolysis: Causing Nonspontaneous Reactions to Occur
Industrial Electrolysis Processes
Focus on Membrane Potentials
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements I: Groups 1, 2, 13, and 14
Group 1: The Alkali Metals
Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals
Ions in Natural Waters: Hard Water
Group 13 Metals: The Boron Family
Group 14 Metals: The Carbon Family
Focus on
Gallium Arsenide
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
Main-Group Elements II: Groups 18, 17, 16, 15, and Hydrogen
Group 18: The Noble Gases
Group 17: The Halogens
Group 16: The Oxygen Family
Group 15: The Nitrogen Family
Hydrogen: A Unique Element
Focus on
The Ozone Layer and Its Environmental Role
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
The Transition Elements
General Properties
Principles of Extractive Metallurgy
Metallurgy of Iron and Steel
First-Row Transition Metal Elements: Scandium to Manganese
The Iron Triad: Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel
Group 11: Copper, Silver, and Gold
Group 12: Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury
Lanthanides
Focus on High Temperature Superconductors
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds
Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds: An Overview
Ligands
Nomenclature
Isomerism
Bonding in Complex Ions: Crystal Field Theory
Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds and Crystal Field Theory
Color and the Colors of Complexes
Aspects of Complex-Ion Equilibria
Acid-Base Reactions of Complex Ions
Some Kinetic Considerations 1
Applications of Coordination Chemistry
Focus on
Colors in Gemstones
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
Nuclear Chemistry
Radioactivity
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Isotopes
Nuclear Reactions and Artificially Induced Radioactivity
Transuranium Elements
Rate of Radioactive Decay
Energetics of Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Stability
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
Effect of Radiation on Matter
Applications of Radioisotopes
Focus on Radioactive Waste Disposal
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
Organic Chemistry
Organic Compounds and Structures: An Overview
Alkanes
Alkenes and Alkynes
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Amines
Heterocyclic Compounds
Nomenclature of Stereoisomers in Organic Compounds
An Introduction to Substitution Reactions at Hybridized Carbon Atoms
Synthesis of Organic Compounds
Polymerization Reactions
Focus on Natural And Synthetic Dyes
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
Chemistry of the Living State
Chemical Structure of Living Matter: An Overview
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Aspects of Metabolism
Nucleic Acids
Focus on Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code
Summary Integrative Example Exercises
Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
Appendixes
Mathematical Operations
Exponential Arithmetic
Logarithms
Algebraic Operations
Graphs
Using Conversion Factors (Dimensional Analysis)
Some Basic Physical Concepts
Velocity and Acceleration
Force and Work
Energy
Magnetism
Static Electricity
Current Electricity
Electromagnetism
SI Units
SI Base Units
SI Prefixes
Derived SI Units A
Units to Be Discouraged or Abandoned A16
Data Tables
Ground-State Electron Configurations

Equilibrium Constants
Standard Electrode (Reduction) Potentials at 25 °C
Concept Mapping
Glossary
Answers to Practice Examples and Selected Exercises
Answers to Concept Assessment Questions and Self-Assessment Exercises
Photo Credits
Index
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