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From Neuron to Brain

by: Nicholls, John G.; Martin, A. Robert; Wallace, Bruce G.; Fuchs, Paul A.

From Neuron to Brain

by: Nicholls, John G.; Martin, A. Robert; Wallace, Bruce G.; Fuchs, Paul A.

ISBN 13:
9780878934393
ISBN 10:
0878934391
Edition: 4th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/01/2001
Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc

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Summary

International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy. A textbook for readers with an interest in the human nervous system with little or no background in the biological sciences. Describes how nerve cells transmit signals, how the signals are put together, and how they coordinate, leading to higher functions. Previous edition: c1992. Illustrated in color.

PART 1 Introduction

Principles of Signaling and Organization

(22)

Signaling in Simple Neuronal Circuits

(1)

Complex Neuronal Circuitry in Relation to Higher Functions

(1)

Organization of the Retina

(4)

Shapes and Connections of Neurons

(2)

Cell Body, Dendrites, and Axons

(1)

Techniques for Identifying Neurons and Tracing Their Connections

(1)

Nonneuronal Cells

(1)

Grouping of Cells According to Function

(1)

Subtypes of Cells in Relation to Function

(1)

Convergence and Divergence of Connections

(1)

Signaling in Nerve Cells

(10)

Classes of Electrical Signals

(1)

Universality of Electrical Signals

(1)

Techniques for Recording Signals from Neurons with Electrodes

(1)

Noninvasive Techniques for Recording Neuronal Activity

(1)

Spread of Local Graded Potentials and Passive Electrical Properties of Neurons

(2)

Spread of Potential Changes in Bipolar Cells and Photo-receptors

(1)

Properties of Action Potentials

(1)

Propagation of Action Potentials along Nerve Fibers

(1)

Action Potentials as the Neural Code

(1)

Synapses: The Sites for Cell-to-Cell Communication

(1)

Chemically Mediated Synaptic Transmission

(1)

Excitation and Inhibition

(1)

Electrical Transmission

(1)

Modulation of Synaptic Efficacy

(1)

Integrative Mechanisms

(1)

Complexity of the Information Conveyed by Action Potentials

(1)

Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurons

(1)

Signals for Development of the Nervous System

(1)

Regeneration of the Nervous System after Injury

(4)

PART 2 Signaling in the Nervous System

Ion Channels and Signaling

(14)

Properties of Ion Channels

(3)

The Nerve Cell Membrane

(1)

What Does an Ion Channel Look Like?

(1)

Channel Selectivity

(1)

Open and Closed States

(1)

Modes of Activation

(1)

Measurement of Single-Channel Currents

(8)

Patch Clamp Recording

(1)

Recording Configurations with Patch Electrodes

(2)

Intracellular Recording with Microelectrodes

(1)

Intracellular Recording of Channel Noise

(2)

Channel Conductance

(1)

Conductance and Permeability

(1)

Equilibrium Potential

(1)

The Nernst Equation

(1)

Driving Force

(1)

Nonlinear Current-Voltage Relations

(1)

Ion Permeation through Channels

(1)

Significance of Ion Channels

(1)

Box 2.1 Measuring Channel Conductance

(2)

Structure of Ion Channels

(22)

The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

(8)

Physical Properties of the ACh Receptor

(1)

Amino Acid Sequence of AChR Subunits

(1)

Higher-Order Chemical Structure

(1)

Channel Structure and Function

(2)

Fetal and Adult ACh Receptors in Mammalian Muscle

(1)

Which AChR Subunits Line the Pore?

(1)

High-Resolution Imaging of the ACh Receptor

(1)

Open and Closed States of the ACh Receptor

(1)

Diversity of Neuronal AChR Subunits

(1)

Subunit Composition of Neuronal ACh Receptors

(1)

A Receptor Superfamily

(1)

GABA, Glycine, and 5-HT Receptors

(1)

Ion Selectivity of Ligand-Gated Channels

(1)

Voltage-Activated Channels

(5)

The Voltage-Activated Sodium Channel

(1)

Amino Acid Sequence and Tertiary Structure of the Sodium Channel

(1)

Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels

(1)

Voltage-Activated Potassium Channels

(1)

How Many Subunits Make a Potassium Channel?

(1)

Pore Formation in Voltage-Activated Channels

(1)

High-Resolution Imaging of a Potassium Channel

(1)

Other Channels

(3)

Voltage-Activated Chloride Channels

(1)

Inward-Rectifying Potassium Channels

(1)

ATP-Activated Channels

(1)

Glutamate Receptors

(1)

Channels Activated by Cyclic Nucleotides

(1)

Diversity of Subunits

(1)

Conclusion

Cloning Receptors and Channels

(5)

Classification of Amino Acids

(1)

Expression of Receptors and Channels in Xenopus Oocytes

(15)

Transport Across Cell Membranes

(16)

The Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump

(2)

Biochemical Properties of Sodium-Potassium ATPase

(1)

Experimental Evidence that the Pump Is Electrogenic

(1)

Mechanism of Ion Translocation

(1)

Calcium Pumps

(2)

Sarcoplasmic and Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPases

(1)

Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase

(1)

Sodium-Calcium Exchange

(3)

The NCX Transport System

(1)

Reversal of Na-Ca Exchange

(2)

Sodium-Calcium Exchange in Retinal Rods

(1)

Chloride Transport

(1)

Chloride-Bicarbonate Exchange

(1)

Potassium-Chloride Cotransport

(1)

Inward Chloride Transport

(1)

Transport of Neurotransmitters

(2)

Transport into Presynaptic Vesicles

(1)

Transmitter Uptake

(1)

Molecular Structure of Transporters

(2)

ATPases

(1)

Sodium-Calcium Exchangers

(1)

Other Ion Transporters

(1)

Transport Molecules for Neurotransmitters

(1)

Significance of Transport Mechanisms

(3)

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

(14)

A Model Cell

(3)

Ionic Equilibrium

(1)

Electrical Neutrality

(1)

The Effect of Extracellular Potassium and Chloride on Membrane Potential

(1)

Membrane Potentials in Squid Axons

(7)

The Effect of Sodium Permeability

(1)

The Constant Field Equation

(1)

The Resting Membrane Potential

(1)

Chloride Distribution

(1)

An Electrical Model of the Membrane

(1)

Predicted Values of Membrane Potential

(1)

Contribution of the Sodium-Potassium Pump to the Membrane Potential

(1)

Ion Channels Associated with the Resting Potential

(1)

Changes in Membrane Potential

(3)

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

(22)

Sodium and Potassium Currents

(2)

How Many Ions Enter and Leave during an Action Potential?

(1)

Positive and Negative Feedback during Conductance Changes

(1)

Measuring Conductance

(1)

Voltage Clamp Experiments

(9)

Capacitative and Leak Currents

(1)

Currents Carried by Sodium and Potassium

(1)

Selective Poisons for Sodium and Potassium Channels

(1)

Dependence of Ion Currents on Membrane Potential

(1)

Inactivation of the Sodium Current

(2)

Sodium and Potassium Conductances as Functions of Potential

100

(1)

Quantitative Description of Sodium and Potassium Conductances

101

(1)

Reconstruction of the Action Potential

101

(1)

Threshold and Refractory Period

102

(1)

Gating Currents

103

(7)

Activation and Inactivation of Single Channels

104

(1)

Molecular Mechanisms of Activation and Inactivation

105

(1)

Gating of Voltage-Activated Channels

105

(1)

Sodium Channel Inactivation

106

(1)

Inactivation of Potassium A-Channels

107

(1)

Kinetic Models of Channel Activation and Inactivation

108

(1)

Properties of Channels Associated with the Action Potential

109

(1)

Other Potassium Channels Contributing to Repolarization

109

(1)

The Role of Calcium in Excitation

110

Calcium Action Potentials

110

(1)

Calcium Ions and Excitability

110

The Voltage Clamp

(18)

Neurons as Conductors of Electricity

113

(20)

Passive Electrical Properties of Nerve and Muscle Membranes

114

(7)

Nerve and Muscle Fibers as Cables

114

(1)

Flow of Current in a Cables

115

(1)

Input Resistance and Length Constant

116

(1)

Membrane Resistance and Longitudinal Resistance

116

(1)

Calculating Membrane Resistance and Internal Resistance

117

(1)

Specific Resistance

117

(1)

The Effect of Diameter on Cable Characteristics

118

(1)

Membrane Capacitance

118

(2)

Time Constant

120

(1)

Capacitance in a Cable

121

(1)

Propagation of Action Potentials

121

(7)

Conduction Velocity

122

(1)

Myelinated Nerves and Saltatory Conduction

123

(1)

Conduction Velocity in Myelinated Fibers

123

(2)

Distribution of Channels in Myelinated Fibers

125

(1)

Channels in Demyelinated Axons

125

(1)

Geometry and Conduction Block

126

(2)

Conduction in Dendrites

128

(1)

Pathways for Current Flow between Cells

128

Structural Basis for Electrical Coupling: The Gap Junction

129

Electrotonic Potentials and the Membrane Time Constant

120

(5)

Classification of Nerve Fibers in Vertebrates

125

(2)

Stimulating and Recording with External Electrodes

127

(3)

Current Flow Between Cells

130

(3)

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

133

(22)

Historical Perspective

134

(1)

Appearance and Classification of Glial Cells

134

(2)

Structural Relations between Neurons and Glia

136

(1)

Physiological Properties of Neuroglial Cell Membranes

137

(3)

Ion Channels, Pumps, and Receptors in Glial Membranes

138

(2)

Electrical Coupling between Glial Cells

140

(1)

Functions of Neuroglial Cells

140

(6)

Myelin and the Role of Neuroglial Cells in Axonal Conduction

140

(2)

Glial Cells, CNS Development, and Secretion of Growth Factors

142

(2)

Role of Microglial Cells in CNS Repair and Regeneration

144

(1)

Schwann Cells as Pathways for Outgrowth in Peripheral Nerves

145

(1)

A Cautionary Note

146

(1)

Effects of Neuronal Activity on Glial Cells

146

(4)

Potassium Accumulation in Extracellular Space

146

(1)

Current Flow and Potassium Movement through Glial Cells

147

(1)

Spatial Buffering of Extracellular Potassium Concentration by Glia

147

(1)

Effects of Transmitters on Glial Cells

148

(1)

Release of Transmitters by Glial Cells

149

(1)

Calcium Waves in Glial Cells

149

(1)

Transfer of Metabolites from Glial Cells to Neurons

150

(1)

Immediate Effects of Glial Cells on Neuronal Signaling

150

(1)

Glial Cells and the Blood-Brain Barrier

150

(3)

Astrocytes and Blood Flow through the Brain: A Speculation

153

(1)

Glial Cells and Immune Responses of the CNS

153

The Blos-Brain Barrier

151

(4)

Principles of Direct Synaptic Transmission

155

(22)

Nerve Cells and Synaptic Connections

156

(2)

Chemical Synaptic Transmission in the Autonomic Nervous System

157

(1)

Chemical Synaptic Transmission at the Vertebrate Skeletal Neuromuscular Junction

157

(1)

Electrical Synaptic Transmission

158

(2)

Identification and Characterization of Electrical Synapses

158

(1)

Synaptic Delay at Chemical and Electrical Synapses

159

(1)

Chemical Synaptic Transmission

160

(9)

Synaptic Structure

160

(2)

Synaptic Potentials at the Neuromuscular Junction

162

(1)

Mapping the Region of the Muscle Fiber Receptive to ACh

163

(1)

Other Techniques for Determining the Distribution of ACh Receptors

164

(2)

Measurement of Ionic Currents Produced by ACh

166

(1)

Significance of the Reversal Potential

167

(1)

Relative Contributions of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium to the End Plate Potential

167

(1)

Resting Membrane Conductance and Synaptic Potential Amplitude

168

(1)

Electrical Model of the Motor End Plate

169

(2)

Kinetics of Currents through Single ACh Receptor Channels

169

(2)

Direct Synaptic Inhibition

171

(6)

Reversal of Inhibitory Potentials

171

(2)

Presynaptic Inhibition

173

(1)

Desensitization

174

(1)

Receptors Mediating Direct and Indirect Chemical Transmission

175

(2)

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

177

(22)

Metabotropic receptors and G Proteins

178

(2)

Structure of Metabotropic Receptors

178

(1)

G Protein Structure and Function

179

(1)

Desensitization

180

(1)

Direct Modulation of Channel Function by G proteins

180

(4)

G Protein Activation of Potassium Channels

181

(1)

G Protein Inhibition of Calcium Channels

182

(2)

G Protein Activation of Cytoplasmic Second Messenge Systems

184

(9)

β-Adrenergic Receptors Activate Calcium Channels via a G Protein-Adenylyl Cyclase Pathway

184

(2)

Regulation of Calcium Channel Activity by Other Signaling pathways

186

(1)

Modulation of Calcium Channel Activity by Phosphorylation

186

(2)

G Protein Activation of Phospholipase C

188

(1)

G Protein Activation of Phospholipase A

188

(1)

Signaling via Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide

189

(4)

Modulation of Potassium and Calcium Channels by Indirectly Coupled Receptors

193

(1)

Calcium as an Intracellular Second Messenger

193

(2)

Calcium-Mediated Rapid Synaptic Inhibition

193

(1)

Complexity of Calcium Signaling Pathways

194

(1)

Prolonged Time Course of Indirect Transmitter Action

195

Identifying Responses Mediated by G Proteins

181

(6)

Cyclic AMP as a Second Messenger

187

(3)

Diacylglycerol and IP3 as Second Messengers

190

(2)

Formation and Metabolism of Arachidonic Acid

192

(7)

Transmitter Release

199

(28)

Characteristics of Transmitter Release

200

(6)

Axon Terminal Depolarization and Release

200

(1)

Synaptic Delay

200

(1)

Evidence that Calcium Is Required for Release

201

(1)

Measurement of Calcium Entry into Presynaptic Nerve Terminals

202

(2)

Localization of Calcium Entry Sites

204

(1)

Role of Depolarization in Release

204

(2)

Quantal Release

206

(7)

Spontaneous Release of Multimolecular Quanta

206

(1)

Nonqunatal Release

207

(1)

Fluctuations in the End-Plate Potential

208

(1)

Statistical Analysis of the End-Plate Potential

209

(2)

Quantum Content at Neuronal Synapses

211

(1)

Number of Molecules in a Quantum

211

(1)

Number of Channels Activated by a Quantum

211

(2)

Changes in Mean Quantal Size at the Neuromuscular Junction

213

(1)

Vesicle Hypothesis of Transmitter Release

213

(14)

Ultrastructure of Nerve Terminals

214

(2)

Release of Vesicle Contents by Exocytosis

216

(1)

Morphological Evidence for Exocytosis

217

(2)

Recycling of Vesicle Components

219

(1)

Monitoring Exocytosis and Endocytosis in Living Cells

220

(7)

Synaptic Plasticity

227

(16)

Short-Term Changes in Signaling

229

(3)

Facilitation and Depression of Transmitter Release

229

(1)

Role of Calcium in Facilitation

230

(1)

Augmentation of Synaptic Transmission

230

(1)

Posttetanic Potentiation

231

(1)

Long-Term Changes in Signaling

232

(11)

Long-Term Potentiation

232

(1)

Associative LTP in Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells

233

(2)

Mechanisms Underlying the Induction of LTP

235

(1)

LTP Expression

235

(1)

Silent Synapses

236

(1)

Up-Regulation of Receptors

236

(2)

Presynaptic LTP

238

(1)

Long-Term Depression

238

(1)

LTD in the Cerebellum

239

(1)

Induction of LTD

240

(1)

Second Messenger Systems Mediating LTD

240

(1)

LTD Expression

241

(1)

Significance of Changes in Synaptic Efficacy

241

(2)

Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry of Synaptic Transmission

243

(28)

Neurotransmitters

244

(3)

The Identification of Transmitters

244

(1)

Neurotransmitters as Messengers

245

(1)

Transmitter Molecules

245

(2)

Neurotransmitter Synthesis

247

(7)

Synthesis of ACh

248

(2)

Synthesis of Dopamine and Norepinephrine

250

(1)

Synthesis of 5-HT

251

(1)

Synthesis of GABA

252

(1)

Synthesis of Glutamate

253

(1)

Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Transmitter Synthesis

253

(1)

Synthesis of Neuropeptides

254

(1)

Storage of Transmitters in Synaptic Vesicles

254

(2)

Axonal Transport

256

(2)

Rate and Direction of Axonal Transport

256

(2)

Microtubules and Fast Transport

258

(1)

Mechanism of Slow Axonal Transport

258

(1)

Transmitter Release and Vesicle Recycling

258

(6)

Sorting of Vesicles within the Nerve Terminal

258

(3)

Conserved Mechanisms for Vesicle Trafficking

261

(1)

Synaptotagmin and the Calcium Dependence of Neurotransmitter Release

261

(1)

Bacterial Neurotoxins Target the SNARE Complex

261

(2)

Recovery of Synaptic Vesicle Membrane Components by Endocytosis

263

(1)

Transmitter Receptor Localization

264

(1)

Presynaptic Receptors

265

(1)

Removal of Transmitters from the Synaptic Cleft

265

Removal of ACh by Acetylcholinesterase

265

(2)

Removal of ATP by Hydrolysis

267

(1)

Removal of Transmitters by Uptake

267

The SNARE Hypothesis

262

(9)

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

271

(20)

Mapping Transmitter Distribution

273

(7)

GABA and Glycine: Inhibitory Transmitters in the CNS

274

(1)

GABA Receptors

275

(1)

Modulation of GABAA Receptor Function by Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates

276

(1)

Glutamate Receptors in the CNS

277

(1)

Nitric Oxide as a Transmitter in the CNS

277

(1)

Acetylcholine: Basal Forebrain Nuclei

278

(1)

Cholinergic Neurons, Cognition, and Alzheimer's Disease

278

(2)

ATP and Adenosine as CNS Transmitters

280

(1)

Peptide Transmitters in the CNS

280

(2)

Substance P

280

(1)

Opioid Peptides

281

(1)

Regulation of Central Nervous System Function by Biogenic Amines

282

Norepinephrine: The Locus Coeruleus

282

(1)

5-HT: The Raphe Nuclei

283

(1)

Histamine: The Tuberomammillary Nucleus

284

(1)

Dopamine: The Substantia Nigra

284

(2)

Targeting Specific Synapses

286

Molecular Methods and CNS Transmitters

272

(19)

PART 3 Integrative Mechanisms

Cellular Mechanisms of Integration and Behavior in Leeches, Ants, and Bees

291

(24)

From Neurons to Behavior and Vice Versa

292

(12)

Integration by Individual Neurons in the CNS of the Leech

293

(1)

Leech Ganglia: Semiautonomous Units

293

(1)

Sensory Cells in Leech Ganglia

293

(3)

Motor Cells

296

(1)

Connections of Sensory and Motor Cells

297

(2)

Short-Term Changes in Synaptic Efficacy

299

(1)

Membrane Potential, Presynaptic Inhibition, and Transmitter Release

299

(2)

Repetitive Firing and Conduction Block

301

(1)

Higher Levels of Integration

302

(1)

The S Interneuron and Sensitization

303

(1)

Navigation by Ants and Bees

304

(9)

The Desert Ant's Pathway Home

304

(3)

The Use of Polarized Light as a Compass

307

(1)

Polarized Light Detection by the Ant's Eye

308

(1)

Strategies for Finding the Nest

309

(1)

Neural Mechanisms for Navigation

310

(1)

Polarized Light and Twisted Photoreceptors in Bees

311

(1)

Use of Magnetic Fields by Bees for Navigation

312

(1)

Why Should One Work on Invertebrate Nervous Systems?

313

(2)

Autonomic Nervous System

315

(18)

Functions under Involuntary Control

316

(5)

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

316

(2)

Synaptic Transmission in Autonomic Ganglia

318

(2)

M-Currents in Autonomic Ganglia

320

(1)

Synaptic Transmission by Postganglionic Axons

321

(2)

Purinergic Transmission

322

(1)

Sensory Inputs to the Autonomic Nervous System

323

(1)

The Enteric Nervous System

324

(1)

Regulation of Autonomic Functions by the Hypothalamus

324

(3)

Hypothalamic Neurons that Release Hormones

327

(1)

Distribution and Numbers of GnRH Cells

327

(1)

Circadian Rhythms

328

The Path to Understanding Sympathetic Mechanisms

323

(10)

Transduction of Mechanical and Chemical Stimuli

333

(22)

Stimulus Coding by Mechanoreceptors

334

(6)

Short and Long Receptors

334

(1)

Encoding Stimulus Parameters by Stretch Receptors

335

(1)

The Crayfish Stretch Receptor

336

(1)

Muscle Spindles

336

(2)

Responses to Static and Dynamic Muscle Stretch

338

(1)

Mechanisms of Adaptation in Mechanoreceptors

339

(1)

Adaptation in the Pacinian Corpuscle

339

(1)

Transduction of Mechanical Stimuli

340

(7)

Mechanosensory Hair Cells of the Verebrate Ear

340

(1)

Structure of Hair Cell Receptors

341

(2)

Transduction by Hair Bundle Deflection

343

(1)

Tip Links and Gating Springs

344

(1)

Transduction Channels in Hair Cells

345

(1)

Adaptation of Hair Cells

345

(2)

Olfaction

347

(3)

Olfactory Receptors

347

(1)

Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels in Olfactory Receptors

348

(1)

Coupling the Receptor to Ion Channels

349

(1)

Odorant Specificity

349

(1)

Mechanisms of Taste (Gustation)

350

(2)

Taste Receptor Cells

350

(1)

Salt Taste and Sour Taste

351

(1)

Sweet Taste and Bitter Taste

351

(1)

Molecular Receptors for Glutamate and Chili

352

(1)

Transduction of Nociceptive and Thermal Stimuli

352

Activation and Sensitization of Nociceptors

352

Sensory Epithelia of the Inner Ear

342

(13)

Processing of Somato-Sensory and Auditory Signals

355

(24)

The Somatosensory System: Tactile Recognition

356

(10)

Organization of Receptors for Fine Touch

356

(1)

Stimulus Coding

357

(1)

Central Pathways

358

(1)

The Somatosensory Cortex

358

(1)

Response Properties of Cortical Neurons

359

(1)

Surround Inhibition

360

(1)

Parallel Processing of Sensory Modalities

361

(1)

Secondary and Associated Somatosensory Cortices

362

(1)

Pain and Temperature Pathways

363

(1)

Central Pathways for Pain

364

(2)

The Auditory System: Encoding Sound Frequency

366

The Cochlea

366

(1)

Frequency Selectivity: Mechanical Tuning

367

(1)

Efferent Inhibition of the Cochlea

368

(2)

Electromotility of Mammalian Cochlear Hair Cells

370

(1)

Electrical Tuning of Hair Cells

370

(2)

Hair Cell Potassium Channels and Tuning

372

(1)

The Auditory Pathway

372

(2)

Auditory Cortex

374

(1)

Sound Localization

375

Brodmann's Areas

364

(15)

Transduction and Signaling in the Retina

379

(28)

The Eye

380

(1)

Anatomical Pathways in the Visual System

380

(1)

Convergence and Divergence of Connections

381

(1)

The Retina

381

(3)

Layering of Cells in the Retina

381

(1)

Rods and Cones

382

(1)

Arrangement and Morphology of Photoreceptors

382

(1)

Electrical Responses of Vertebrate Photoreceptors to Light

383

(1)

Visual Pigments

384

(3)

Absorption of Light by Visual Pigments

384

(1)

Structure of Rhodopsin

385

(1)

Cones and Color Vision

385

(2)

Color Blindness

387

(1)

Transduction by Photoreceptors

387

(7)

Properties of the Photoreceptor Channels

388

(1)

Molecular Structure of Cyclic GMP-gated Channels

389

(1)

The Cyclic GMP Cascade

390

(1)

Vertebrate Photoreceptors with Depolarizing Responses to Light

390

(2)

Amplification through the Cyclic GMP Cascade

392

(1)

Responses to Single Quanta of Light

392

(2)

Transmission from Photoreceptors to Bipolar Cells

394

(5)

Bipolar, Horizontal, and Amacrine Cells

394

(1)

Transmitters in the Retina

395

(1)

The Concept of Receptive Fields

396

(1)

Responses of Bipolar Cells

396

(1)

Receptive Field Organization of Bipolar Cells

397

(1)

Horizontal Cells and Surround Inhibition

398

(1)

Significance of Receptive Field Organization of Bipolar Cells

398

(1)

Receptive Fields of Ganglion Cells

399

The Output of the Retina

399

(1)

The Use of Discrete Visual Stimuli in Intact Animals for Defining Receptive Fields

400

(1)

Ganglion Cell Receptive Field Organization

400

(1)

Sizes of Receptive Fields

400

(2)

Classification of Ganglion Cells

402

(1)

Synaptic Inputs to Ganglion Cells Responsible for Receptive Field Organization

402

(1)

What Information Do Ganglion Cells Convey?

402

Adaptation of Photoreceptors

391

(16)

Signaling in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and the Primary Visual Cortex

407

(20)

The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

408

(3)

Visual Field Maps in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

409

(1)

Functional Layers of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

410

(1)

Cytoarchitecture of the Cortex

411

(3)

Inputs, Outputs, and Layering of Cortex

413

(1)

Segregation of Geniculate Inputs in Layer 4

414

(1)

Strategies for Exploring the Cortex

414

(13)

Cortical Receptive Fields

416

(1)

Responses of Simple Cells

416

(2)

Synthesis of the Simple Receptive Field

418

(1)

Responses of Complex Cells

419

(1)

Synthesis of the Complex Receptive Field

420

(1)

Receptive Fields: Units for Form Perception

421

(6)

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

427

(20)

Ocular Dominance Slabs and Orientation Columns

428

(4)

Orientation Columns

429

(2)

The Relation between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns

431

(1)

Parallel Processing of Form, Motion, and Color

432

(7)

Magnocellular, Paravocellular, and Koniocellular ``Channels''

432

(1)

Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs and Stripes

432

(1)

Projections to Visual Area 2 (V2)

432

(1)

Association Areas of Visual Cortex

433

(1)

Motion Detection and Area MT

434

(1)

Area MT and Visual Tracking

434

(1)

Color Vision

435

(1)

Pathways to Color Vision

436

(1)

Color Constancy

437

(2)

The Integration of Visual Information

439

(3)

Horizontal Connections within Primary Visual Cortex

439

(1)

Receptive Fields from Both Eyes Converging on Cortical Neurons

440

(2)

Connections for Combining Right and Left Visual Fields

442

(1)

Where Do We Go from Here?

442

Functional Imaging

442

(1)

Faces and Letters

443

Color Constancy

438

(6)

Corpus Callosum

444

(3)

Cellular Mechanisms of Motor Control

447

(32)

The Motor Unit

449

(4)

Synaptic Inputs to Motoneurons

449

(1)

Unitary Synaptic Potentials in Motoneurons

450

(1)

The Size Principle and Graded Contractions

451

(2)

Spinal Reflexes

453

(3)

Reciprocal Innervation

453

(1)

Sensory Information from Muscle Receptors

454

(1)

Efferent Control of Muscle Spindles

455

(1)

Flexor Reflexes

456

(1)

Generation of Coordinated Movement

456

(6)

Central Patterns Generators

457

(1)

Locomotion

458

(1)

The Interaction of Sensory Feedback and Central Motor Programs

459

(1)

Respiration

459

(3)

The Organization of Motor Pathways

462

(2)

Organization of Spinal Motoneurons

462

(1)

Supraspinal control of Motoneurons

462

(1)

Lateral Motor Pathways

463

(1)

Medial Motor Pathways

463

(1)

Motor Cortex and the Execution of Voluntary Movement

464

(4)

Association Motor Cortex

465

(1)

The Activity of Cortical Neurons

466

(1)

Cortical Cell Activity Related to Direction of Arm Movements

467

(1)

Planning a Movement

468

(1)

The Cerebellum

468

(5)

Connections of the Cerebellum

469

(1)

Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebellar Cortex

470

(1)

Cellular Activity in Cerebellar Nuclei

471

(1)

Deficits in Patients with Cerebellar Damage

472

(1)

The Basal Ganglia

473

Functional Circuitry of the Basal Ganglia

473

(1)

Cellular Activity in Basal Ganglia

474

(1)

Diseases of the Basal Ganglia

474

Extracellular Recording of Motor Activity

465

(14)

PART 4 Development of the Nervous System

Development of the Nervous System

479

(46)

Terminology

480

(1)

Genetic Approaches for Understanding Development

480

(1)

Early Neural Morphogenesis

481

(4)

Production of Neuronal and Glial Cell Precursors

482

(1)

Migration of Neurons in the CNS

483

(1)

Extracellular Matrix Adhesion Proteins and Neural Crest Cell Migration

484

(1)

Regional Specification of Neural Tissue

485

(3)

Homeotic Genes and Segmentation

485

(2)

Notochord and Floor Plate

487

(1)

General Scheme for Regional Specification

488

(1)

Determination of Neuronal and Glial Cell Identity

488

(9)

Cell Lineage and Inductive Interactions in Simple Nervous Systems

488

(1)

Inductive Interactions in Development of Drosophila Eyes

489

(1)

Cell Lineage in the Mammalian CNS

489

(2)

The Relationship between Neuronal Birthday and Cell Fate

491

(2)

Genetic Abnormalities of Cortical Layers in Reeler Mice

493

(1)

Influence of Local Cues on Cortical Architecture

494

(1)

Hormonal Control of Development

494

(1)

Neural Stem Cells

494

(1)

Control of Neuronal Phenotype in the Peripheral Nervous System

495

(1)

Transmitter Choice in the Peripheral Nervous System

495

(2)

Axon Outgrowth

497

(3)

Growth Cones, Axon Elongation, and the Role of Actin

497

(2)

Cell and Extracellular Matrix Adhesion Molecules and Axon Outgrowth

499

(1)

Axon Guidance

500

(6)

Target-dependent and Target-independent Navigation

501

(1)

Navigation via Guidepost Cells

501

(1)

Synaptic Interactions with Guidepost Cells

501

(1)

Mechanisms of Axon Guidance

502

(1)

Growth Cone Navigation in the Spinal Cord

503

(2)

Semaphorin Family of Chemorepellents

505

(1)

Modulation of Response to Chemorepellents and Chemoattractants

506

(1)

Target Innervation

506

(1)

Synapse Formation

506

(6)

Accumulation of ACh Receptors

507

(1)

Agrin-induced Synaptic Differentiation

508

(3)

Formation of CNS Synapses

511

(1)

Growth Factors and Survival of Neurons

512

(4)

Nerve Growth Factor

512

(1)

Uptake and Retrograde Transport of NGF

512

(2)

The Neurotrophin Family of Growth Factors

514

(1)

Neurotrophins in the CNS

514

(1)

Neurotrophin Receptors

515

(1)

Competitive Interactions during Development

516

(4)

Neuronal Cell Death

516

(1)

Pruning and the Removal of Polyneuronal Innervation

517

(2)

Neuronal Activity and Synapse Elimination

519

(1)

Neurotrophins and Pruning

520

(1)

General Considerations of Neural Specificity

520

Discovery of Nerve Growth Factors

513

(12)

Denervation and Regeneration of Synaptic Connections

525

(24)

Changes in Axotomized Neurons and the Surrounding Glial Cells

526

(2)

Wallerian Degeneration

526

(1)

Retrograde Trans-synaptic Effects of Axotomy

527

(1)

Trophic Substances and the Effects of Axotomy

528

(1)

Effects of Denervation on Postsynaptic Cells

528

(8)

The Denervated Muscle Membrane

528

(1)

Appearance of New ACh Receptors after Denervation or Prolonged Inactivity of Muscle

528

(1)

Synthesis and Degradation or Receptors in Denervated Muscle

529

(1)

Role of Muscle Inactivity in Denervation Supersensitivity

530

(2)

Role of Calcium in Development of Supersensitivity in Denervated Muscle

532

(1)

Neural Factors Regulating ACh Receptor Synthesis

532

(1)

Distribution of Receptors in Nerve Cells after Denervation

533

(1)

Susceptibility of Normal and Denervated Muscles to New Innervation

534

(1)

Supersensitivity and Synapse formation

534

(1)

Denervation-induced Axonal Sprouting

535

(1)

Regeneration in the Vertebrate Peripheral Nervous System

536

(2)

Regrowth of Severed Axons

536

(1)

Specificity of Reinnervation

537

(1)

Properties of Nerve and Muscle after Formation of Aberrant Contacts

538

(1)

Role of Basal Lamina at Regenerating Neuromuscular Synapses

538

(3)

Synaptic Basal Lamina and Formation of Synaptic Specializations

540

(1)

Identification of Agrin

540

(1)

Regeneration in the Mammalian CNS

541

(8)

Role of Glial Cells in CNS Regeneration

541

(1)

Schwann Cell Bridges and Regeneration

542

(1)

Formation of Synapses by Axons Regenerating in the Mammalian CNS

543

(1)

Regeneration in the Immature Mammalian CNS

544

(1)

Neuronal Transplants

544

(5)

Critical Periods in Visual and Auditory Systems

549

(26)

The Visual System in Newly Born Monkeys and Kittens

550

(5)

Receptive Fields and Responses Properties of Cortical Cells in Newborn Animals

550

(1)

Ocular Dominance Columns in Newborn Monkeys and Kittens

551

(1)

Development of Ocular Dominance Columns

552

(2)

Development of Cortical Architecture in Utero

554

(1)

Genetic Factors in the Development of Visual Circuits

554

(1)

Effects of Abnormal Experience in Early Life

555

(5)

Blindness after Lid Closure

555

(1)

Responses of Cortical Cells after Monocular Deprivation

555

(1)

Relative Importance of Diffuse Light and form for Maintaining Normal Responses

556

(1)

Morphological Changes in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus after Visual Deprivation

556

(1)

Morphological Changes in the Cortex after Visual Deprivation

556

(1)

Critical Period of Susceptibility to Lid Closure

556

(2)

Recovery during the Critical Period

558

(2)

Requirements for Maintenance of Functioning Connections in the Visual System

560

(3)

Binocular Lid Closure and the Role of Competition

560

(1)

Effects of Strabismus (Squint)

561

(1)

Changes in Orientation Preference

562

(1)

Critical Periods in Development of Human Visual System and Clinical Implications

562

(1)

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Deprivation Changes

563

(4)

Effects of Impulse Activity on Structure

563

(1)

Synchronized Spontaneous Activity in the Absence of Inputs during Development

564

(2)

Cellular Mechanisms for Plasticity of Connections

566

(1)

Trophic Molecules and the Maintenance of Connections

566

(1)

Segregation of Inputs without Competition

566

(1)

Critical Periods in the Auditory System

567

(3)

Auditory and Visual Experience in Newborn Barn Owls

567

(1)

Effects of Enriched Sensory Experience in Early Life

568

(2)

Critical Periods for Higher Functions

570

(5)

What Is the Biological Advantage of Critical Periods?

571

(4)

PART 5 Conclusion

Open Questions

575

Cellular and Molecular Studies of Neuronal Functions

576

(1)

Functional Importance of Intercellular Transfer of Materials

576

(1)

Development and Regeneration

577

(1)

Genetic Approaches to Understanding the Nerveous System

577

(1)

Sensory and Motor Integration

577

(1)

Rhythmicity

578

(1)

Input from Clinical Neurology to Studies of the Brain

578

(1)

Input from Basic Neuroscience to Neurology

579

(1)

The Rate of Progress

580

(1)

Conclusions

580

Appendix A. Current Flow in Electrical Circuits

A-1

Appendix B. Metabolic Pathways for the Synthesis and Inactivation of Low-Molecular-Weight Transmitters

B-1

Appendix C. Structures and Pathways of the Brain

C-1

Glossary

G-1

Bibliography

BB-1

Index

I-1

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From Neuron to Brain

From Neuron to Brain

9780878934393

0878934391

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

From Neuron to Brain

From Neuron to Brain

9780878934393

0878934391

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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