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Four in One : Thinking, Reading, Writing, Researching

ISBN: 9780205152803 | 0205152805
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
Pub. Date: 12/1/1998

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Table of Contents
Prefacexiii
PART I Thinking Clearly1(38)
Effective Thinking
3(6)
Use Random Thinking to Release Thoughts
... MORE4(1)
Use Reflective Thinking to Generate Information
5(1)
Use Critical Thinking to Analyze and Evaluate Information
5(4)
Activities
7(2)
Critical Thinking
9(16)
Thinking Critically Is Not Fault Finding
9(1)
Surviving the Information Onslaught
10(1)
Profile of a Critical Thinker
10(4)
Becoming a Critical Thinker
14(11)
Interpret Experience
14(1)
Distinguish Fact from Opinion
15(1)
Identify Assumptions Buried in Information
16(1)
Evaluate Information by Five Criteria
16(1)
Identify Logical Fallacies Embedded in Information
17(3)
Activities
20(5)
Critical Thinking and Working with Others
25(14)
Working in Groups
26(3)
Establish a Clear Organization
26(2)
Use the Rogerian Approach to Resolve Conflicts
28(1)
Thinking Critically during Group Work
29(2)
Avoid Groupthink
29(1)
Examine Emotional Appeals Critically
30(1)
Be Aware of Persuasive Techniques
30(1)
Evaluate a Group's Logical Thinking
31(8)
Inductive Reasoning
31(2)
Deductive Reasoning
33(3)
Activities
36(3)
PART II Writing College Essays39(120)
Preparing to Write an Essay
41(13)
Writing and Thinking
41(2)
Writing Sharpens Critical Thinking
41(1)
Writing Provides a Record of Thinking
42(1)
Levels of Thinking
42(1)
Assess the Writing Situation
43(5)
Determine an Assignment's Length and Time Limit
43(1)
Clarify the Purpose of the Assignment
43(3)
Use Common Information Sources
46(1)
Picture a Reader
46(2)
Employ Common Essay Conventions
48(6)
Have a Dominant Purpose
48(1)
Use a Consistent Essay Strategy
49(1)
Use Consistent Paragraph Strategies
50(1)
Activities
50(4)
The Composing Process: Prewriting and Informal Planning
54(21)
A Student's Composing Process
55(5)
Assessment of the Writing Situation
58(2)
Use Prewriting Techniques to Explore an Assignment
60(4)
Listing
60(1)
Freewriting
61(1)
Clustering
61(2)
Asking Questions
63(1)
Consulting
63(1)
Identify and Limit a Subject
64(1)
Compose a Purpose Statement
65(1)
A Student's Prewriting Activities
66(9)
Prewriting Activities at Work
66(4)
Formulating a Purpose Statement
70(1)
Developing an Informal Plan
70(2)
Activities
72(3)
Writing a Thesis Statement and a Formal Plan
75(11)
Write an Effective Thesis Statement
75(5)
Make a Promise
76(1)
Use Precise Language
77(1)
Imply a Method of Development
78(1)
Forecast a Development Pattern
79(1)
Develop a Formal Plan
80(6)
Plan with a Reader in Mind
80(1)
Formal Outlines
80(2)
A Student's Outlining Process
82(1)
Activities
83(3)
Writing Paragraphs for the Rough Draft
86(24)
Write the Introduction
87(3)
A Student Roughs Out an Introduction
89(1)
Write the Discussion
90(13)
Organize Discussion Paragraphs
90(10)
A Student Roughs Out Discussion Paragraphs
100(3)
Write the Conclusion
103(2)
A Student Roughs Out a Conclusion
104(1)
Create the Title
105(1)
A Student Creates a Title
106(1)
Combine the Sections of the Rough Draft
106(4)
A Student Completes a Rough Draft
107(2)
Activities
109(1)
Responses to a Rough Draft: Instructor and Peer Comments
110(5)
Instructor Comments
110(1)
Peer Comments
111(4)
Peer-Review Responsibilities
111(3)
Activities
114(1)
Revising a Rough Draft: Structure, Paragraphs, and Sentences
115(32)
Approach Revision Systematically
116(9)
Revise the Whole Essay
116(1)
Revise from the Reader's Perspective
116(1)
Revise to Add or Delete Content
117(1)
Revise the Organization for Unity
118(2)
Revise for Point of View
120(2)
Revise the Paragraphs
122(1)
Revise the Sentences
123(2)
Guidelines for Revision
125(22)
Cut Unnecessary Words
125(2)
Cut Intensifiers
127(2)
Select Specific and Concrete Words
129(3)
Replace Weak Verbs with Strong Verbs
132(2)
Make Passive Sentences Active
134(1)
Eliminate Sexist Language
135(1)
Consider the Denotations and Connotations of Words
136(1)
Use Figurative Language with Care
136(2)
Revise Sentences for Proper Coordination
138(2)
Revise Sentences for Proper Subordination
140(1)
Place Modifiers with Care
141(1)
Correct Faulty Pronoun References
142(1)
Eliminate Inconsistencies
143(2)
Complete Incomplete Sentences
145(1)
Maintain Parallelism
145(1)
Activities
146(1)
Preparing to Submit an Essay
147(12)
Proofread Your Revised Draft
147(6)
Proofread for Consistent Diction
147(1)
Proofread for Sentence Flow and Variety
148(1)
A Student Proofreads Her Revised Draft
149(4)
Prepare the Final Draft Using Standard Manuscript Form
153(6)
Materials
153(1)
Margins
153(1)
Indentation
154(1)
Pagination
154(1)
Identification
154(1)
Title
154(1)
A Student's Final Draft
154(4)
Activities
158(1)
PART III Development Patterns159(146)
Description: Rendering Experience
161(17)
The Method
161(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Description
162(3)
Writing an Essay Developed by Description
165(8)
Provide Descriptive Detail
166(2)
Distinguish Objective from Subjective Description
168(2)
Create a Dominant Impression
170(1)
Consider Arrangement of Details
171(1)
Use Transitions
172(1)
Revising Descriptive Paragraphs
173(5)
Guidelines for Writing Descriptive Essays
174(1)
Suggestions for Descriptive Essays
174(4)
Narration: Connecting Events
178(18)
The Method
178(2)
A Student Essay Developed by Narration
180(4)
Writing an Essay Developed by Narration
184(8)
Create a Narrative Effect
184(2)
Follow a Narrative Structure
186(1)
Use Scene and Summary
187(2)
Establish Point of View
189(1)
Follow Chronological or Psychological Time
190(2)
Use Transitions
192(1)
Revising Narrative Paragraphs
192(4)
Guidelines for Writing Narrative Essays
193(1)
Suggestions for Narrative Essays
193(3)
Examples: Illustrating Experience
196(16)
The Method
196(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Examples
197(4)
Writing an Essay Developed by Examples
201(6)
Use a Variety of Examples
201(1)
Select Examples with Care
202(1)
Use Examples with Purpose
202(5)
Use Transitions
207(1)
Revising Examples Paragraphs
207(5)
Guidelines for Writing Examples Essays
209(1)
Suggestions for Examples Essays
209(3)
Comparison: Showing Similarities and Differences
212(13)
The Method
212(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Comparison
212(3)
Writing an Essay Developed by Comparison
215(6)
Select Appropriate Subjects for Comparison
216(1)
Establish the Comparison Early
217(1)
Decide on the Appropriate Arrangement
218(2)
Use Transitions
220(1)
Revising Comparison Paragraphs
221(4)
Guidelines for Writing Comparison Essays
222(1)
Suggestions for Comparison Essays
222(3)
Cause and Effect: Exploring Reasons and Results
225(19)
The Method
225(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Cause and Effect
226(3)
Writing an Essay Developed by Cause and Effect
229(9)
Avoid Reasoning Errors
231(1)
Distinguish Causes and Effects
232(5)
Use Transitions
237(1)
Revising Cause and Effect Paragraphs
238(6)
Guidelines for Writing Cause and Effect Essays
239(1)
Suggestions for Cause and Effect Essays
239(5)
Process Analysis: Explaining Step by Step
244(13)
The Method
244(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Process Analysis
245(2)
Writing an Essay Developed by Process Analysis
247(5)
Determine the Appropriate Type of Analysis
248(3)
Consider the Reader's Level of Knowledge
251(1)
Use Transitions
251(1)
Revising Process Analysis Paragraphs
252(5)
Guidelines for Writing Process Analysis Essays
253(1)
Suggestions for Process Analysis Essays
253(4)
Classification and Division: Analyzing and Arranging Experience
257(13)
The Method
257(2)
A Student Essay Developed by Classification and Division
259(3)
Writing an Essay Developed by Classification and Division
262(3)
Create Categories
262(1)
Arrange and Label Categories
263(2)
Use Transitions
265(1)
Revising Classification and Division Paragraphs
265(5)
Guidelines for Writing Classification and Division Essays
267(1)
Suggestions for Classification and Division Essays
267(3)
Definition: Creating Impressions
270(16)
The Method
270(2)
A Student Essay Developed by Definition
272(3)
Writing an Essay Developed by Definition
275(6)
Determine the Appropriate Type of Definition
275(4)
Use Extended Definition with Other Development Patterns
279(2)
Use Transitions
281(1)
Revising Definition Paragraphs
281(5)
Guidelines for Writing Definition Essays
282(1)
Suggestions for Extended Definition Essays
283(3)
Argument: Convincing a Reader
286(19)
The Method
286(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Argument
287(4)
Writing an Essay Developed by Argument
291(7)
Establish an Assertion and Provide Evidence
292(1)
Arrange the Argument Logically
293(1)
Recognize the Reader
293(1)
Examine the Argument
294(2)
Structure Argument Paragraphs
296(2)
Revising Argument Paragraphs
298(7)
Guidelines for Writing Argument Essays
300(1)
Suggestions for Argument Essays
300(5)
PART IV The Research Essay305(128)
Finding and Researching a Topic
307(27)
What Is a Research Essay?
307(3)
Length
308(1)
Organization
308(1)
Including Your Own Ideas
309(1)
Getting Started: Find and Narrow a Suitable Topic
310(8)
Frame a Research Question
310(1)
Start with a Topic That Interests You
311(1)
Select a Topic That Allows for Discussion
312(1)
Use Library Resources to Find and Narrow a Topic
312(4)
Look for a Topic Online
316(2)
Gather Information on the Research Topic
318(5)
Consult Bibliographies
319(1)
Use Book, Magazine, and Journal Indexes
320(1)
Use Newspaper Indexes
321(2)
Prepare a Working Bibliography
323(1)
Take Notes on Your Research
324(10)
Take Notes Strategically
324(1)
Take Notes with a Purpose in Mind
324(2)
Use Effective Notetaking Methods
326(4)
Avoid Plagiarism
330(1)
Work with a Preliminary Thesis
330(2)
Research Exercises
332(2)
Researching on the Internet
334(21)
Accessing the Internet: Online Is Onboard
334(2)
Using Internet Addresses
334(2)
Researching with URLs
336(1)
Overview of Internet Systems
336(15)
The World Wide Web: Worlds within a World
337(1)
Search Engines: Workhorses of the Web
338(4)
Telnet: Borrowing a Remote Computer
342(2)
FTP: Borrowing Remote Files
344(1)
Gopher: Searching a Menu
345(2)
WAIS: Ranking Searching Results
347(1)
E-Mail: Electronic Letters
348(1)
Listservs and Mailing Lists: Group E-Mail
348(1)
Usenet/Newsgroups: Posting Information
349(2)
Evaluating Internet Resources: Whom Can You Trust?
351(4)
The Range of Internet Content
351(1)
A Reliability Checklist for Internet Sources
352(1)
Research Activities
353(2)
Writing Your Research Essay: From Planning to Typing the Final Draft
355(29)
Planning Your Essay
355(3)
Use Your Research Notes
355(1)
Review Your Research Question
356(1)
Review Your Preliminary Thesis Statement
356(1)
Devise a Final (Working) Thesis Statement
357(1)
Develop an Outline
357(1)
Use Other Planning Strategies, as Needed
358(1)
Writing Your Essay
358(4)
Write an Effective Introduction
358(1)
Develop a Discussion of the Topic
359(2)
Write a Concluding Paragraph
361(1)
Revise, Edit, and Proofread
362(2)
Revise to Improve Global Qualities
362(1)
Edit for Clarity and Correctness
362(1)
Proofread to Make Minor Corrections
363(1)
Guidelines for Typing Your Research Essay
364(2)
A Student's Research Essay
366(18)
Research Exercises
383(1)
Documenting Sources in Your Research Essay
384(49)
MLA-Style Documentation
385(29)
Parenthetical Citation
385(6)
Content Notes
391(1)
Preparing the Works Cited Page
392(22)
Sample Works Cited Page
414(1)
APA-Style Documentation
414(19)
Abstracts and Headings
414(1)
Parenthetical Citation
414(7)
Preparing the References Page
421(9)
Sample References Page
430(1)
Research Exercises
431(2)
PART V Writing for Other Purposes433(38)
Writing about Literature
435(14)
Read to Respond to the Work
435(1)
Take Notes As You Read
435(1)
List Your Ideas As You Read
436(1)
Formulate a Thesis Statement about the Work
436(1)
Write an Effective Introduction to Your Essay
437(1)
Develop Your Discussion of the Literary Work
438(1)
Write an Effective Conclusion to Your Essay
439(1)
Identify Your Sources
439(2)
Use Parenthetical Citation
440(1)
Follow Other Standard Practices for Writing about Literature
441(2)
Mention Authors' Names
441(1)
Write in the Present Tense
442(1)
Avoid Using Excessive Summary
442(1)
Create an Accurate Title
442(1)
A Sample Essay on a Literary Work
443(4)
Glossary of Literary Terms and Concepts
447(2)
Activities
448(1)
Writing for an Essay Exam
449(9)
Preparing for an Essay Exam
449(3)
Review Major Course Concepts
449(1)
Use Direction Words to Write Practice Questions
450(1)
Prepare a List or Outline
451(1)
Write a Practice Response
451(1)
Make a Spelling List
452(1)
Prepare Yourself for the Exam
452(1)
Writing the Essay Exam
452(3)
Read and Understand the Question
452(1)
Plan Your Time
453(1)
Plan Your Answer
453(1)
Write Your Response
453(2)
Revise and Proofread
455(1)
A Sample Essay Exam Response
455(3)
Activities
457(1)
Writing for Business: Letters, Resumes, Memos, FAXes, and E-Mail
458(13)
Writing a Business Letter
458(5)
Formats of Business Letters
458(2)
Elements of Business Letters
460(3)
Writing a Resume and Cover Letter
463(2)
Creating a Resume
463(2)
Writing a Cover Letter
465(1)
Writing a Memo
465(2)
Memo Form
467(1)
Writing a FAX and an E-Mail
467(4)
Sending a FAX
467(2)
Sending an E-Mail
469(1)
Activities
470(1)
PART VI Readings for Writers471(7)
Three Tips for a First Reading
473(3)
Examine the Title
473(1)
Take Quick Notes
474(1)
Record First Impressions
474(1)
What You See Is the Real You
475(1)
Willard Gaylin
Five Tips for Rereading
476(2)
Review the Beginning and End
477(1)
Reread with the Purpose in Mind
477(1)
Examine the Style
477(1)
Linger on Interesting Passages
478(1)
Record Your Closing Impressions
478(1)
Selected Readings478(163)
Finishing School
479(4)
Maya Angelou
I Want a Wife
483(3)
Judy Brady
Why Don't We Complain?
486(5)
William F. Buckley, Jr.
Entropy
491(4)
K. C. Cole
Toxins in the Mother Tongue
495(11)
David James Duncan
Marginal Men
506(4)
Barbara Ehrenreich
About Men
510(3)
Gretel Ehrlich
Shameless Talk Shows
513(6)
C. Eugene Emery, Jr.
The Ways We Lie
519(7)
Stephanie Ericsson
How Urban Myths Reveal Society's Fears
526(4)
Neal Gabler
The Revolt of the Black Bourgeoisie
530(4)
Leonce Gaiter
Why Men Marry
534(3)
George Gilder
Becoming Desensitized to Hate Words
537(3)
Ellen Goodman
Crack and the Box
540(5)
Pete Hamill
Why One Peaceful Woman Carries a Pistol
545(6)
Linda M. Hasselstrom
Why We Crave Horror Movies
551(3)
Stephen King
The Shrieking of the Lambs
554(13)
Andrew Klavan
The Case for Torture
567(4)
Michael Levin
Denial Behavior
571(7)
Michael Medved
Sexism in English: A 1990s Update
578(11)
Alleen Pace Nilsen
A Hanging
589(4)
George Orwell
Future Shlock
593(7)
Neil Postman
The War Room at Bellevue
600(6)
George Simpson
Black Men and Public Space
606(3)
Brent Staples
A Modest Proposal
609(7)
Jonathan Swift
Mother Tongue
616(5)
Amy Tan
Being a Man
621(4)
Paul Theroux
On Natural Death
625(3)
Lewis Thomas
The Damned Human Race
628(7)
Mark Twain
Once More to the Lake
635(6)
E. B. White
PART VII Handbook641(76)
Sentence Errors
643(36)
Sentence Fragments
643(3)
Run-on Sentences
646(2)
Subject/Verb Agreement
648(5)
Verb Tense
653(1)
Pronoun Case
654(5)
Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement
659(2)
Pronoun Reference
661(2)
Gender-Neutral Language
663(2)
Reminders for ESL Writers
665(14)
Punctuation
679(23)
Commas
679(8)
Semicolons
687(1)
Colons
688(2)
Dashes
690(1)
Apostrophes
691(2)
Quotation Marks
693(4)
Ellipses
697(1)
Parentheses
698(1)
Brackets
699(1)
Slashes
699(1)
End Punctuation Marks
700(2)
Mechanics
702(15)
Capitalization
702(2)
Underlining
704(2)
Numbers
706(1)
Abbreviations
706(2)
Hyphens
708(1)
Spelling
709(8)
Author Biographies717(2)
Indexes
Rhetorical Index719(2)
Thematic Index721(2)
General Index723

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