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Forensic Science Handbook Volume III

ISBN: 9780133253900 | 0133253902
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Pearson College Div
Pub. Date: 1/1/1993

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SummaryTable of Contents
Designed to provide practicing scientists with extensive knowledge and reference material to support scientific testimony in the courtroom, this book presents authoritative, updated reviews designed to familiarize the reader with the latest techniques and methods available to forensic scientists. Practitioners will find this volume and its two other companions to be a handy reference for acquiring a working knowledge of examination techniques for a wide-range of crime-scene evidence. This volume focuses on DNA analysis, fiber analysis, drug ide... MORE
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Prefacexiii
Legal Standards for the Admissibility of Novel Scientific Evidence
1(23)
Factors Affecting Reliance by the Courts on Scientific Evidence
2(1)
The Motion in Limine
3(2)
Standards for Admissibility
5(13)
The Frye Standard
6(7)
The Relevancy/Federal Rules Approach
13(1)
The Relevancy Standard
13(3)
The Federal Rules of Evidence
16(2)
References
18(6)
A Guide to the Analysis of Forensic Dust Specimens
24(47)
Occurrence, Collection, and Preservation of Dust Specimens
26(4)
Initial Examination
30(2)
Characterization and Identification Procedures
32(33)
Human Hair
32(4)
Animal Hair
36(8)
Synthetic Fibres
44(7)
Mineral Glass, and Related Material
51(6)
Miscellaneous Substances
57(8)
Dust Comparison
65(1)
Conclusion
65(1)
References
65(6)
Forensic Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy
71(125)
Theory
73(22)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
73(3)
Vibrations of Diatomic Molecules
76(1)
Classical Description of the Vibrational Motions of One-and Two-Particle Systems
76(3)
Quantum Mechanical Model
79(1)
Vibrational Transitions of Diatomic Molecules
80(1)
Classical Description of Absorption of Infrared Radiation
80(1)
Selection Rules
80(2)
Rotational Energy Levels
82(1)
Spectrum of Hydrogen Chloride Vapor
83(2)
Vibration of Polyatomic Molecules
85(1)
Classical Description of the Vibrational Motions of Multiparticle Systems
85(1)
Vibrations Energy Levels and Transitions of Polyatomic Molecules
86(1)
Nature of Normal Modes
87(2)
Spectra of Water and Carbon Dioxide Vapors
89(2)
Factors Affecting Infrared Spectra
91(1)
Molecular Symmetry
91(2)
Other Factors
93(1)
Physical State
94(1)
Specificity and Limitation of Infrared Spectroscopy
95(8)
Vapor Spectra of Small Molecules
95(1)
Organic Compounds
96(1)
Homologous Series
96(2)
Comparison of Infrared and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectral Data
98(1)
Inorganic Compounds
98(1)
Ionic Salts
98(1)
Covalent Salts
99(3)
Low-Frequency Limitations
102(1)
Silicates
102(1)
Instrumentation
103(13)
The Michelson Interferometer
103(3)
Spectral Resolution
106(1)
Apodization
107(1)
Data Acquisition
108(1)
Generation of a Spectrum
108(2)
Spectral Noise
110(1)
Data Processing
111(1)
Some Considerations in Choosing an FT-IR Instrument
112(1)
Resolution
112(1)
Spectral Monitoring Ability
113(1)
Optical Configurations
113(1)
Detectors
114(2)
Plotters
116(1)
Sampling Techniques and Accessories
116(14)
Diffuse Reflectance
117(3)
Diamond Anvil Cell
120(2)
Infrared Microscope
122(1)
Gas Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared (QC/FT-IR) Spectroscopy
123(2)
Thin Layer Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared (TLC/FT-Ir) Spectroscopy
125(1)
Gas Chromatography/Matrix isolation--Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
126(2)
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)
128(1)
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
129(1)
Application
130(29)
Controlled Substances
130(2)
Screening and Unknown Analysis
132(1)
Determination of Drug Form
132(4)
Identification Methods
136(4)
Clandestine Laboratory Analysis
140(1)
Toxicology
141(1)
Paint
142(1)
Automotive Topcoats
142(1)
Automotive Undercoats
143(4)
Architectural Coatings and Other Paints
147(1)
Sampling Methods
148(2)
Comparison of Infrared and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Data for Paints
150(1)
Fibers
150(2)
Explosives
152(2)
Synthetic Polymers
154(1)
Document Analysis
155(1)
Miscellaneous Evidence
156(2)
Contaminants
158(1)
Future Directions
159(2)
Acknowledgments
161(1)
References
162(34)
Infrared Microscopy and its Forensic Applications
196(57)
Optical Design
198(16)
Components
199(4)
Features
203(1)
Cassegrainian Reflecting Optics
204(2)
Apertures
206(6)
Detectors
212(1)
Reflection Operation Optics
212(1)
Glass Objectives
212(1)
Visible Polarizers
213(1)
Infrared Polarizers
213(1)
Photomicrography
214(1)
Motorized Stage
214(1)
Spectral Measurement Methods and Sample Preparation
214(7)
Transmission
215(1)
External Reflection
216(1)
Reflection-Absorption
217(1)
Specular Reflection
218(1)
Diffuse Reflection
218(2)
Diffuse Transmission
220(1)
Internal Reflection
221(1)
Applications
221(24)
Synthetic Polymers
221(2)
Fibers
223(7)
Paint
230(3)
Auto Parts
233(1)
Adhesives and Tapes
234(2)
Individual Components
236(1)
General Polymers
237(1)
Standard-Sized Samples
238(1)
Controlled Substances
238(1)
Toxicology
239(1)
Explosives
239(1)
Documents
240(1)
Inks
240(2)
Art Forgeries
242(1)
Inorganic Samples
242(1)
Contaminants
242(3)
The Future
245(3)
Acknowledgment
248(1)
References
248(5)
Forensic Pharmacology
253(34)
Basic Principles of Pharmacology
254(26)
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion
259(1)
Absorption
259(2)
Distribution
261(1)
Metabolism
262(1)
Excretion
263(3)
Drug Action or Pharmacodynamics
266(1)
Dose-Response Relationships
267(4)
Blood Level Data: Significance and Use
271(7)
Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions
278(2)
Other Drugs of Interest to the Forensic Scientist
280(5)
Introduction
280(1)
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol, Tylenol)
280(1)
Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin)
281(1)
Antidepressants
281(1)
Benzodiazepines
282(1)
Cocaine
282(1)
Cyanide
283(1)
Where to Find Information on Other Drugs of Interest
284(1)
References
285(2)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Structure and Function -- A Review
287(71)
Chemical Composition
289(6)
The Watson-Crick Model of DNA
295(6)
Stability
299(2)
Central Dogma
301(1)
The Genetic Code
302(4)
Methylation of Bases in DNA
306(1)
Transaction and Translation
307(4)
Introns
311(1)
Chromosome Structure
312(2)
DNA Synthesis in the Cell Cycle
314(9)
DNA Polymerase
316(4)
Okazaki Fragments
320(3)
Repetitious DNA
323(4)
Palindromic DNA
326(1)
Restriction Enzymes
327(3)
Mitochondrial DNA
330(2)
Plasmids As Gene-Cloning Vectors
332(1)
DNA Profiling (RELP Analysis)
333(4)
DNA Sequencing
337(7)
Enzymatic Sequencing
338(2)
Chemical Sequencing
340(4)
Production of Transgenic Animals
344(1)
Gene Therapy
345(1)
Medical Benefits, Legal and Ethical Considerations
346(1)
Acknowledgments
347(1)
References
347(11)
Forensic DNA Typing of Highly Polymorphic VNTR Loci
358(58)
Fundamentals of DNA Structure
359(2)
Genetic Markers Used for Forensic RELP Typing
361(2)
The RELP Typing Procedure
363(18)
DNA Isolation
363(2)
Assessment of the Quantity and Quality of Human Genomic DNA
365(4)
Restriction Endonculease Digestion
369(4)
Analytical Agarose Gel Elecrophoresis
373(1)
Southern Transfer
373(1)
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
374(1)
Autoradiography
374(1)
Membrane Stripping
375(1)
Critical Controls
375(4)
Technical Limitations
379(1)
Mutation of VNTR Alleles
380(1)
Interpretation of RELP Typing Results
381(8)
Image Analysis
381(1)
Criteria for Classifying Alleles Used in DNA Typing
381(2)
Limited Resolution and Band Shifting
383(3)
Defining a Match
386(1)
The Significance of a DNA Profile Match
387(1)
The DNA Profile match -- What Do the Numbers Mean?
388(1)
Validity and Reliability of RELP Typing and Data Interpretation
389(3)
The RELP Typing Procedure
389(1)
The Statistical Strength of a DNA Profile Match
390(2)
Concluding Remarks
392(1)
Acknowledgments
393(1)
References
393(5)
Appendix 7.1 Guidelines for a Quality Assurance Program for DNA Analysis
398(18)
DNA Analysis in Biological Evidence: Application of the Polymerase Chain Reaction
416(37)
The Polymerase Chain Reaction
417(7)
The PCR Process
418(2)
Variables Affecting Amplification
420(2)
Fidelity Considerations
422(2)
Other Amplification Processes
424(1)
Detection of Genetic Variation
424(9)
Detection of Sequence Variation
425(3)
Allele Specific Amplification
428(1)
Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay
429(1)
Variation at Restriction Sites
429(1)
Direct Sequencing
430(1)
Detection of Length Variation
431(2)
Determination of Sex and Species Origin
433(2)
Determination of Sex Origin
433(2)
Determination of Species Origin
435(1)
Biological Evidence Analysis Using PCR
435(7)
Sample Preparation
435(2)
Amplification Inhibition
437(1)
Effects of Environmental Insult
437(1)
Degradation
438(1)
Chemical Modification of Nucleotides
438(3)
Contamination
441(1)
Preservation for Reanalysis
442(1)
Interpretation of Results: Statistical Considerations
442(4)
Background: The Rationale of Genetic Testing
442(2)
Criticism of Multilocus Frequency Estimation in DNA Typing
444(1)
Multilocus Frequency Estimation for PCR-based DNA Markers
445(1)
Acknowledgments
446(1)
References
446(7)
Index453

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