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| List of Contributors | |
| Preface | |
| Creating and formulating flavours | |
| Introduction | |
| Interpreting analyses | |
| Flavour characteristics | |
| Applications | |
| Flavour forms | |
| Production issues | |
| Regulatory affairs | |
| A typical flavour | |
| Commercial considerations | |
| Summary | |
| References | |
| Flavour legislation | |
| Introduction | |
| Methods of legislation | |
| Legislation in the United States | |
| International situation | |
| Council of Europe | |
| European community | |
| Current EU Situation and the future | |
| References | |
| Basic chemistry and process conditions for reaction flavours with particular focus on Maillard-type reactions | |
| Introduction | |
| General aspects of the Maillard reaction cascade | |
| Important aroma compounds derived from Maillard reaction in food and process flavours | |
| Preparation of process flavours | |
| Outlook | |
| References | |
| Biotechnological flavour generation | |
| Introduction | |
| Natural flavours market situation and driving forces | |
| Advantages of biocatalysis | |
| Micro-organisms | |
| Enzyme technology | |
| Plant catalysts | |
| Flavours through genetic engineering | |
| Advances in bioprocessing | |
| Conclusion | |
| References | |
| Natural sources of flavours | |
| Introduction | |
| Properties of flavour molecules | |
| Dairy flavours | |
| Fermented products | |
| Cereal products | |
| Vegetable sources of flavour | |
| Fruit | |
| Other flavour characteristics | |
| Fragrance uses | |
| Conclusion | |
| References | |
| Useful principles to predict the performance of polymeric flavour delivery systems | |
| Overview | |
| Introduction | |
| Compatibility and cohesion | |
| Sorption and swelling | |
| Diffusion and release | |
| References | |
| Delivery of flavours from food matrices | |
| Introduction | |
| Flavour properties | |
| Thermodynamic aspects of flavour delivery | |
| Kinetic aspects of flavour delivery | |
| Delivery systems food technology applications | |
| Conclusions | |
| References | |
| Modelling flavour release | |
| Introduction | |
| Equilibrium partition models | |
| Dynamic systems | |
| In vivo consumption | |
| Conclusion | |
| References | |
| Instrumental methods of analysis | |
| Analytical challenges | |
| Aroma isolation | |
| Selection of aroma isolation method | |
| Aroma isolate fractionation prior to analysis | |
| Flavour analysis by gas chromatography | |
| Flavour analysis by HPLC | |
| Identification of volatile flavours | |
| Electronic 'noses' | |
| Summary | |
| References | |
| On-line monitoring of flavour processes | |
| Introduction | |
| Issues associated with in vivo monitoring of flavour release | |
| Pioneers and development of on-line flavour analysis | |
| On-line aroma analysis using chemical ionisation techniques | |
| Analysis of tastants using direct mass spectrometry | |
| Applications | |
| Future | |
| References | |
| Sensory methods of flavour analysis | |
| Introduction | |
| Analytical tests | |
| Consumer tests | |
| Sensory testing administration | |
| Selection and training of judges | |
| Statistical analysis of data | |
| Relating sensory and instrumental flavour data | |
| Summary | |
| References | |
| Brain imaging | |
| Introduction | |
| Cortical pathways of taste, aroma and oral somatosensation | |
| Imaging of brain function | |
| Brain imaging of flavour | |
| Future trends | |
| References | |
| Index | |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
Robert S.T. Linforth, Principal Research Fellow
Both of School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK