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Foam Engineering Fundamentals and Applications

by: Stevenson, Paul

Foam Engineering Fundamentals and Applications

by: Stevenson, Paul

ISBN 13:
9780470660805
ISBN 10:
0470660805
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 03/05/2012
Publisher: Wiley

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Summary

Containing contributions from leading academic and industrial researchers, this book provides a much needed update of foam science research. The first section of the book presents an accessible summary of the theory and fundamentals of foams. This includes chapters on morphology, drainage, Ostwald ripening, coalescence, rheology, and pneumatic foams. The second section demonstrates how this theory is used in a wide range of industrial applications, including foam fractionation, froth flotation and foam mitigation. It includes chapters on suprafroths, flotation of oil sands, foams in enhancing petroleum recovery, Gas-liquid Mass Transfer in foam, foams in glass manufacturing, fire-fighting foam technology and consumer product foams. Key features: Foam fractionation is an exciting and emerging technology, starting to gain significant attention Discusses a vital topic for many industries, especially mineral processing, petroleum engineering, bioengineering, consumer products and food sector Links foam science theory to industrial applications, making it accessible to an engineering science audience Summarizes the latest developments in this rapidly progressing area of research Contains contributions from leading international researchers from academia and industry

About the Editor	p. xv
Contributors	p. xvii
Preface	p. xix
Introduction	p. 1
Gas-Liquid Foam in Products and Processes	p. 1
Content of This Volume	p. 2
A Personal View of Collaboration in Foam Research	p. 3
Fundamentals	p. 5
Foam Morphology	p. 7
Introduction	p. 7
Basic Rules of Foam Morphology	p. 7
Foams, Wet and Dry	p. 7
The Dry Limit	p. 9
The Wet Limit	p. 11
Between the Two Limits	p. 11
Two-dimensional Foams	p. 11
The Dry Limit in 2D	p. 11
The Wet Limit in 2D	p. 12
Between the Two Limits in 2D	p. 12
Ordered Foams	p. 15
Two Dimensions 15 2
The 2D Honeycomb Structure 15 2
2D Dry Cluster 15 2
2D Confinement	p. 15
Three Dimensions 16 2
3D Dry Foam 16 2
3D Wet Foam 17 2
Ordered Columnar Foams	p. 18
Disordered Foams	p. 19
Statistics of 3D Foams	p. 20
Structures in Transition: Instabilities and Topological Changes	p. 21
Other Types of Foams	p. 22
Emulsions	p. 22
Biological Cells	p. 22
Solid Foams	p. 23
Conclusions	p. 24
Foam Drainage	p. 27
Introduction	p. 27
Geometric Considerations	p. 29
A Drained Foam	p. 33
The Continuity Equation	p. 35
Interstitial Flow	p. 36
Forced Drainage	p. 38
Rigid Interfaces and Neglecting Nodes: The Original Foam Drainage Equation	p. 41
Mobile Interfaces and Neglecting Nodes	p. 43
Neglecting Channels: The Node-dominated Model	p. 46
The Network Model: Combining Nodes and Channels	p. 48
The Carman-Kozeny Approach	p. 50
Interpreting Forced Drainage Experiments: A Detailed Look	p. 51
Unresolved Issues	p. 53
A Brief History of Foam Drainage	p. 54
Foam Ripening	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
The Very Wet Limit	p. 59
The Very Dry Limit	p. 61
Inter-bubble Gas Diffusion through Thin Films	p. 61
von Neumann Ripening for 2D Foams	p. 62
3D Coarsening	p. 64
Wet foams	p. 65
Controlling the Coarsening Rate	p. 69
Gas Solubility	p. 69
Resistance to Gas Permeation	p. 70
Shell Mechanical Strength	p. 70
Bulk Modulus	p. 71
Coalescence in Foams	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
Stability of Isolated Thin Films	p. 76
Experimental Studies Dealing with Isolated Thin Liquid Films	p. 76
Theoretical Description of the Rupture of an Isolated Thin Liquid Film	p. 77
Structure and Dynamics of Foam Rupture	p. 78
What Are the Key Parameters in the Coalescence Process?	p. 81
How Do We Explain the Existence of a Critical Liquid Fraction?	p. 86
Conclusion	p. 89
Foam Rheology	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
Main Experimental and Theoretical Approaches	p. 93
Foam Visco-elasticity	p. 95
Linear Elasticity	p. 95
Monodisperse Dry Foam	p. 95
Effects of Bubble Polydispersity and Liquid Content	p. 96
Non-linear Elasticity	p. 98
Linear Relaxations	p. 99
Slow Relaxation	p. 99
Fast Relaxation	p. 101
Shear Modulus of Particle-laden Foams	p. 102
Yielding	p. 103
Plastic Flow	p. 105
Viscous Dissipation in Steadily Sheared Foams	p. 106
Predominant Viscous Friction in the Foam Films	p. 108
Predominant Viscous Friction in the Surfactant Adsorption Layer	p. 111
Foam-Wall Viscous Friction	p. 112
Conclusions	p. 114
Particle Stabilized Foams	p. 121
Introduction	p. 121
A Summary of Some Empirical Observations	p. 123
On the Thermodynamic Stability of Particle Stabilized Foams	p. 125
On the Ability of Particles to Stabilize Foams during Their Production	p. 131
Design Rules for Particle Stabilized Foams	p. 135
Conclusions	p. 138
Pneumatic Foam	p. 145
Preamble	p. 145
Vertical Pneumatic Foam	p. 145
Introduction	p. 145
The Hydrodynamics of Vertical Pneumatic Foam	p. 147
Pneumatic Foam with Constant Bubble Size Distribution	p. 148
The Introduction of Capillary Forces to Give a Liquid Fraction Profile	p. 149
Liquid Fraction Profile with Changing Bubble Size Distribution with Height	p. 150
Addition of Washwater to a Pneumatic Foam	p. 151
The 'Vertical Foam Misapprehension’	p. 152
Bubble Size Distributions in Foam	p. 153
Non-overflowing Pneumatic Foam	p. 153
The Influence of Humidity upon Pneumatic Foam with a Free Surface	p. 155
Wet Pneumatic Foam and Flooding	p. 155
Shear Stress Imparted by the Column Wall	p. 157
Changes in Flow Cross-Sectional Area	p. 158
Horizontal Flow of Pneumatic Foam	p. 158
Introduction	p. 158
Lemlich’s Observations	p. 159
Wall-slip and Velocity Profiles	p. 160
Horizontal Flow Regimes	p. 161
Pneumatic Foam in Inclined Channels	p. 162
Methods of Pneumatic Foam Production	p. 162
Non-aqueous Foams: Formation and Stability	p. 169
Introduction	p. 169
Foam Formation and Structures	p. 169
Foam Stability	p. 170
Phase Behavior of Diglycerol Fatty Acid Esters in Oils	p. 173
Non-aqueous Foaming Properties	p. 174
Effect of Solvent Molecular Structure	p. 174
Effect of Surfactant Concentration	p. 177
Particle Size Distribution	p. 179
Rheological Properties of Particle Dispersion	p. 179
Equilibrium Surface Tension	p. 181
Effect of Hydrophobic Chain Length of Surfactant	p. 181
Foaming of C12G2 in Liquid Paraffin, Squalene, and Squalane	p. 182
Foaming of C12G2 in Olive Oil	p. 182
Effect of Headgroup Size of Surfactant	p. 187
Effect of Temperature	p. 189
Effect of Water Addition	p. 191
Effect of Water on Foamability	p. 191
Effect of Water on Foam Stability	p. 192
Non-aqueous Foam Stabilization Mechanism	p. 201
Conclusion	p. 203
Suprafroth: Ageless Two-dimensional Electronic Froth	p. 207
Introduction	p. 207
The Intermediate State in Type-I Superconductors	p. 208
Observation and Study of the Tubular Intermediate State Patterns	p. 211
Structural Statistical Analysis of the Suprafroth	p. 215
Applications	p. 227
Froth Phase Phenomena in Flotation	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
Froth Stability	p. 233
Hydrodynamic Condition of the Froth	p. 235
Detachment of Particles from Bubbles	p. 236
Gangue Recovery	p. 238
The Velocity Field of the Froth Bubbles	p. 241
Plant Experience of Froth Flotation	p. 242
Introduction	p. 242
Frother-constrained Plant	p. 242
Sampling, Data Manipulation and Data Presentation	p. 244
Process Control	p. 245
The Assessment of Newly Proposed Flotation Equipment	p. 246
Conclusions about Froth Flotation Drawn from Plant Experience	p. 246
Froth Flotation of Oil Sand Bitumen	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
Oil Sands	p. 251
Mining and Slurrying	p. 253
Froth Structure	p. 265
Physical Properties of Froths	p. 272
Froth Treatment	p. 274
Conclusion	p. 278
Foams in Enhancing Petroleum Recovery	p. 283
Introduction	p. 283
Foam Applications for the Upstream Petroleum Industry	p. 284
Selection of Foam-Forming Surfactants	p. 284
Foam Applications in Wells and Near Wells	p. 287
Drilling and Completion Foams	p. 287
Well Stimulation Foams: Fracturing, Acidizing, and Unloading	p. 288
Foam Applications in Reservoir Processes	p. 289
Reservoir Recovery Background	p. 289
Sweep Efficiency	p. 290
Capillary Trapping	p. 291
Foam Applications in Primary and Secondary Oil Recovery	p. 292
Foam Applications in Enhanced (Tertiary) Oil Recovery	p. 293
Foams in Carbon Dioxide Flooding	p. 294
Foams in Hydrocarbon Flooding	p. 294
Foams in Steam Flooding	p. 297
Occurrences of Foams at the Surface and Downstream	p. 298
Conclusion	p. 299
Foam Fractionation	p. 307
Introduction	p. 307
Adsorption in Foam Fractionation	p. 310
Adsorption Kinetics at Quiescent Interface	p. 311
Adsorption at Dynamic Interfaces	p. 314
Foam Drainage	p. 315
Coarsening and Foam Stability	p. 316
Foam Fractionation Devices and Process Intensification	p. 317
Limitations of Conventional Columns	p. 317
Process Intensification Devices	p. 319
Adsorption Enhancement Methods	p. 319
Drainage Enhancement Methods	p. 322
Concluding Remarks about Industrial Practice	p. 324
Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer in Foam	p. 331
Introduction	p. 331
Non-Overflowing Pneumatic Foam Devices	p. 334
Overflowing Pneumatic Foam Devices	p. 336
The Waldhof Fermentor	p. 338
Induced Air Methods	p. 340
Horizontal Foam Contacting	p. 341
Calculation of Specific Interfacial Area in Foam	p. 342
Hydrodynamics of Pneumatic Foam	p. 343
Mass Transfer and Equilibrium Considerations	p. 345
Gas-Liquid Equilibrium	p. 345
Rate of Mass Transfer	p. 345
Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficient	p. 346
Towards an Integrated Model of Foam Gas-Liquid Contactors	p. 347
Discussion and Future Directions	p. 349
Foams in Glass Manufacturing	p. 355
Introduction	p. 355
The Glass Melting Process	p. 356
Melting Chemistry and Refining	p. 359
Redox State of Glass	p. 359
Melting Chemistry	p. 360
Refining Chemistry	p. 360
Reduced-pressure Refining	p. 362
Motivations	p. 362
Glass Foams in Glass Melting Furnaces	p. 363
Primary Foam	p. 363
Secondary Foam	p. 363
Reboil	p. 364
Parameters Affecting Glass Foaming	p. 365
Physical Phenomena	p. 365
Glass Foam Physics	p. 365
Mechanisms of Foam Formation	p. 365
Glass Foam Morphology	p. 367
Surface Active Agents and Surface Tension of Gas/Melt Interface	p. 368
Drainage and Stability of a Single Molten Glass Film	p. 369
Gas Bubbles in Molten Glass	p. 370
Bubble Nucleation	p. 370
Stability of a Single Bubble at the Glassmelt Surface	p. 370
Bubble Rise through Molten Glass	p. 371
Experimental Studies	p. 373
Introduction	p. 373
Transient Primary and Secondary Glass Foams	p. 374
Experimental Apparatus and Procedure	p. 374
Experimental Observations	p. 375
Steady-state Glass Foaming by Gas Injection	p. 383
Experimental Apparatus and Procedure	p. 383
Experimental Observations and Foaming Regimes	p. 383
Onset of Glass Foaming	p. 384
Steady-state Foam Thickness	p. 385
Modeling	p. 386
Introduction	p. 386
Dynamic Foam Growth and Decay	p. 386
Foaming by Thermal Decomposition	p. 386
Foaming by Gas Injection	p. 387
Steady-State Glass Foams	p. 389
Onset of Foaming	p. 389
Steady-state Foam Thickness	p. 390
Experiments and Model Limitations	p. 394
Measures for Reducing Glass Foaming in Glass Melting Furnaces	p. 395
Batch Composition	p. 396
Batch Conditioning and Heating	p. 397
Furnace Temperature	p. 397
External and Temporary Actions	p. 397
Atmosphere Composition and Flame Luminosity	p. 398
Control Foaming in Reduced-Pressure Refining	p. 399
Perspective and Future Research Directions	p. 400
Fire-Fighting Foam Technology	p. 411
Introduction	p. 411
History	p. 413
Applications	p. 415
Foam Market	p. 415
Hardware	p. 415
Physical Properties	p. 416
Mechanism of Action	p. 417
Class A Foams	p. 422
Class B Foams	p. 422
Chemical Properties	p. 430
Ingredients and Purpose	p. 430
Water	p. 431
Organic Solvents	p. 431
Hydrocarbon Surfactants	p. 433
Fluorosurfactants	p. 439
Polymers	p. 444
Salts, Buffers, Preservatives and Other Additives	p. 446
Example Recipes	p. 447
Testing	p. 448
Lab Test Methods	p. 449
Expansion and Quarter Drain Time	p. 449
pH	p. 450
Specific Gravity (SG)	p. 450
Refractive Index (RI)	p. 450
Brookfield Viscosity	p. 450
Film Formation	p. 451
Surface Tension (ST), Interfacial Tension (IFT), Spreading Coefficient (SC), and Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC)	p. 451
Proportioning Rate	p. 451
Deluge-Resistance Time	p. 451
Degree of Surfactant Retention in Foam	p. 452
Drave’s Wetting Rate	p. 452
Fire Test Standards	p. 452
UL 162 Fire Tests	p. 452
The Future	p. 453
Foams in Consumer Products	p. 459
Introduction	p. 459
Foams and Consumer Appeal	p. 459
Market Descriptions and Directions	p. 461
The Scope of This Chapter	p. 463
Creation and Structure	p. 463
Surfactants and Their Application	p. 464
Creation	p. 466
Growth	p. 468
Application of structure	p. 469
Maintenance of Structure	p. 469
Summary	p. 470
Sensory Appeal	p. 470
Visual	p. 471
Auditory	p. 472
Mouth Feel	p. 473
Summary	p. 473
Conclusions	p. 473
Index
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Foam Engineering Fundamentals and Applications

Foam Engineering Fundamentals and Applications

9780470660805

0470660805

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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