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Exercise Testing and Prescription : A Health-Related Approach

ISBN: 9780073044743 | 0073044741
Edition: 6th
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages
Pub. Date: 3/31/2006

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SummaryTable of Contents
This comprehensive text provides coverage of fitness assessment concepts, hands-on prescription applications, and a thorough preparation for ACSM certification exams. Exercise testing and prescription are presented within a health-related context that provides the latest research findings on exercise and nutrition, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and aging.
Prefacexvii
PART I Trends and Definitions
1(44)
Health and Fitness Trends
3(27)
... MORE
Trends in Health
3(1)
The Dimensions of Health
3(1)
The Health Continuum
4(1)
The Healthy People Initiative
4(4)
The Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health
8(1)
Exercise and Physical Fitness in America
8(1)
A Brief Historical Review
8(1)
The Contemporary Fitness Movement
9(2)
Current Activity Levels of American Adults
11(3)
Future Challenges
14(1)
Youth Fitness Studies
14(2)
Guidelines for Promoting Lifelong Physical Activity Among Young People
16(1)
Worksite Health-Promotion and Fitness Activities
17(2)
Benefits of Worksite Exercise Programs
19(1)
Predicted Future Growth for Worksite Health Programs
19(1)
Strategies for Increasing Physical Activity in America
19(1)
Population-Based Strategies
19(3)
Personal Factors
20(1)
The Exercise Regimen
20(1)
The Environment
21(1)
Summary
22(1)
Review Questions
22(4)
Physical Fitness Activity 1.1: What Is Your Personal Exercise Program?
26(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 1.2: Using the Internet to Explore Health and Fitness
28(2)
Physical Fitness Defined
30(15)
Physical Activity
30(2)
Exercise
32(1)
A Comprehensive Approach to Physical Fitness
32(1)
The Meaning of Physical Fitness
33(1)
The Elements of Health-Related Physical Fitness
34(6)
Cardiorespiratory Endurance
34(1)
Body Composition
35(1)
Musculoskeletal Fitness
35(5)
Summary
40(1)
Review Questions
40(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 2.1: Ranking Activities by Health-Related Value
42(3)
PART II Screening and Testing
45(154)
Testing Concepts
47(30)
Preparticipation Health Screening
48(2)
Using Screening Results for Risk Stratification
50(2)
Contraindications for Exercise and Exercise Testing
52(1)
Cardiovascular Screening of Competitive Athletes
53(2)
Informed Consent
55(1)
Health/Fitness Facility Standards and Guidelines
55(5)
Concepts and Purposes in Physical Fitness Testing
60(1)
Physical Fitness Testing Batteries
61(1)
Recommended Order for Fitness-Evaluation Tests
61(1)
Health-Related Fitness Testing Batteries
61(2)
YMCA
62(1)
Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness & Lifestyle Appraisal (CPAFLA)
62(1)
AAHPERD: Health-Related Fitness Test for College Students
62(1)
Fitnessgram®
62(1)
The President's Challenge
63(4)
Summary
67(1)
Review Questions
67(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 3.1: Are You Ready to Exercise?
69(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 3.2: Medical/Health Questionnaire
71(6)
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
77(46)
Resting and Exercise Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Determination
78(1)
Resting Blood Pressure
78(2)
Exercise Blood Pressure
80(1)
Resting Heart Rate
81(1)
Exercise Heart Rate
82(1)
Nonexercise Test VO2max Prediction Equations
83(1)
Field Tests for Cardiorespiratory Fitness
84(3)
Submaximal Laboratory Tests
87(1)
Step Tests
88(3)
The Modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test
88(2)
The YMCA 3-Minute Step Test
90(1)
Other Step Tests
91(1)
ACSM Bench-Stepping Equation
91(1)
Treadmill Submaximal Laboratory Tests
92(1)
Cycle Ergometer Submaximal Laboratory Tests
92(3)
A Description of Cycle Ergometers
93(1)
The YMCA Submaximal Cycle Test
94(1)
Cycling Equations
95(1)
Maximal Laboratory Tests
95(1)
Maximal Graded Exercise Treadmill Test Protocols
95(5)
Treadmill Equations for Predicting VO2max
98(1)
Maximal Treadmill Test for College Students
99(1)
ACSM Equations for Estimating VO2 for Walking and Running
99(1)
Maximal Graded Exercise Cycle Test Protocols
100(1)
The Astrand Maximal Cycle Protocol
100(1)
The Storer--Davis Maximal Cycle Protocol
100(1)
The Wingate Anaerobic Test
100(1)
When to Terminate the Maximal GXT-ECG Test
101(2)
Emergency Procedures
103(1)
Personnel
103(4)
Summary
107(1)
Review Questions
108(4)
Physical Fitness Activity 4.1: Practical Use of the ACSM Equations
112(4)
Physical Fitness Activity 4.2: Cardiorespiratory Endurance Testing
116(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 4.3: Measurement of Your Resting Heart Rate
118(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 4.4: Measurement of Your Resting Blood Pressure
119(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 4.5: Estimation of VO2max Using an Equation
120(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 4.6: The 1-Mile Walk Test
121(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 4.7: A Step Test for College Students
122(1)
Body Composition
123(48)
Body Composition Terminology
123(3)
Height and Weight Measurements
126(1)
Historical Review of Height-Weight Tables
126(2)
Relative Weight
128(1)
Measuring Body Weight
129(3)
Measuring Height
132(1)
Measuring Frame Size
132(1)
Body Mass Index
132(6)
Skinfold Measurements
138(4)
Rules for Taking Skinfolds
142(4)
One-Site Skinfold Test
146(1)
Two-Site Skinfold Test for Children, Youths, and College-Age Adults
147(2)
Multiple Skinfold Tests for Adults
149(3)
Underwater Weighing
152(1)
Equipment
152(1)
Procedures
153(2)
Bioelectrical Impedance
155(2)
Near-Infrared Light Interactance
157(1)
Topography of the Human Body
158(4)
Summary
162(1)
Review Questions
163(5)
Physical Fitness Activity 5.1: Measurement of Body Composition
168(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 5.2: Case Study: Providing Body Composition Counseling for a Female Track and Field Athlete
170(1)
Musculoskeletal Fitness
171(28)
Muscular Fitness
171(1)
Health-Related Benefits of Musculoskeletal Fitness
171(1)
Prevention and Treatment of Low-Back Pain
172(2)
Risk Factors for Low-Back Pain
174(2)
Treatment of Low-Back Pain with Exercise
176(1)
Tests for Muscular Endurance and Strength
177(1)
Abdominal Tests: Bent-Knee Sit-Ups and Partial Curl-Ups
177(2)
Pull-Ups
179(1)
The Traditional Pull-Up
179(1)
The Modified Pull-Up
179(1)
Flexed-Arm Hang
180(1)
Push-Ups
180(1)
Males
180(1)
Females
180(1)
Grip Strength Test with Hand Dynamometer
181(1)
Bench-Press Strength and Endurance Tests
182(1)
Bench-Press 1-RM Test for Strength
182(1)
YMCA Bench-Press Test for Muscular Endurance
182(1)
Parallel-Bar Dips
183(1)
Flexibility Testing
184(1)
Shoulder Flexibility Test
185(1)
Trunk Rotation Flexibility Test
186(1)
Vertical Jump
186(4)
Summary
190(1)
Review Questions
190(5)
Physical Fitness Activity 6.1: Rating Your Posture
195(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 6.2: Assessment of Muscular Fitness
197(2)
PART III Conditioning for Physical Fitness
199(168)
The Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise
201(29)
Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise
201(1)
Increase of Heart Rate
201(1)
Increase of Stroke Volume
202(1)
Increase in Cardiac Output
203(1)
Increased Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference
203(1)
Increase in VO2
203(2)
Increased Systolic BP; Diastolic BP Unchanged
205(1)
Increase in Minute Ventilation
206(1)
Increased Blood Flow to Active Muscle Areas
207(1)
Changes in Respiratory Exchange Ratio
208(1)
Chronic Adaptations to Regular Exercise
209(1)
Changes That Occur in Skeletal Muscles as a Result of Aerobic Training
209(1)
Major Cardiorespiratory Changes from Exercise Training When at Rest
210(1)
Major Cardiorespiratory Changes during Submaximal Exercise
211(1)
Major Cardiorespiratory Changes during Maximal Exercise
212(1)
Other Physiological Changes with Aerobic Exercise
213(1)
Changes That Occur in Muscles Due to Strength Training
214(2)
The Effects of Gender, Age, and Heredity
216(1)
The Influence of Gender
216(2)
The Influence of Age
218(1)
The Influence of Heredity
219(1)
The Effects of Inactivity
219(3)
Summary
222(1)
Review Questions
222(6)
Physical Fitness Activity 7.1: Labeling Figures That Depict Acute and Chronic Responses to Exercise
228(2)
Exercise Prescription
230(51)
Physical Activity Pyramid
235(2)
The Individualized Approach
237(1)
Cardiorespiratory Endurance/Body Composition
237(1)
Warm-Up
237(3)
The Aerobic Session
240(16)
Frequency
240(1)
Intensity
241(7)
Time
248(1)
Mode of Exercise
249(4)
Rate of Progression
253(1)
Systems of Cardiorespiratory Training
253(1)
The Question of Supervision
253(3)
Warm-Down (Cool-Down)
256(1)
Musculoskeletal Conditioning
256(1)
Flexibility Exercises
256(2)
Factors That Influence Flexibility
257(1)
Flexible Benefits
257(1)
Static Stretching
258(1)
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
258(1)
Muscular Strength and Endurance Exercises
258(12)
Principles of Weight Training
260(1)
Systems of Muscular Strength and Endurance Training
261(9)
Summary
270(1)
Review Questions
270(7)
Physical Fitness Activity 8.1: The Activity Pyramid: How Do You Rate?
277(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 8.2: Your Aerobic Exercise Program
278(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 8.3: Your Flexibility Exercise Program
279(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 8.4: Your Muscular Strength and Endurance Exercise Program
280(1)
Nutrition and Performance
281(86)
Nutrition Basics
282(1)
Essential Nutrients
282(2)
Guidelines for Nutrient Intake: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
284(4)
Dietary Guidelines for Health and Disease Prevention
288(1)
Weight Management; Physical Activity
288(1)
Key Recommendations
288(1)
Food Groups to Encourage
289(5)
Key Recommendations
289(5)
Carbohydrates
294(2)
Key Recommendations
294(2)
Food Safety
296(1)
Key Recommendations
296(1)
Fats
297(2)
Key Recommendations
297(2)
Adequate Nutrients within Calorie Needs
299(1)
Key Recommendations
299(1)
Sodium and Potassium
300(1)
Key Recommendations
300(1)
Alcoholic Beverages
301(1)
Key Recommendations
301(1)
Principle 1: Prudent Diet Is the Cornerstone
302(1)
Dietary Practices of Athletes
302(3)
Principle 2: Increase Total Energy Intake
305(1)
Athletes Expend Large Amounts of Energy
305(1)
Energy and ATP Production
306(3)
Principle 3: Keep the Dietary Carbohydrate Intake High (55--70%) during Training
309(1)
The Importance of Carbohydrate during Heavy Training
310(2)
Practical Implications for Athletes
312(2)
Principle 4: Drink Large Amounts of Fluids during Training and the Event
314(1)
The Importance of Water for Temperature Regulation during Exercise
314(7)
Should Electrolytes and Carbohydrates Be Used during Exercise?
321(2)
Principle 5: Keep a Close Watch on Possible Iron Deficiency
323(1)
The Problem of Iron Deficiency
323(2)
Practical Implications for Athletes
325(1)
Principle 6: Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Are Not Needed
326(1)
Lack of Evidence for Benefits
327(1)
Evidence of Possible Problems with High Intake
328(1)
Principle 7: Protein Supplements Do Not Benefit the Athlete
329(1)
Changes in Protein Metabolism during Exercise
329(2)
Practical Implications for Athletes
331(2)
Principle 8: Rest and Emphasize Carbohydrates before Long Endurance Events
333(1)
How to Carbohydrate Load before the Big Event
333(1)
The Pre-Event Meal
334(1)
Principle 9: Use of Ergogenic Aids Is Unethical
335(1)
Categories of Ergogenic Aids
336(8)
Miscellaneous Nutritional Aids
336(3)
Use of Caffeine to Improve Performance in Long Endurance Events
339(1)
Soda Loading for Anaerobic Exercise
340(1)
Blood Boosting and Doping for Endurance
340(1)
Steroids and Steroid-Like Compounds
341(2)
Creatine Supplementation
343(1)
Principle 10: Fat Loading Is Not Recommended for Enhanced Performance or Health
344(3)
Summary
347(1)
Review Questions
348(13)
Physical Fitness Activity 9.1: Rating Your Diet with MyPyramid
361(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 9.2: Analyzing Your Energy and Nutrient Intake
363(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 9.3: Case Study: Female Vegetarian Fitness Enthusiast with Anemia
365(2)
PART IV Physical Activity and Disease
367(330)
Heart Disease
369(78)
Heart Disease
369(5)
Coronary Heart Disease
374(1)
Stroke
375(3)
Trends in Cardiovascular Disease
378(1)
Risk Factors for Heart Disease
379(2)
Treatment of Heart Disease
381(2)
Can Atherosclerosis Be Reversed Without Surgery?
383(1)
Cigarette Smoking
383(1)
A Leading Cause of Death
383(1)
Recent Trends
384(3)
Smokeless Tobacco
387(1)
Smoking Cessation
387(1)
Exercise and Tobacco
388(2)
Hypertension
390(1)
Health Problems
391(1)
Treatment of Hypertension
391(1)
Lifestyle Modifications to Lower Blood Pressure
392(9)
Weight Control
392(1)
Reduced Sodium Chloride Intake
392(4)
Moderation of Alcohol Intake
396(3)
Physical Activity
399(2)
High Blood Cholesterol
401(1)
Prevalence of High Blood Cholesterol
401(1)
Description of Lipoproteins
402(2)
Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia
404(11)
Diet and Other Lifestyle Measures
405(7)
Role of Exercise
412(3)
Exercise and Coronary Heart Disease Prevention
415(3)
Exercise and Stroke Prevention
418(4)
Summary
422(1)
Review Questions
423(13)
Physical Fitness Activity 10.1: Heart Disease Risk
436(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 10.2: Coronary Heart Disease Risk
438(3)
Physical Fitness Activity 10.3: Stroke Risk
441(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 10.4: Testing for Alcoholism
443(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 10.5: How ``Heart Healthy'' Is Your Diet?
444(3)
Cancer
447(34)
Cancer Statistics
448(8)
Cancer Prevention
456(6)
Physical Activity and Cancer
462(1)
Inactivity as a Risk Factor for Cancer
462(1)
Physical Activity and Colon Cancer
463(2)
Physical Activity and Breast Cancer
465(2)
Physical Activity and Prostate Cancer
467(3)
Summary
470(1)
Review Questions
471(6)
Physical Fitness Activity 11.1: Test Your Risk from UV Radiation
477(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 11.2: Eating Smart for Cancer Prevention
478(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 11.3: Estimating Your Cancer Risk
480(1)
Diabetes
481(31)
Prevalence and Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus
481(1)
Definition and Description of Diabetes Mellitus
482(1)
Complications of Diabetes
482(4)
Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
486(1)
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
486(1)
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
487(1)
Testing and Diagnosis
487(3)
Impaired Fasting Glucose or Pre-Diabetes
488(1)
Risk Factors and Screening for Diabetes
488(1)
Special Recommendations for Pregnant Women
488(2)
Lifestyle and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
490(1)
Treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
491(3)
Prevention, Delay, and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
494(2)
Prevention/Delay of Type 2 Diabetes
496(1)
Exercise and Diabetes
496(1)
Physical Activity and Risk of Developing Diabetes
497(1)
The Role of Exercise in Treatment of Diabetes
498(8)
Type 1 Diabetes and Exercise
499(1)
Exercise Precautions for Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes
499(2)
Type 2 Diabetes and Exercise
501(5)
Summary
506(1)
Review Questions
507(4)
Physical Fitness Activity 12.1: Assessing Your Diabetes Risk Score
511(1)
Obesity
512(58)
Health Risks of Obesity
515(4)
Theories of Obesity
519(1)
Genetic and Parental Influences
519(1)
High Energy Intake
520(3)
Low Energy Expenditure
523(5)
Resting Metabolic Rate
524(2)
Physical Activity
526(2)
Thermic Effect of Food
528(1)
Treatment of Obesity
528(1)
Treatment Is Challenging
529(1)
Weight Loss Maintenance
530(1)
Conservative Treatment Guidelines
531(1)
Gastric-Reduction Surgery
531(4)
Drug Therapy
535(1)
Very-Low-Calorie Diets
536(2)
Weight Loss Programs and Methods
538(1)
The Role of Exercise during Weight Loss
538(6)
Misconception 1: Aerobic Exercise Accelerates Weight Loss Significantly, When Combined with a Reducing Diet
539(3)
Misconception 2: Exercise Causes the Resting Metabolic Rate to Stay Elevated for a Long Time After the Bout, Burning Extra Calories
542(1)
Misconception 3: Exercise Counters the Diet-Induced Decrease in Resting Metabolic Rate
543(1)
Misconception 4: Exercise Counters the Diet-Induced Decrease in Fat-Free Mass
543(1)
Benefits of Exercise for Weight Loss
544(2)
Exercise Prescription and Precautions for the Obese
546(5)
Summary
551(1)
Review Questions
552(10)
Physical Fitness Activity 13.1: Calculating Your Energy Expenditure
562(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 13.2: Estimating Resting Metabolic Rate and Total Energy Expenditure
564(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 13.3: Counting the Calories and Fat Crams from Fast Food
565(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 13.4: Monitoring Your Dietary Habits
566(2)
Food Physical Fitness Activity 13.5: Eating Disorder Checksheet
568(2)
Psychological Health
570(43)
Mental Health
570(4)
The Meaning of Stress
574(1)
Ill Effects of High Stress and Poor Mental Health
575(1)
Stress Management Principles
576(3)
Control Stressors
576(2)
Let the Mind Choose the Reaction
578(1)
Seek the Social Support of Others
578(1)
Find Satisfaction in Work and Service
578(1)
Keep Physically Healthy
578(1)
Physical Activity and Stress
579(1)
Controlled Studies on Exercise and Mental Health
579(1)
Cardiovascular Reactivity to Mental Stress
580(1)
Depression
580(1)
Anxiety
581(1)
Mood State
581(1)
Self-Esteem
582(1)
Mental Cognition
582(1)
Mechanisms: How Physical Activity Helps Psychological Health
583(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Hypothesis
583(1)
Social Interaction Hypothesis
583(1)
Time-Out/Distraction Hypothesis
583(1)
Cardiovascular Fitness Hypothesis
583(1)
Monoamine Neurotransmitter Hypothesis
584(1)
Endogenous Opioid Hypothesis
584(1)
Precautions: Exercise Addiction, Mood Disturbance, and Sleep Disruption
585(1)
Practical Implications
585(5)
Summary
590(1)
Review Questions
591(6)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.1: The General Well-Being Schedule
597(4)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.2: Life Hassles and Stress
601(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.3: Depression
603(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.4: Controlling Stressors
604(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.5: Stress and Life Change: Recent Life Changes Questionnaire (RLCQ)
605(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.6: Are You Overly Anxious?
606(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.7: Serious Psychological Distress
607(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 14.8: Do You Have Problems with Sleep?
608(5)
Aging, Osteoporosis, and Arthritis
613(49)
The Aging Process
617(1)
Health Habits and Aging
618(1)
Exercise and Aging
619(1)
VO2max and the Aging Process
619(4)
Physical Training by the Elderly
623(3)
Cardiorespiratory Training
623(2)
Muscular Strength and Resistance Training
625(1)
Body Composition Changes
626(1)
Physical Activity and Life Expectancy
626(1)
Osteoporosis
627(1)
Detection of Osteoporosis
628(1)
Risk Factors
629(1)
Medications for Treatment
629(3)
Nutrition
632(1)
The Role of Physical Activity
632(6)
Arthritis
638(1)
Common Types of Arthritis
639(1)
Risk Factors for Arthritis
640(1)
Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
640(1)
Modifiable Risk Factors
640(1)
Treatment
641(1)
The Role of Exercise
642(2)
Exercise Benefits
644(1)
Potential Exercise Training Complications
645(1)
Osteoarthritis and Wear and Tear
646(1)
Summary
647(1)
Review Questions
648(9)
Physical Fitness Activity 15.1: Health Check
657(2)
Physical Fitness Activity 15.2: Osteoporosis---Are You at Risk for Weak Bones?
659(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 15.3: Health Risk Appraisal on the Internet
660(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 15.4: Calculating Your Calcium Intake
661(1)
Exercise Risks
662(35)
Musculoskeletal Injuries
662(1)
Running Injuries
662(3)
The Extent of the Problem
662(1)
Factors Associated with Injuries
663(2)
Aerobic-Dance Injuries
665(2)
Bicycling Injuries
667(1)
Swimming Injuries
667(1)
Management of Overuse Injuries
667(2)
Potential Problems of Excess Exercise for Women
669(1)
The Female Athlete Triad
669(2)
Exercise and Pregnancy
671(1)
Heat Injuries
672(1)
Heat Cramps
672(1)
Heat Exhaustion
672(1)
Heat Stroke
673(1)
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
674(1)
Measuring Temperature for Exercise Risk
674(1)
Environmental Pollution
674(2)
Sudden Death from Heart Attack
676(1)
The Saga of Jim Fixx
676(1)
Exercise and Heart Attack: A Double-Edged Sword
676(2)
Risk for Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
678(2)
Exercise-Induced Asthma
680(1)
Prevalence of Asthma
680(1)
Prevention Guidelines
681(1)
Exercise-Induced Asthma Symptoms and Phases
682(5)
Summary
687(1)
Review Questions
687(7)
Physical Fitness Activity 16.1: Benefits versus Risks of Exercise
694(1)
Physical Fitness Activity 16.2: Rate Your Foot and Ankle Health
695(2)
Appendix A Physical Fitness Test Norms697(42)
Appendix B Calisthenics for Development of Flexibility and Muscular Strength and Endurance739(12)
Appendix C Major Bones, Muscles, and Arteries of the Human Body751(5)
Appendix D Compendium of Physical Activities756(14)
Glossary770(13)
Index783

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