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Evaluating Research in Communicative Disorders

ISBN: 9780205193967 | 020519396X
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 1/1/1997

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SummaryTable of Contents
This third edition is divided into three parts. Part I includes basic information on research strategies and design in communicative disorders, measurement issues, evaluation criteria, treatment efficacy research, and organization and analysis of data. Part II reflects the four typical parts of a research article: introduction, method, results, and conclusions. Part III contains three complete research articles reprinted with evaluation checklists to guide students in evaluating the important features of research discussed in Parts I and II.
Prefacexiii
PART I Basic Considerations in Evaluating Research1(188)
Overview1(1)
References2(1)
1 Introduction: The Consumer of Researc... MORE
3(21)
The Clinical Enterprise in Communicative Disorders
4(3)
Scientific Method
7(1)
Empirical and Rational Knowledge
8(1)
Common Steps in Behavioral Science Research
9(4)
Statement of the Problem
10(1)
Method of Investigation
10(1)
Results of Investigation
11(1)
Conclusions
11(2)
Theory Construction in Behavioral Science
13(2)
The Nature of Research in Communicative Disorders
15(2)
Consumers and Producers of Research
17(1)
The Editorial Process in the Publication of a Research Article
18(2)
Some Myths and a Caveat
20(1)
Study Questions
21(1)
References
22(2)
2 Research Strategies in Communicative Disorders
24(52)
Variables in Empirical Research
24(6)
Independent and Dependent Variables
25(3)
Active and Attribute Variables
28(1)
Continuous and Categorical Variables
28(2)
Experimental Research
30(15)
Bivalent Experiments
31(4)
Multivalent Experiments
35(3)
Parametric Experiments
38(7)
Descriptive Research
45(20)
Comparative Research
47(8)
Developmental Research
55(3)
Correlational Research
58(4)
Survey Research
62(1)
Case Study and Retrospective Research
63(2)
Combined Experimental and Descriptive Research
65(7)
Study Questions
72(1)
References
73(3)
3 Research Design in Communicative Disorders
76(23)
Meaning of Research Design
76(1)
Purposes of Research Design
77(1)
General Research Design Principles
78(1)
Group Research Designs
78(10)
Between-Subjects Designs
79(6)
Within-Subjects Designs
85(2)
Mixed Designs
87(1)
Single-Subject Research Designs
88(4)
External Validity Issues in Research Design
92(4)
Study Questions
96(2)
References
98(1)
4 Measurement Issues in Communicative Disorders Research
99(21)
Definition of Measurement
100(1)
Levels of Measurement
101(4)
Nominal Level of Measurement
102(1)
Ordinal Level of Measurement
103(1)
Interval Level of Measurement
104(1)
Ratio Level of Measurement
104(1)
Factors That Affect Quality of Measurement
105(2)
Test Environment
105(1)
Instrument Calibration
106(1)
Instructions to Subjects
106(1)
Observer Bias
106(1)
Reliability of Measurements
107(6)
Stability
110(1)
Equivalence
110(1)
Internal Consistency
110(3)
Validity of Measurements
113(4)
Content Validity
114(1)
Criterion Validity
115(1)
Construct Validity
115(2)
Study Questions
117(1)
References
118(2)
5 Evaluating Treatment Efficacy Research
120(29)
Internal Validity and Factors That Affect It
121(6)
History
122(1)
Maturation
122(1)
Testing or Test-Practice Effects
123(1)
Instrumentation
124(1)
Statistical Regression
125(1)
Differential Selection of Subjects
125(1)
Mortality
126(1)
Interaction of Factors
126(1)
External Validity and Factors That Affect It
127(3)
Subject Selection
128(1)
Reactive or Interactive Effects of Pretesting
128(1)
Reactive Arrangements
129(1)
Multiple-Treatment Interference
130(1)
Evaluation of Some Experimental Designs for Studying Treatment Efficacy
130(15)
Weak Designs
131(3)
Stronger Designs
134(8)
Meta-Analysis of Treatment Efficacy Research
142(1)
Ethics of Using Control Groups in Treatment Efficacy Research
143(2)
Protection of Human Subjects in Research
145(1)
Study Questions
146(1)
References
147(2)
6 Organization and Analysis of Data
149(40)
Data Organization
150(9)
Data Distributions
150(1)
Tabular and Graphic Presentation
150(7)
Summary Statistics
157(2)
Data Analysis
159(26)
Basic Concepts of Data Analysis
159(6)
Methods for Analyzing Relationships
165(9)
Methods for Analyzing Differences
174(9)
Study Questions
185(2)
References
187(2)
PART II Evaluation of the Components of a Research Article189(184)
Overview189(1)
Reference190(1)
7 The Introduction Section of the Research Article
191(22)
Title of the Article
192(1)
The Abstract
193(2)
General Statement of the Problem
195(2)
The Rationale for the Study
197(7)
Review of the Literature
204(2)
Statement of Purpose, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
206(4)
Miscellaneous Considerations
210(1)
Evaluation Checklist
211(1)
Reference
212(1)
8 The Method Section
213(71)
Subjects
213(8)
Sample Size
214(3)
Criteria for Subject Selection
217(4)
Materials
221(27)
Hardware Instrumentation and Calibration
221(9)
Reliability and Validity of Behavioral Instruments
230(6)
Other Measurement Considerations
236(12)
Procedures
248(33)
Within-Subjects Experimental Designs
248(1)
Between-Subjects Experimental Designs
249(5)
Mixed (Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects) Designs
254(2)
Within-Subjects Time-Series Experiments
256(6)
Between-Subjects Comparative Design
262(3)
Developmental Research Designs
265(6)
Correlational Research
271(3)
Retrospective Research
274(1)
Survey Research
275(4)
Case Study Research
279(2)
Evaluation Checklist
281(2)
References
283(1)
9 The Results Section
284(51)
Organization of Results
284(16)
Frequency Distributions: Tabular and Graphic Presentations
285(6)
Summary Statistics: Central Tendency and Variability
291(7)
Some Characteristics of Good Data Organization
298(2)
Analysis of Data
300(34)
Correlational Analysis
300(15)
Analysis of Differences
315(18)
Some Characteristics of Good Data Analysis
333(1)
Evaluation Checklist
334(1)
10 The Discussion and Conclusions Section
335(38)
Relationship of Conclusions to Preceding Parts of the Article
335(11)
The Research Problem
336(1)
The Method of Investigation
337(3)
The Results of the Investigation
340(6)
Relationship of Results to Previous Research
346(5)
Theoretical Implications of the Research
351(7)
Practical Implications of the Research
358(6)
Implications for Future Research
364(7)
Evaluation Checklist
371(2)
PART III Evaluation of the Complete Research Article: Three Examples373(62)
Overview373(1)
Evaluation Checklist374(5)
Example Article for Evaluation in Audiology: Masking of Speech in Young and Elderly Listeners with Hearing Loss
379(14)
Pamela E. Souza
Christopher W. Turner
Example Article for Evaluation in Speech Disorders: Effects of Temporal Alterations on Speech Intelligibility in Parkinsonian Dysarthria
393(18)
Vickie L. Hammen
Kathryn M. Yorkston
Fred D. Minifie
Example Article for Evaluation in Language Disorders: Plural Acquisition in Children with Specific Language Impairment
411(24)
Janna B. Oetting
Mabel L. Rice
Author Index435(6)
Subject Index441

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