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Ethics: Theory And Contemporary Issues

ISBN: 9780495007166 | 0495007161
Edition: 5th
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
Pub. Date: 2/22/2006

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SummaryTable of Contents
Through a combination of the illuminating overviews composed by the editor and readings drawn from important traditional and contemporary sources, MacKinnon's acclaimed ETHICS provides students with a superbly balanced introduction to both ethical theory and the moral debates surrounding a variety of contemporary issues. Designed to offer instructors maximum flexibility and revised with the intention of providing reader friendly, but not superficial, access to many complex concepts, ETHICS is a comprehensive and clear-sighted introduction to bo... MORE
... MORE
Prefacexv
History of Ethics Time Linexviii
PART ONE ETHICAL THEORY
1(132)
Ethics and Ethical Reasoning
2(16)
Why Study Ethics?
2(1)
What Is Ethics?
2(2)
Ethics and Religion
4(1)
Ethical and Other Types of Evaluation
5
Ethical Terms
6
Ethics and Reasons
4(3)
Ethical Reasoning and Arguments
7(2)
The Structure of Ethical Reasoning and Argument
7(1)
Evaluating and Making Good Arguments
8(1)
Ethical Theory
9(1)
Types of Ethical Theory
10(1)
Can Ethics Be Taught?
11(1)
Reading
Plato Euthyphro
12(4)
Review Exercises
16(1)
Selected Bibliography
16(2)
Ethical Relativism
18(12)
What Is Ethical Relativism?
18(1)
Two Forms of Ethical Relativism
19(1)
Reasons Supporting Ethical Relativism
19(1)
The Diversity of Moral Views
19(1)
Moral Uncertainty
20(1)
Situational Differences
20(1)
Are These Reasons Convincing?
20(2)
The Diversity of Moral Views
20(1)
Moral Uncertainty
21(1)
Situational Differences
21(1)
Further Considerations
22(1)
Moral Realism
23(1)
Moral Pluralism
24(1)
Mary Midgley Trying Out One's New Sword
25(3)
Review Exercises
28(1)
Selected Bibliography
28(2)
Egoism
30(19)
Psychological Egoism
31(2)
What is Psychological Egoism?
31(1)
Is Psychological Egoism True?
32(1)
Ethical Egoism
33(1)
What is Ethical Egoism?
33(1)
Is Ethical Egoism a Good Theory?
33(1)
The Moral Point of View
34(1)
Why Be Moral?
35(2)
Plato The Ring of Gyges
37(6)
Thomas Hobbes Self Love
43(5)
Review Exercises
48(1)
Selected Bibliography
48(1)
Utilitarianism
49(23)
Historical Hackground
50(1)
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
50(1)
The Principle of Utility
50(3)
A Consequentialist Principle
51(1)
The Intrinsic Good: Pleasure or Happiness
51(1)
Calculating the Greatest Amount of Happiness
52(1)
Quantity and Quality of Pleasure
53(1)
Evaluating Utilitarianism
54(1)
Application of the Principle
54(1)
Utilitarianism and Personal Integrity
55(1)
Ends and Means
55(1)
Act and Rule Utilitarianism
55(1)
``Proof'' of The Theory
56(1)
Contemporary Versions
57(3)
Preference Utilitarianism
57(1)
Cost-Benefit Analysis
58(2)
Jeremy Bentham An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789)
60(5)
John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism
65(5)
Review Exercises
70(1)
Selected Bibliography
71(1)
Kant's Moral Theory
72(23)
Historical Background: Immanuel Kant
73(1)
What Gives An Act Moral Worth?
73(2)
What Is the Right Motive?
74(1)
What is the Right Thing to Do?
74(1)
The Categorical Imperative
75(3)
The First Form
75(1)
The Second Form
76(2)
Evaluating Kant's Moral Theory
78(2)
The Nature of Moral Obligation
78(1)
The Application of the Categorical Imperative
78(1)
Duty
79(1)
Moral Equality and Impartiality
79(1)
Perfect and Imperfect Duties
80(1)
Variations on Kantian Moral Theory
80(2)
Reading
Immanuel Kant Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals
82(11)
Review Exercises
93(1)
Selected Bibliography
93(2)
Natural Law and Natural Rights
95(14)
Natural Law Theory
95(1)
What Kind of Law Is Natural Law?
95(1)
Historical Origins: Aristotle
96(6)
Nature, Human Nature, and the Human Good
96(2)
Evaluating Natural Law Theory
98(1)
Natural Rights
99(1)
Evaluating Natural Rights Theory
100(2)
Readings
Thomas Aquinas On Natural Law
102(2)
John Locke Second Treatise of Civil Government
104(3)
Review Exercises
107(1)
Selected Bibliography
107(2)
Virtue Ethics
109(24)
Virtues and Everyday Life
109(1)
What Is Virtue?
110(1)
Masculine and Feminine Virtues
111(2)
Evaluating Virtue Ethics
113(2)
Readings
Aristotle The Nicomachean Ethics
115(6)
Philippa Foot Virtues and Vices
121(9)
Review Exercises
130(1)
Selected Bibliography
130(3)
PART TWO ETHICAL ISSUES
133(337)
Euthanasia
134(28)
Brain Death, Coma, and Persistent Vegetative State
135(1)
Meaning and Types of Euthanasia
136(8)
Active and Passive Euthanasia
136(2)
Physician-Assisted Suicide
138(2)
Pain Medication that Causes Death
140(1)
Ordinary and Extraordinary Measures
141(1)
Voluntary and Nonvoluntary Euthanasia
142(1)
Combining the Types of Euthanasia
143(1)
Morality and the Law
144(1)
Making Moral Judgments About Euthanasia
144(4)
The Moral Significance of Voluntariness
144(2)
Active Versus Passive Euthanasia
146(1)
Ordinary Versus Extraordinary Measures
147(1)
Infant Euthanasia
148(3)
Readings
J. Gay-Williams The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia
151(3)
James Rachels Active and Passive Euthanasia
154(4)
Review Exercises
158(1)
Discussion Cases
159(1)
Selected Bibliography
160(2)
Abortion
162(35)
Stages of Fetal Development
163(1)
Methods of Abortion
164(1)
Abortion and the Law
164(2)
Abortion: The Moral Question
166(1)
Arguments that Do Not Depend on the Moral Status of the Fetus
167(1)
Utilitarian Reasoning
167(1)
Some Rights Arguments
168(1)
Arguments that Depend on the Moral Status of the Fetus
168(7)
Method I
169(2)
Method II
171(4)
Readings
Judith Jarvis Thomson A Defense of Abortion
175(11)
Don Marquis Why Abortion Is Immoral
186(8)
Review Exercises
194(1)
Discussion Cases
194(1)
Selected Bibliography
195(2)
Sexual Morality
197(23)
Conceptual Problems: What Is and Is Not Sexual
199(1)
Relevant Factual Matters
200(1)
Sexual Morality and Ethical Theories
200(4)
Consequentialist or Utilitarian Considerations
201(1)
Nonconsequentialist or Kantian Considerations
202(1)
Naturalness Considerations
202(2)
Homosexuality
204(2)
Readings
Thomas Nagel Sexual Perversion
206(6)
Richard D. Mohr Prejudice and Homosexuality
212(6)
Review Exercises
218(1)
Discussion Cases
218(1)
Selected Bibliography
218(2)
Pornography
220(24)
Liberty-Limiting Principles
221(5)
The Harm Principle
222(1)
The Social Harm Principle
223(1)
The Offense Principle
224(1)
Legal Paternalism
225(1)
Legal Moralism
225(1)
Feminism and Pornography
226(2)
Readings
John Stuart Mill On Libert
228(2)
Ann Garry Sex, Lies, and Respect
230(11)
Review Exercises
241(1)
Discussion Cases
242(1)
Selected Bibliography
242(2)
Equality and Discrimination
244(26)
Civil Rights Laws: A Brief History
247(1)
Racism and Sexism
248(2)
The Principle of Equality
250(4)
Justice
250(1)
Social Benefits and Harms
251(1)
Proof
251(1)
Real Differences
251(1)
Relevant Differences
252(1)
Challenges to the Principle
252(2)
Affirmative Action and Preferential Treatment
254(6)
Consequentialist Considerations
255(2)
Nonconsequentialist Considerations
257(3)
Readings
Robert K. Fullinwider Affirmative Action and Fairness
260(4)
Lisa Newton Reverse Discrimination as Unjustified
264(3)
Review Exercises
267(1)
Discussion Cases
267(1)
Selected Bibliography
268(2)
Economic Justice
270(30)
Process or End State Distributive Justice
272(1)
Equal Opportunity
273(2)
Political and Economic Theories
275(7)
Libertarianism
275(1)
Capitalism
276(1)
Socialism
276(1)
Modern Liberalism
277(1)
John Rawls's Theory of Justice
278(2)
Communitarianism
280(2)
Readings
John Rawls Justice as Fairness
282(7)
Robert Nozick Distributive Justice
289(8)
Review Exercises
297(1)
Discussion Cases
297(1)
Selected Bibliography
298(2)
Legal Punishment
300(29)
The Nature of Legal Punishment
302(1)
The Deterrence Argument
303(1)
Problematic Aspects
303(1)
The Retributivist Argument
304(2)
Problematic Aspects
306(1)
Punishment and Responsibility
306(2)
The Death Penalty
308(4)
On Deterrence Grounds
308(1)
On Retributivist Grounds
309(1)
Other Concerns
310(2)
Readings
Hugo Adam Bedau A World Without Punishment
312(9)
Ernest van den Haag The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense
321(5)
Review Exercises
326(1)
Discussion Cases
327(1)
Selected Bibliography
327(2)
Environmental Ethics
329(31)
The Environment
330(1)
Value
331(1)
Anthropocentrism
331(5)
Cost-Benefit Analysis
332(1)
Human Environmental Impact
333(3)
Ecocentrism
336(2)
Deep Ecology
338(1)
Ecofeminism
339(1)
Sustainable Development
340(3)
Readings
William F. Baxter People or Penguins: The Case for Optimal Pollution
343(5)
Bill Devall and George Sessions Deep Ecology
348(9)
Review Exercises
357(1)
Discussion Cases
357(1)
Selected Bibliography
358(2)
Animal Rights
360(27)
Sentience
361(1)
Animal Rights
362(2)
Animal Experimentation
364(3)
Endangered Species
367(3)
Readings
Peter Singer All Animals Are Equal
370(8)
Bonnie Steinbock Speciesism and the Idea of Equality
378(6)
Review Exercises
384(1)
Discussion Cases
385(1)
Selected Bibliography
385(2)
Stem-Cell Research, Cloning, and Genetic Engineering
387(32)
Stem-Cell Research
387(2)
Legal and Ethical Issues
388(1)
Human Cloning
389(5)
Therapeutic Cloning.
389(1)
Reproductive Cloning
389(2)
Ethical Issues
391(3)
Genetic Engineering
394(3)
Ethical Issues
395(2)
Genetically Modified Plants and Animals
397(2)
Ethical Issues
398(1)
Genetic Screening
399(4)
The Value of Privacy
399(1)
Screening and Conflicts of Interest
400(3)
Readings
Leon R. Kass The Wisdom of Repugnance
403(6)
Kerry Lynn Macintosh Illegal Beings: Human Clones and the Law
409(7)
Review Exercises
416(1)
Discussion Cases
416(1)
Selected Bibliography
416(3)
Violence, Terrorism, and War
419(25)
Violence
419(2)
Terrorism
421(2)
Ethical Issues
422(1)
Pacifism
423(1)
Just War Theory
424(3)
Jus ad Bellum
425(1)
Jus in Bello
426(1)
Weapons of Mass Destruction
427(1)
War Crimes and Universal Human Rights
428(4)
Readings
Jean Bethke Elshtain What Is a Terrorist?
432(4)
Michael Walzer The Triumph of just War Theory (and the Dangers of Success)
436(6)
Review Exercises
442(1)
Discussion Cases
442(1)
Selected Bibliography
442(2)
Global Issues and Globalization
444(26)
Rich and Poor Nations
445(5)
Causes and Solutions
446(2)
Ethical Considerations
448(2)
Globalization
450(5)
Values
452(1)
Free Market Capitalism
452(1)
Modernization
453(2)
Readings
Peter Singer Famine, Affluence, and Morality
455(8)
Herman E. Daly Globalization and Its Discontents
463(4)
Review Exercises
467(1)
Discussion Cases
468(1)
Selected Bibliography
468(2)
APPENDIX How to Write an Ethics Paper
470(13)
The Content of the Paper
470(1)
The Paper's Structure
470(3)
Format
471(2)
Grammar, Spelling, and Gender
473(1)
Types of Ethics Papers
473(2)
A Historical Approach
474(1)
A Problem in Ethical Theory
474(1)
A Contemporary Moral Issue
474(1)
Is It an Ethics Paper?
475(1)
Structuring or Analyzing an Ethical Argument
475(2)
Reasons and Conclusions
475(1)
Types and Sources of Evidence
476(1)
Types of Reasons
476(1)
Top-to-Bottom or Bottom-to-Top Reasoning?
476(1)
Using Analogies
477(1)
Sample Ethics Papers
477(6)
Historical Approach
478(1)
A Problem in Ethical Theory
479(2)
A Contemporary Ethical Issue
481(2)
Index483

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