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Essentials of Pathophysiology : Concepts of Altered Health States

ISBN: 9780397554133 | 0397554133
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pub. Date: 2/1/1998

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Table of Contents
UNIT I Alterations in Cell Function and Growth1(110)
CHAPTER 1 Cell and Tissue Characteristics
3(30)
Carol M. Porth
... MORE
Edward W. Carroll
Functional Components of the Cell
3(9)
Protoplasm
4(1)
The Nucleus
4(2)
The Cytoplasm and Its Organelles
6(4)
Cell Membrane
10(2)
Integration of Cell Function and Replication
12(4)
Cell Communication
12(1)
The Cell Cycle and Cell Division
13(1)
Cell Division
14(1)
Cell Metabolism and Energy Sources
14(2)
Movement Across the Cell Membranes and Membrane Potentials
16(5)
Movement Across the Cell Membrane
16(4)
Membrane Potentials
20(1)
Body Tissues
21(12)
Cell Differentiation
21(2)
Embryonic Origin of Tissue Types
23(1)
Epithelial Tissue
23(2)
Connective Tissue
25(1)
Muscle Tissue
26(3)
Nerve Tissue
29(1)
Cell Junctions and Cell-to-Cell Adhesion
30(1)
Extracellular Matrix
31(2)
CHAPTER 2 Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death and Wound Healing
33(16)
Cellular Adaptation
33(2)
Atrophy
33(1)
Hypertrophy
34(1)
Hyperplasia
35(1)
Metaplasia
35(1)
Dysplasia
35(1)
Cell Injury and Death
35(8)
Causes of Cell Injury
36(3)
Mechanisms of Cell Injury
39(1)
Reversible Cell Injury
40(1)
Cell Death
41(1)
Intracellular Accumulations
42(1)
Tissue Repair and Wound Healing
43(6)
Regeneration
44(1)
Connective Tissue Repair
44(2)
Factors That Affect Wound Healing
46(3)
CHAPTER 3 Genetic Control of Cell Function and Inheritance
49(14)
Edward W. Carroll
Genetic Control of Cell Function
49(5)
Gene Structure
50(1)
Genetic Code
50(2)
Protein Synthesis
52(1)
Messenger RNA
52(1)
Transfer RNA
53(1)
Ribosomal RNA
53(1)
Regulation of Gene Expression
53(1)
Gene Mutations
54(1)
Chromosomes
54(4)
Cell Division
55(1)
Chromosome Structure
56(2)
Patterns of Inheritance
58(2)
Definitions
58(1)
Mendel's Laws
59(1)
Pedigree
59(1)
Gene Technology
60(3)
Genomic Mapping
60(1)
Recombinant DNA Technology
61(1)
DNA Fingerprinting
62(1)
CHAPTER 4 Genetic and Congenital Disorders
63(16)
Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders
63(7)
Single-Gene Disorders
64(3)
Disorders of Multifactorial Inheritance
67(1)
Chromosomal Disorders
68(2)
Disorders Due to Environmental Influences
70(4)
Period of Vulnerability
71(1)
Teratogenic Agents
71(3)
Diagnosis and Counseling
74(5)
Genetic Assessment
74(1)
Prenatal Diagnosis
75(4)
CHAPTER 5 Alterations in Cell Differentiation: Neoplasia
79(32)
Kathryn Ann Caudell
Concepts of Cell Growth
79(4)
The Cell Cycle
80(1)
Cell Proliferation
81(1)
Cell Differentiation
81(2)
Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms
83(8)
Terminology
84(1)
Benign Neoplasms
84(1)
Malignant Neoplasms
85(6)
Carcinogenesis and Causes of Cancer
91(6)
Oncogenesis
91(5)
Immunologic Defects
96(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment
97(9)
Diagnostic Methods
97(2)
Cancer Treatment
99(7)
Childhood Cancers
106(5)
Diagnosis and Treatment
106(1)
Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer
107(4)
UNIT II Hematopoietic Function111(54)
CHAPTER 6 Blood Cells and the Hematopoietic System
113(8)
Kathryn J. Gaspard
Composition of Blood and Formation of Blood Cells
113(5)
Plasma
113(1)
Plasma Proteins
114(1)
Blood Cells
114(3)
Hematopoiesis
117(1)
Diagnostic Tests
118(3)
Blood Count
119(1)
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
119(1)
Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy
119(2)
CHAPTER 7 Alterations in Hemostasis
121(12)
Kathryn J. Gaspard
Mechanisms of Hemostasis
121(3)
Vessel Spasm
121(1)
Formation of the Platelet Plug
122(1)
Blood Coagulation
122(2)
Clot Retraction
124(1)
Clot Dissolution
124(1)
Hypercoagulability States
124(1)
Increased Platelet Function
124(1)
Increased Clotting Activity
125(1)
Bleeding Disorders
125(5)
Platelet Defects
126(1)
Coagulation Defects
127(2)
Vascular Disorders
129(1)
Effects of Drugs on Hemostasis
130(3)
Anticoagulant Drugs
130(1)
Thrombolytic Drugs
130(3)
CHAPTER 8 The Red Blood Cell and Alterations in Oxygen Transport
133(18)
Kathryn J. Gaspard
The Red Blood Cell
133(4)
Red Cell Production, Metabolism, and Regulation
134(1)
Red Cell Destruction
135(1)
Laboratory Tests
136(1)
Anemia
137(6)
Manifestations
137(1)
Blood Loss Anemia
137(1)
Hemolytic Anemia
137(4)
Anemias of Deficient Red Cell Production
141(2)
Transfusion Therapy
143(2)
ABO Blood Groups
143(1)
Rh Types
144(1)
Blood Transfusion Reactions
144(1)
Polycythemia
145(1)
Age-Related Changes in Red Blood Cells
146(5)
Red Cell Changes in the Neonate
146(2)
Red Cell Changes with Aging
148(3)
CHAPTER 9 Disorders of White Blood Cells and Lymphoid Tissues
151(14)
Kathryn Ann Caudell
Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues
151(1)
White Blood Cells
151(1)
The Bone Marrow and Hematopoiesis
152(1)
Lymphoid Tissues
152(1)
Disorders of White Blood Cell Deficiency
152(2)
Neutropenia
153(1)
Infectious Mononucleosis
154(1)
Pathogenesis
154(1)
Manifestations
155(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment
155(1)
Neoplastic Disorders of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Origin
155(5)
Classification
156(1)
Causes
156(1)
Clinical Manifestations
156(1)
Acute Leukemias
157(2)
Chronic Leukemias
159(1)
Malignant Lymphomas
160(2)
Hodgkin's Disease
160(1)
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
161(1)
Multiple Myeloma
162(3)
UNIT III Immunity and Inflammation165(84)
CHAPTER 10 Mechanisms of Infectious Disease
167(22)
W. Michael Dunne, Jr.
Terminology
167(1)
Agents of Infectious Disease
168(7)
Viruses
169(1)
Bacteria
170(2)
Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae, Ehrichieae, and Coxiella
172(1)
Fungi
173(1)
Parasites
174(1)
Mechanisms of Infection
175(5)
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
176(1)
Portal of Entry
176(1)
Source
177(1)
Symptomatology
177(1)
Disease Course
177(1)
Site of Infection
178(1)
Virulence Factors
179(1)
Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
180(3)
Therapy for Infectious Diseases
183(6)
Antimicrobial Agents
184(1)
Immunotherapy
185(1)
Surgical Intervention
186(3)
CHAPTER 11 Immunity and Inflammation
189(24)
Cynthia Sommers
Immune System
189(16)
Antigen
190(1)
Immune Cells
191(7)
Lymphoid Organs
198(2)
Cytokines and the Immune Response
200(2)
Immunity and the Immune Response
202(3)
Developmental Aspects of the Immune System
205(1)
Transfer of Immunity From Mother to Infant
206(1)
Immune Response in the Elderly
206(1)
The Inflammatory Response
206(7)
Acute Inflammation
207(3)
Inflammatory Exudates
210(1)
Chronic Inflammation
210(3)
CHAPTER 12 Alterations in the Immune Response
213(22)
Carol Mattson Porth
W. Michael Dunne, Jr.
Immunodeficiency Disease
213(7)
Humoral (B-Cell) Immunodeficiencies
214(2)
Cellular (T-Cell) Immunodeficiencies
216(1)
Combined T-Cell and B-Cell Immunodeficiencies
217(1)
Disorders of the Complement System
218(1)
Disorders of Phagocytosis
219(1)
Allergic and Hypersensitivity Disorders
220(8)
Type I, IgE-Mediated Disorders
221(2)
Type II, Antibody-Mediated Disorders
223(1)
Type III, Immune Complex Allergic Disorders
223(4)
Latex Allergy
227(1)
Transplantation Immunopathology
228(1)
Host-Versus-Graft Disease
228(1)
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
229(1)
Autoimmune Disease
229(6)
Normal Versus Disease-Associated Autoimmunity
230(1)
Genetic Predisposition
230(1)
Self-Tolerance
230(1)
Mechanisms of Autoimmune Disease
231(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Disease
232(3)
CHAPTER 13 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
235(14)
Susan E. Dietz
The AIDS Epidemic and Transmission of HIV Infection
235(3)
The AIDS Epidemic
236(1)
Transmission of HIV Infection
236(2)
Pathophysiology of AIDS
238(6)
Diagnosis
239(1)
Clinical Course of the Disease
240(3)
Early Management
243(1)
Treatment
243(1)
Psychosocial Issues
243(1)
Prevention of HIV Infection
244(1)
Preventive Strategies
244(1)
Universal Precautions
245(1)
HIV Infection in Infants and Children
245(4)
UNIT IV Integumentary Function249(52)
CHAPTER 14 Control of Integumentary Function
251(8)
Gladys Simandl
Structure of the Skin
251(8)
Epidermis
252(3)
Basal Lamina
255(1)
Dermis
255(1)
Subcutaneous Tissue
256(1)
Skin Appendages
256(3)
CHAPTER 15 Alterations in Skin Function and Integrity
259(42)
Gladys Simandl
Manifestations of Skin Disorders
259(4)
Lesions and Rashes
260(1)
Pruritus
260(1)
Dry Skin
261(1)
Skin Injury From Mechanical Processes
261(1)
Alterations in Black Skin
261(1)
Pigmentary Skin Disorders
262(1)
Primary Disorders of the Skin
263(21)
Infectious Processes
263(8)
Acne and Rosacea
271(3)
Eczematous Dermatoses
274(2)
Urticaria
276(1)
Drug-Induced Skin Eruptions
277(2)
Papulosquamous Dermatoses
279(3)
Arthropod Infestations
282(2)
Nevi and Skin Cancers
284(5)
Nevi
284(1)
Skin Cancer
285(4)
Burns
289(4)
Classification
290(1)
Systemic Complications
291(1)
Treatment
292(1)
Rehabilitation
293(1)
Age-Related Skin Manifestations
293(8)
Skin Manifestations in Infancy and Childhood
294(3)
Skin Manifestations and Disorders in the Elderly
297(4)
UNIT V Circulatory Function301(172)
CHAPTER 16 Control of the Circulation
303(32)
Organization of the Circulatory System
304(2)
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations
304(1)
Volume and Pressure Distribution
305(1)
The Heart as a Pump
306(8)
Functional Anatomy of the Heart
307(3)
Cardiac Cycle
310(2)
Regulation of Cardiac Performance
312(2)
Blood Vessels and the Systemic Circulation
314(10)
Blood Vessels
314(2)
Principles of Blood Flow
316(3)
Arterial Blood Pressure
319(3)
Local Control of Blood Flow
322(2)
Neural Control of Circulatory Function
324(4)
Baroreceptors
325(1)
Chemoreceptors
325(1)
Autonomic Regulation of Cardiac Function
325(1)
Autonomic Regulation of Vascular Function
326(1)
Autonomic Neurotransmitters
326(1)
Autonomic Receptors
327(1)
Central Nervous System Responses
327(1)
Autonomic Response to Circulatory Stresses
328(1)
The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System
328(7)
The Microcirculation
329(1)
Capillary-Interstitial Fluid Exchange
329(2)
The Lymphatic System
331(1)
Edema
332(3)
CHAPTER 17 Alterations in Blood Flow in the Systemic Circulation
335(28)
Disorders of the Arterial Circulation
335(16)
Cholesterol and Hyperlipidemia
336(3)
Atherosclerosis
339(3)
Vasculitis
342(2)
Arterial Disease of the Extremities
344(4)
Aneurysms
348(3)
Disorders of the Venous Circulation
351(5)
Venous Circulation of the Lower Extremities
351(1)
Varicose Veins
351(2)
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
353(1)
Venous Thrombosis
354(2)
Disorders of Blood Flow Due to Extravascular Forces
356(7)
Compartment Syndrome
356(2)
Pressure Ulcers
358(5)
CHAPTER 18 Alterations in Blood Pressure: Hypertension and Orthostatic Hypotension
363(22)
Arterial Blood Pressure
363(3)
Determinants of Blood Pressure
364(1)
Blood Pressure Measurement
365(1)
Hypertension
366(13)
Essential Hypertension
367(6)
Secondary Hypertension
373(2)
Malignant Hypertension
375(1)
High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy
375(1)
High Blood Pressure in Children
376(2)
High Blood Pressure in the Elderly
378(1)
Orthostatic Hypotension
379(6)
Mechanisms
379(1)
Classification
380(1)
Causes
380(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment
381(4)
CHAPTER 19 Alterations in Cardiac Function
385(42)
Disorders of the Pericardium
386(3)
Types of Pericardial Disorders
386(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment
388(1)
Coronary Heart Disease
389(7)
Coronary Circulation
389(3)
Ischemic Heart Disease
392(4)
Myocardial Infarction
396(1)
Myocardial Disease
396(10)
Myocarditis
403(1)
Cardiomyopathies
404(2)
Infectious and Immunologic Disorders
406(5)
Infective Endocarditis
406(2)
Rheumatic Heart Disease
408(2)
Kawasaki's Disease
410(1)
Valvular Heart Disease
411(4)
Hemodynamic Derangements
411(1)
Mitral Valve Disorders
412(2)
Aortic Valve Disorders
414(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment
415(1)
Heart Disease in Infants and Children
415(12)
Embryonic Development of the Heart
416(2)
Fetal and Perinatal Circulation
418(1)
Congenital Heart Defects
419(8)
CHAPTER 20 Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock
427(30)
Nancie Urban
Carol Mattson Porth
Heart Failure
427(15)
Physiology of Heart Failure
428(3)
Congestive Heart Failure
431(8)
Acute Pulmonary Edema
439(1)
Cardiogenic Shock
440(2)
Circulatory Failure (Shock)
442(10)
Physiology of Shock
442(1)
Circulatory Shock
443(7)
Complications of Shock
450(2)
Circulatory Failure in Children and the Elderly
452(5)
Heart Failure in Infants and Children
452(1)
Heart Failure in the Elderly
453(4)
CHAPTER 21 Disorders of Cardiac Conduction and Rhythm
457(16)
Jill White
Cardiac Conduction System
457(5)
Action Potentials
458(2)
Electrocardiography
460(2)
Disorders of Cardiac Rhythm and Conduction
462(11)
Mechanisms of Dysrhythmias and Conduction Disorders
462(1)
Types of Dysrhythmias
463(4)
Ventricular Dysrhythmias
467(1)
Diagnostic Methods
467(1)
Treatment
468(5)
UNIT VI Respiratory Function473(92)
CHAPTER 22 Control of Respiratory Function
475(26)
Structural Organization of the Respiratory System
475(5)
The Conducting Airways
476(2)
The Lungs
478(2)
Exchange of Gases Between the Atmosphere and the Lungs
480(8)
Basic Properties of Gases
480(1)
Respiratory Pressures
481(3)
Mechanics of Breathing
484(4)
Exchange and Transport of Gases
488(7)
Ventilation
489(1)
Perfusion
489(1)
Diffusion
490(1)
Matching of Ventilation and Perfusion
491(1)
Gas Transport
492(3)
Control of Breathing
495(6)
Chemoreceptors
497(1)
Lung Receptors
497(1)
Cough Reflex
498(1)
Dyspnea
498(3)
CHAPTER 23 Alterations in Respiratory Function: Respiratory Tract Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders
501(28)
Respiratory Tract Infections
501(14)
The Common Cold
502(1)
Rhinitis and Sinusitis
503(2)
Influenza
505(1)
Pneumonias
506(4)
Tuberculosis
510(3)
Fungal Infections
513(2)
Cancer of the Lung
515(2)
Types of Cancers
516(1)
Manifestations
516(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment
517(1)
Respiratory Disorders in Children
517(12)
Lung Development
518(1)
Breathing in the Infant and Small Child
519(1)
The Mechanics of Breathing
519(2)
Respiratory Disorders in the Neonate
521(2)
Respiratory Infections in Children
523(2)
Signs of Impending Respiratory Failure
525(4)
CHAPTER 24 Alterations in Respiration: Alterations in Ventilation and Gas Exchange
529(36)
Disorders of Lung Inflation
529(5)
Disorders of the Pleura
530(3)
Atelectasis
533(1)
Obstructive Airway Disorders
534(12)
Physiology of Airway Disease
535(1)
Bronchial Asthma
535(4)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
539(7)
Interstitial Lung Diseases
546(3)
Manifestations
548(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment
548(1)
Occupational Lung Diseases
548(1)
Sarcoidosis
549(1)
Pulmonary Vascular Disorders
549(3)
Pulmonary Embolism
550(1)
Pulmonary Hypertension
551(1)
Cor Pulmonale
552(1)
Impaired Gas Exchange and Respiratory Failure
552(7)
Impaired Gas Exchange
552(1)
Hypoxia
552(3)
Hypercapnia
555(2)
Respiratory Failure
557(1)
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
558(1)
Breathing Disorders
559(6)
Sleep Apnea
560(2)
Hyperventilation Syndrome
562(3)
UNIT VII Renal Function and Fluid and Electrolytes565(136)
CHAPTER 25 Control of Renal Function
567(18)
Kidney Structure and Function
567(13)
Gross Structure and Location
568(1)
Renal Blood Supply
568(1)
The Nephron
569(3)
Urine Formation
572(3)
Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
575(2)
Elimination Functions of the Kidney
577(2)
Endocrine Functions of the Kidney
579(1)
Tests of Renal Function
580(2)
Urinalysis
580(1)
Glomerular Filtration Rate
580(1)
Blood Tests
581(1)
Cystoscopy
582(1)
Ultrasonography
582(1)
Radiologic and Other Imaging Studies
582(1)
Physiologic Action of Diuretics
582(3)
Osmotic Diuretics
583(1)
Inhibitors of Sodium Transport
583(1)
Aldosterone Antagonists
584(1)
Inhibitors of Urine Acidification
584(1)
CHAPTER 26 Alterations in Fluid and Electrolytes
585(40)
Composition and Compartmental Distribution of Body Fluids
586(6)
Introductory Concepts
586(2)
Compartmental Distribution of Body Fluids
588(4)
Sodium and Water Balance
592(14)
Water Balance
593(3)
Sodium Balance
596(1)
Alterations in Fluid Volume
597(3)
Alterations in Sodium Balance
600(4)
Disorders of Thirst and Antidiuretic Hormone Regulation
604(2)
Potassium Balance
606(5)
Regulation of Potassium Balance
606(1)
Alterations in Potassium Balance
607(4)
Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Balance
611(14)
Mechanisms Controlling Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Balance
612(1)
Alterations in Calcium Balance
613(4)
Alterations in Phosphate Balance
617(3)
Alterations in Magnesium Balance
620(5)
CHAPTER 27 Alterations in Acid-Base Balance
625(18)
Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance
625(7)
Acid-Base Chemistry
625(1)
Metabolic Acid and Bicarbonate Production
626(1)
Calculation of pH
627(1)
Regulation of pH
628(3)
Laboratory Tests
631(1)
Alterations in Acid-Base Balance
632(11)
Metabolic Versus Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders
632(1)
Primary Versus Compensatory Mechanisms
633(1)
Metabolic Acidosis
633(5)
Metabolic Alkalosis
638(1)
Respiratory Acidosis
639(2)
Respiratory Alkalosis
641(2)
CHAPTER 28 Alterations in Renal Function
643(24)
Congenital Disorders of the Kidneys
643(3)
Agenesis and Hypoplasia
644(1)
Alterations in Kidney Position and Form
644(1)
Cystic Disease of the Kidney
644(2)
Obstructive Disorders
646(5)
Mechanisms of Renal Damage
647(1)
Renal Calculi
648(3)
Urinary Tract Infections
651(4)
Etiologic Factors
651(1)
Infections in Special Populations
652(2)
Manifestations
654(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment
654(1)
Disorders of Glomerular Function
655(5)
Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury
655(1)
Nephrotic Syndrome
656(2)
Nephritic Syndrome
658(1)
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
659(1)
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
659(1)
Hypertensive Glomerular Disease
659(1)
Tubulointerstitial Disorders
660(2)
Renal Tubular Acidosis
660(1)
Pyelonephritis
661(1)
Drug-Related Nephropathies
662(1)
Neoplasms
662(5)
Wilms' Tumor
662(1)
Adult Kidney Cancer
663(4)
CHAPTER 29 Renal Failure
667(18)
Susan Gallagher-Lepak
Acute Renal Failure
667(3)
Types of Acute Renal Failure
668(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment
669(1)
Chronic Renal Failure
670(10)
Stages of Progression
671(1)
Clinical Manifestations
672(4)
Treatment
676(4)
Renal Failure in Children and Elderly Persons
680(5)
Chronic Renal Failure in Children
680(1)
Chronic Renal Failure in Elderly Persons
681(4)
CHAPTER 30 Alterations in Urine Elimination
685(16)
Control of Urine Elimination
685(5)
Bladder Structure
685(2)
Neural Control of Bladder Function
687(1)
Micturition
688(1)
Diagnostic Methods of Evaluating Bladder Function
688(2)
Alterations in Bladder Function
690(8)
Urine Retention
691(1)
Neurogenic Bladder Disorders
692(3)
Urinary Incontinence
695(3)
Cancer of the Bladder
698(3)
Diagnosis and Treatment
699(2)
UNIT VIII Gastrointestinal Function701(72)
CHAPTER 31 Control of Gastrointestinal Function
703(16)
Structure and Organization of the Gastrointestinal Tract
703(5)
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
705(1)
Middle Gastrointestinal Tract
705(1)
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
705(1)
Gastrointestinal Wall Structure
706(2)
Motility
708(4)
Neural Control Mechanisms
708(1)
Chewing and Swallowing
709(2)
Gastric Motility
711(1)
Small Intestine Motility
711(1)
Colonic Motility
712(1)
Defecation
712(1)
Secretory Function
712(3)
Control of Secretory Function
713(1)
Gastrointestinal Hormones
713(1)
Salivary Secretions
714(1)
Gastric Secretions
714(1)
Intestinal Secretions
715(1)
Digestion and Absorption
715(4)
Carbohydrate Absorption
716(1)
Fat Absorption
717(1)
Protein Absorption
718(1)
CHAPTER 32 Alterations in Gastrointestinal Function
719(26)
Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Disorders
719(2)
Anorexia, Nausea, and Vomiting
720(1)
Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding
720(1)
Disorders of the Esophagus
721(2)
Dysphagia
721(1)
Esophageal Diverticulum
722(1)
Gastroesophageal Reflux
722(1)
Cancer of the Esophagus
723(1)
Disorders of the Stomach
723(6)
Gastric Mucosal Barrier
723(1)
Gastritis
724(1)
Peptic Ulcer Disease
725(3)
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
728(1)
Stress Ulcer
728(1)
Cancer of the Stomach
728(1)
Disorders of the Small and Large Intestines
729(13)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
729(1)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
730(2)
Infectious Colitis
732(1)
Diverticular Disease
733(2)
Appendicitis
735(1)
Colorectal Cancer
735(1)
Alterations in Intestinal Motility
736(4)
Alterations in Intestinal Absorption
740(2)
Disorders of the Peritoneum
742(3)
Peritonitis
742(1)
Treatment
742(3)
CHAPTER 33 Alterations in Function of the Hepatobiliary System and Exocrine Pancreas
745(28)
The Liver and Hepatobiliary System
745(8)
Functions of the Liver
748(5)
Alterations in Hepatic and Biliary Function
753(13)
Acute Viral Hepatitis
753(5)
Chronic Hepatitis
758(1)
Cirrhosis
759(7)
Cancer of the Liver
766(1)
Gallbladder Disease
766(3)
Composition of Bile and Formation of Gallstones
767(1)
Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis
768(1)
Cancer of the Gallbladder
768(1)
Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas
769(4)
Acute Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis
769(1)
Chronic Pancreatitis
770(1)
Cancer of the Pancreas
770(3)
UNIT IX Endocrine Function773(58)
CHAPTER 34 Mechanisms of Endocrine Control
775(10)
The Endocrine System
775(7)
Hormones
775(4)
Control of Hormone Levels
779(3)
General Aspects of Altered Endocrine Function
782(3)
Hypofunction and Hyperfunction
782(1)
Primary and Secondary Disorders
782(1)
Diagnostic Methods
782(3)
CHAPTER 35 Alterations in Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism
785(20)
Growth Disorders
785(4)
Growth Hormone
785(1)
Short Stature
786(1)
Tall Stature
787(1)
Isosexual Precocious Puberty
788(1)
Acromegaly
788(1)
Thyroid Disorders
789(7)
Control of Thyroid Function
789(4)
Hypothyroidism
793(2)
Hyperthyroidism
795(1)
Disorders of Adrenal Cortical Function
796(9)
Control of Adrenal Cortical Function
796(3)
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
799(1)
Adrenal Insufficiency
800(1)
Glucocorticoid Hormone Excess
801(4)
CHAPTER 36 Diabetes Mellitus
805(26)
Safak Guven
Julie Kuenzi
Hormonal Control of Blood Glucose
805(5)
Blood Glucose
806(1)
Glucose Regulating Hormones
807(3)
Diabetes Mellitus
810(21)
Classification and Etiology
810(5)
Manifestations
815(1)
Diagnosis and Management
815(6)
Acute Complications
821(3)
Somogyi Effect and Dawn Phenomenon
824(1)
Chronic Complications
824(4)
Infections
828(3)
UNIT X Alterations in Neural Function831(162)
CHAPTER 37 Organization and Control of Neural Function
833(46)
Edward W. Carroll
Robin L. Curtis
Nervous Tissue Cells
833(5)
Neurons
834(1)
Supporting Cells
834(4)
Metabolic Requirements of Nervous Tissue
838(1)
Nerve Cell Communication
838(5)
Action Potentials
839(1)
Synaptic Transmission
839(2)
Messenger Molecules
841(2)
Developmental Organization of the Nervous System
843(7)
Embryonic Development
843(3)
Segmental Organization
846(4)
The Spinal Cord
850(7)
Spinal Nerves
853(1)
Spinal Reflexes
853(4)
The Brain
857(13)
Hindbrain
858(4)
Cerebellum
862(1)
Midbrain
862(1)
Forebrain
862(5)
Meninges
867(1)
Ventricular System and Cerebrospinal Fluid
868(1)
Blood-Brain and Brain-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers
869(1)
The Autonomic Nervous System
870(9)
Autonomic Efferent Pathways
871(3)
Central Integrative Pathways
874(1)
Autonomic Neurotransmission
875(4)
CHAPTER 38 Disorders of Brain Function
879(42)
Sheila M. Curtis
Carol M. Porth
Mechanisms and Manifestations of Brain Injury
879(13)
Mechanisms of Injury
880(8)
Manifestations of Brain Injury
888(4)
Cerebrovascular Disease
892(10)
Cerebral Circulation
892(2)
Stroke (Brain Attack)
894(4)
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
898(1)
Arteriovenous Malformations
899(1)
Long-Term Disabilities
900(2)
Trauma, Infections, and Neoplasms
902(8)
Head Injury
902(4)
Infections
906(1)
Brain Tumors
907(3)
Seizure Disorders
910(4)
Etiology
910(1)
Provoked and Unprovoked Seizures
910(1)
Classification
911(3)
Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus
914(1)
Dementias
914(7)
Alzheimer's Disease
914(3)
Other Types of Dementia
917(4)
CHAPTER 39 Alterations in Motor Function
921(38)
Robin Curtis
Sylvia McDonald
Control of Motor Function
921(6)
Motor Function
922(3)
Disorders of Motor Function
925(2)
Skeletal Muscle and Peripheral Nerve Disorders
927(8)
Skeletal Muscle Disorders
927(1)
Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction
928(2)
Peripheral Nerve Disorders
930(5)
Disorders of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
935(7)
Disorders of the Basal Ganglia
935(6)
Disorders of the Cerebellum
941(1)
Upper Motoneuron Disorders
942(17)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
942(1)
Multiple Sclerosis
943(2)
Spinal Cord Injury
945(14)
CHAPTER 40 Somatosensory Function and Pain
959(34)
Sheila Curtis
Camille Kolotylo
Marion E. Broome
Organization and Control of Somatosensory Function
960(7)
Sensory Systems
960(3)
The Somatosensory Cortex
963(1)
Somatosensory Experience
964(2)
Clinical Assessment of Somesthetic Function
966(1)
Pain
967(15)
Pain Theories
968(1)
Pain Mechanisms and Responses
968(4)
Types of Pain
972(4)
Management of Pain
976(6)
Alterations in Pain Sensitivity and Special Types of Pain
982(2)
Alterations in Pain Sensitivity
982(1)
Special Types of Pain
982(2)
Headache and Associated Pain
984(4)
Types of Headache
985(2)
Diagnosis and Treatment
987(1)
Pain in Children and Adolescents
988(5)
Pain Assessment
988(1)
Pain Management
989(4)
UNIT XI Alterations in Special Senses993(74)
CHAPTER 41 Control of Special Senses
995(30)
Sheila M. Curtis
Edward W. Carroll
Robin L. Curtis
The Eye and Visual Function
995(13)
Orbit
995(1)
Eyelid
996(1)
Conjuctiva
997(1)
Eyeball
998(2)
Lens
1000(2)
Retina
1002(3)
Neural Pathways and Cortical Centers
1005(3)
The Ear and Auditory and Vestibular Function
1008(9)
The Auditory System
1008(4)
The Vestibular System
1012(5)
Eye Movements and Conjugate Gaze Reflex Mechanisms
1017(8)
Extrinsic Eye Muscles and Their Innervation
1018(1)
Conjugate Eye Movements
1019(3)
Vergence Eye Movements
1022(3)
CHAPTER 42 Alterations in Vision
1025(28)
Sheila M. Curtis
Edward W. Carroll
Disorders of the Orbit and Surrounding Structures
1026(3)
Disorders of the Eyelid
1026(2)
Disorders of the Lacrimal Apparatus
1028(1)
Disorders of the Conjuctiva, Cornea, and Uveal Tract
1029(4)
Conjunctivitis
1029(2)
Disorders of the Cornea
1031(1)
Uveitis
1032(1)
Glaucoma
1033(3)
Control of Intraocular Pressure
1033(1)
Types of Glaucoma
1033(3)
Cataracts
1036(2)
Causes and Types of Cataracts
1036(1)
Manifestations
1037(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment
1037(1)
Disorders of the Vitreous and Retina
1038(6)
Disorders of the Vitreous
1038(1)
Disorders of the Retina
1038(6)
Disorders of Neural Pathways and Cortical Centers
1044(4)
Visual Field Defects
1045(1)
Disorders of the Optic Pathways
1045(1)
Disorders of the Visual Cortex
1046(1)
Testing of Visual Fields
1047(1)
Disorders of the Pupillary Reflex
1047(1)
Disorders of Eye Movement
1048(5)
Strabismus
1048(2)
Amblyopia
1050(3)
CHAPTER 43 Alterations in Hearing and Vestibular Function
1053(14)
Carol Mattson Porth
Robin L. Curtis
Alterations in Auditory Function
1053(8)
Disorders of the External Ear
1053(1)
Disorders of the Middle Ear
1054(4)
Disorders of the Inner Ear
1058(1)
Hearing Loss
1058(3)
Disorders of the Central Auditory Pathways
1061(1)
Disorders of Vestibular Function
1061(6)
Vestibular Function
1062(1)
Disorders of Peripheral Vestibular Function
1063(1)
Disorders of Central Vestibular Function
1064(1)
Diagnostic Tests of Vestibular Function
1065(1)
Treatment of Vestibular Disorders
1065(2)
UNIT XII Skeletal and Musculotendinous Function1067(80)
CHAPTER 44 Structure and Function of the Skeletal System
1069(10)
Characteristics of Skeletal Tissue
1069(6)
Cartilage
1070(1)
Bone
1070(2)
Hormonal Control of Bone Formation and Metabolism
1072(3)
Skeletal Structures
1075(4)
Classification of Bones
1075(1)
Tendons and Ligaments
1076(1)
Joints and Articulations
1076(3)
CHAPTER 45 Alterations in Skeletal Function: Trauma and Infection
1079(16)
Kathleen E. Gunta
Injury and Trauma of Musculoskeletal Structures
1079(10)
Soft Tissue Injury
1080(1)
Strains and Sprains
1080(1)
Dislocations
1081(1)
Chondromalacia
1082(1)
Loose Bodies
1082(1)
Fractures
1082(7)
Bone Infections
1089(3)
Iatrogenic Bone Infections
1089(1)
Osteomyelitis
1090(1)
Tuberculosis of the Bone or Joint
1091(1)
Osteonecrosis
1092(3)
CHAPTER 46 Alterations in Skeletal Function: Congenital Disorders, Metabolic Bone Disease, and Neoplasms
1095(26)
Kathleen E. Gunta
Alterations in Skeletal Growth and Development
1095(13)
Bone Growth and Remodeling
1096(1)
Alterations During Normal Growth Periods
1097(3)
Hereditary and Congenital Deformities
1100(3)
Juvenile Osteochondroses
1103(1)
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
1104(1)
Scoliosis
1105(3)
Metabolic Bone Disease
1108(6)
Osteopenia
1109(1)
Osteoporosis
1109(2)
Osteomalacia and Rickets
1111(2)
Paget's Disease
1113(1)
Neoplasms
1114(7)
Characteristics of Bone Tumors
1114(1)
Benign Neoplasms
1115(1)
Malignant Bone Tumors
1115(2)
Metastatic Bone Disease
1117(4)
CHAPTER 47 Alterations in Skeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders
1121(26)
Debra Ann Bancroft
Janice Smith Pigg
Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases
1122(8)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
1122(5)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
1127(2)
Systemic Sclerosis
1129(1)
Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis
1129(1)
Arthritis Associated With Spondylitis
1130(3)
Ankylosing Spondylitis
1130(2)
Reactive Arthritis
1132(1)
Enteropathic Arthritis
1133(1)
Psoriatic Arthritis
1133(1)
Osteoarthritis Syndromes
1133(5)
Pathogenesis
1134(2)
Clinical Manifestations
1136(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment
1136(2)
Metabolic Diseases Associated With Rheumatic States
1138(2)
Crystal-Induced Arthropathies
1138(1)
Gout
1138(2)
Rheumatic Diseases in Children and the Elderly
1140(7)
Rheumatic Diseases in Children
1140(2)
Rheumatic Diseases in the Elderly
1142(5)
UNIT XIII Reproductive System1147(84)
CHAPTER 48 Structure and Function of the Male Reproductive System
1149(10)
Stephanie M. Stewart
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
1149(4)
Embryonic Development
1149(1)
Testes and Scrotum
1150(1)
Genital Duct System
1151(1)
Accessory Organs
1151(1)
Penis
1152(1)
Spermatogenesis and Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Function
1153(2)
Spermatogenesis
1153(1)
Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Function
1154(1)
Neural Control of Sexual Function and Aging Changes
1155(4)
Neural Control
1155(1)
Aging Changes
1156(3)
CHAPTER 49 Alterations in Structure and Function of the Male Genitourinary System
1159(16)
Stephanie M. Stewart
Disorders of the Penis
1159(3)
Hypospadias and Epispadias
1159(1)
Phimosis and Paraphimosis
1160(1)
Priapism
1160(1)
Peyronie's Disease
1161(1)
Balanitis and Balanoposthitis
1161(1)
Cancer of the Penis
1161(1)
Disorders of the Scrotum and Testes
1162(6)
Cryptorchidism
1162(1)
Hydrocele
1163(1)
Hematocele
1164(1)
Spermatocele
1164(1)
Varicocele
1164(1)
Testicular Torsion
1164(1)
Epididymitis
1165(1)
Orchitis
1166(1)
Neoplasms
1166(2)
Disorders of the Prostate
1168(7)
Prostatitis
1168(1)
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
1169(2)
Prostatic Cancer
1171(4)
CHAPTER 50 Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
1175(12)
Patricia McCowen Mehring
Reproductive Structures
1175(4)
External Genitalia
1175(2)
Internal Genitalia
1177(2)
Menstrual Cycle
1179(5)
Hormonal Control
1179(2)
Ovarian Follicle Development and Ovulation
1181(1)
Endometrial Changes
1182(1)
Cervical Mucus
1182(1)
Menopause
1183(1)
Breasts
1184(3)
Structure
1184(1)
Pregnancy
1185(1)
Lactation
1185(1)
Changes With Menopause
1185(2)
CHAPTER 51 Alterations in Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
1187(32)
Patricia McCowen Mehring
Disorders of the External Genitalia and Vagina
1187(5)
Disorders of the External Genitalia
1188(2)
Disorders of the Vagina
1190(2)
Disorders of the Cervix and Uterus
1192(7)
Disorders of the Uterine Cervix
1192(4)
Disorders of the Uterus
1196(3)
Disorders of the Fallopian Tubes and Ovaries
1199(4)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
1199(1)
Ectopic Pregnancy
1200(1)
Cancer of the Fallopian Tube
1201(1)
Benign Ovarian Cysts and Tumors
1201(1)
Ovarian Cancer
1202(1)
Disorders of Pelvic Support and Uterine Position
1203(3)
Cystocele
1204(1)
Rectocele and Enterocele
1205(1)
Uterine Prolapse
1205(1)
Treatment of Pelvic Support Disorders
1205(1)
Variations in Uterine Position
1205(1)
Menstrual Disorders
1206(3)
Dysfunctional Menstrual Cycles
1206(1)
Amenorrhea
1207(1)
Dysmenorrhea
1207(1)
Premenstrual Syndrome
1207(2)
Disorders of the Breast
1209(4)
Galactorrhea
1209(1)
Mastitis
1209(1)
Ductal Disorders
1210(1)
Fibroadenoma and Fibrocystic Disease
1210(1)
Breast Cancer
1210(3)
Infertility
1213(6)
Male Factors
1213(1)
Female Factors
1213(2)
New Technologies
1215(4)
CHAPTER 52 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
1219(12)
Patricia McCowen Mehring
Infections of the External Genitalia
1219(4)
Human Papillomavirus (Condylomata Acuminata)
1219(1)
Genital Herpes
1220(2)
Molluscum Contagiosum
1222(1)
Chancroid
1222(1)
Granuloma Inguinale
1223(1)
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
1223(1)
Vaginal Infections
1223(3)
Candidiasis
1223(1)
Trichomoniasis
1224(1)
Bacterial Vaginosis (Nonspecific Vaginitis)
1225(1)
Vaginal-Urogenital-Systemic Infections
1226(5)
Chlamydial Infections
1226(1)
Gonorrhea
1227(1)
Nonspecific Urogenital Infection
1228(1)
Syphilis
1228(3)
UNIT XIV Integrated Body Function1231(64)
CHAPTER 53 Stress and Adaptation
1233(10)
Health and Adaptation
1233(3)
Constancy of the Internal Environment
1234(1)
Homeostasis
1234(1)
Control Systems
1234(2)
Stress
1236(3)
The Stress Response
1236(1)
Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions
1237(2)
Factors Affecting Adaptation to Stress
1239(4)
Adaptive Capacity
1239(1)
Previous Experience and Learning
1240(1)
Physiologic Reserve
1240(1)
Time
1240(1)
Genetic Endowment
1240(1)
Age
1240(1)
Health Status
1240(1)
Nutrition
1240(1)
Sleep-Wake Cycles
1241(1)
Psychosocial Factors
1241(2)
CHAPTER 54 Alterations in Nutritional Status
1243(22)
Joan Pleuss
Nutritional Status
1243(11)
Energy Metabolism
1244(2)
Energy Expenditure
1246(1)
Dietary Reference Intakes
1247(1)
Nutritional Needs
1248(1)
Nutritional Assessment
1249(5)
Overnutrition and Obesity
1254(4)
Causes of Obesity
1254(1)
Types of Obesity
1255(1)
Health Risks Associated With Obesity
1255(1)
Treatment of Obesity
1256(1)
Childhood Obesity
1257(1)
Undernutrition
1258(7)
Malnutrition and Starvation
1258(2)
Eating Disorders
1260(5)
CHAPTER 55 Alterations in Activity Tolerance
1265(18)
Mary Kay Jiricka
Activity Tolerance
1265(9)
Activity Tolerance and Work Performance
1266(3)
Activity Intolerance and Fatigue
1269(5)
Bed Rest and Immobility
1274(9)
Antigravity Effects of Bed Rest
1274(1)
Physiologic Responses
1275(4)
Interventions
1279(4)
CHAPTER 56 Alterations in Temperature Regulation
1283(12)
Body Temperature Regulation
1283(3)
Mechanisms of Heat Production
1284(1)
Mechanisms of Heat Loss
1285(1)
Increased Body Temperature
1286(6)
Fever
1287(2)
Hyperthermia
1289(3)
Decreased Body Temperature
1292(3)
Hypothermia
1292(3)
UNIT XV Developmental Aspects of Altered Health1295(40)
CHAPTER 57 Concepts of Altered Health in Children
1297(20)
Marianne Sigda
Judy Wright Lott
Growth and Development
1297(6)
Prenatal Growth and Development
1299(1)
Birth Weight and Gestational Age
1300(3)
Infancy
1303(6)
Growth and Development
1303(1)
Common Health Problems
1304(5)
Early Childhood
1309(1)
Growth and Development
1309(1)
Common Health Problems
1309(1)
Early School Years to Late Childhood
1310(1)
Growth and Development
1310(1)
Common Health Problems
1311(1)
Adolescence
1311(6)
Growth and Development
1311(2)
Common Health Problems
1313(4)
CHAPTER 58 Concepts of Altered Health in Older Adults
1317(18)
Janice Kuiper Pikna
The Elderly and Theories of Aging
1317(2)
Who Are the Elderly?
1317(1)
Theories of Aging
1318(1)
Physiologic Changes of Aging
1319(5)
Skin
1320(1)
Stature and Musculoskeletal Function
1320(1)
Cardiovascular Function
1320(1)
Respiratory Function
1321(1)
Neurologic Function
1321(1)
Special Senses
1321(1)
Immune Function
1322(1)
Gastrointestinal Function
1322(1)
Renal Function
1323(1)
Genitourinary Function
1323(1)
Functional Problems of Aging
1324(6)
Functional Assessment
1324(1)
Urinary Incontinence
1325(1)
Falls
1326(1)
Depression
1327(1)
Dementia
1328(1)
Delirium
1329(1)
Drug Therapy in the Older Adult
1330(5)
Glossary1335(10)
Appendix: Lab Values1345(4)
Index1349(55)
Lippincott Credits1404

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