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| Before You Begin Designing Instruction | p. 1 |
| Defining Instructional Design | p. 2 |
| Key Terms | p. 2 |
| Guiding Questions | p. 3 |
| Chapter Overview | p. 4 |
| What Is Instructional Design? | p. 5 |
| Models of Instructional Design/Development | p. 9 |
| Professional Instructional Design Practice | p. 13 |
| Traditional Approaches (Analyze, Develop, Evaluate) | p. 1... MORE |
| Nontraditional Approaches | p. 16 |
| Summary | p. 24 |
| Connecting Process to Practice | p. 24 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 25 |
| References | p. 25 |
| Understanding How People Think | p. 28 |
| Key Terms | p. 28 |
| Guiding Questions | p. 29 |
| Chapter Overview | p. 30 |
| Cognition and Basic Cognitive Functions | p. 30 |
| Cognition | p. 30 |
| Basic Cognitive Functions | p. 31 |
| Historical Perspectives on Thinking: A Brief History | p. 32 |
| Modern Views on Thinking: The Shift from Philosophy to Psychology | p. 34 |
| Two Major Perspectives | p. 35 |
| Two More Recent Perspectives | p. 37 |
| Instructional Designers' Views on Thinking | p. 38 |
| Summary | p. 40 |
| Connecting Process to Practice | p. 40 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 41 |
| References | p. 41 |
| Understanding How People Learn | p. 44 |
| Key Terms | p. 44 |
| Guiding Questions | p. 45 |
| Chapter Overview | p. 46 |
| What Is Learning? | p. 46 |
| Two Major, Divergent Approaches to How People Learn | p. 47 |
| Behaviorism | p. 47 |
| Cognitivism | p. 50 |
| A Third Approach: Constructivism | p. 51 |
| Use of All Three Approaches | p. 52 |
| Types of Learning | p. 52 |
| Cognitive Domain | p. 53 |
| Affective Domain | p. 54 |
| Psychomotor Domain | p. 54 |
| Summary | p. 56 |
| Connecting Process to Practice | p. 57 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 57 |
| References | p. 57 |
| Managing Instructional Media Production | p. 60 |
| Key Terms | p. 60 |
| Guiding Questions | p. 61 |
| Chapter Overview | p. 62 |
| The Production Process | p. 62 |
| Organization of a Production Team | p. 63 |
| Production Management | p. 66 |
| Production Calendar | p. 67 |
| Style Guides | p. 71 |
| Storyboards | p. 71 |
| Prototyping | p. 74 |
| Communication and Conflict Resolution | p. 76 |
| Product Evaluation | p. 79 |
| Usability Testing | p. 80 |
| A Final Thought | p. 80 |
| Summary | p. 81 |
| Connecting Process to Practice | p. 82 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 82 |
| References | p. 83 |
| Examining the Situation: Needs, Task, and Learner Analysis | p. 85 |
| Conducting Needs Analysis | p. 86 |
| Key Terms | p. 86 |
| Guiding Questions | p. 87 |
| Chapter Overview | p. 88 |
| Needs Analysis: An Overview | p. 88 |
| Needs Analysis Questions | p. 89 |
| Popular Approaches to Needs Analysis | p. 90 |
| Mager's Performance Analysis | p. 90 |
| Morrison, Ross, and Kemp's Three Approaches | p. 93 |
| Rossett's Five-Step Approach | p. 95 |
| Smith and Ragan's Three Needs Assessment Models | p. 97 |
| Needs Analysis Procedure | p. 98 |
| Determination of the Desired Change | p. 98 |
| The Party Requesting the Desired Change | p. 99 |
| Implementation Location for the Desired Change | p. 99 |
| The Intervention | p. 100 |
| Evaluation of the Success of a Needs Analysis | p. 100 |
| Summary | p. 101 |
| Connecting Process to Practice | p. 102 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 103 |
| References | p. 103 |
| Conducting Task Analysis | p. 104 |
| Key Terms | p. 104 |
| Guiding Questions | p. 105 |
| Chapter Overview | p. 106 |
| What Is Task Analysis? | p. 106 |
| Popular Approaches to Task Analysis | p. 107 |
| Jonassen, Hannum, and Tessmer's Approach | p. 108 |
| Morrison, Ross, and Kemp's Three Techniques | p. 108 |
| Dick, Carey, and Carey's Instructional Analysis | p. 110 |
| Smith and Ragan's Analysis of the Learning Task | p. 110 |
| Task Analysis Procedure | p. 111 |
| The Subject Matter Expert | p. 112 |
| Task Analysis Document | p. 112 |
| Influencing Factors | p. 112 |
| Evaluation of the Success of a Task Analysis | p. 115 |
| Summary | p. 117 |
| Connecting Process to Practice | p. 118 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 118 |
| References | p. 119 |
| Analyzing the Learners | p. 120 |
| Key Terms | p. 120 |
| Guiding Questions | p. 121 |
| Chapter Overview | p. 122 |
| Analysis of Learners | p. 122 |
| Human Needs | p. 123 |
| Captive Audience or Willing Volunteers? | p. 124 |
| Popular Approaches to Analyzing Learners | p. 125 |
| Mager's Approach | p. 125 |
| Heinich, Molenda, Russell, and Smaldino's Approach | p. 127 |
| Dick, Carey, and Carey's Method | p. 129 |
| Smith and Ragan's Approach | p. 129 |
| Morrison, Ross, and Kemp's Approach | p. 133 |
| Learner Analysis Procedure | p. 133 |
| Charting Learner Characteristics Data | p. 133 |
| Creating a Fictitious Profile of the Typical Learner | p. 134 |
| Comparing the Learner Ability Chart and the Learner Profile | p. 134 |
| Evaluation of the Success of a Learner Analysis | p. 136 |
| Summary | p. 137 |
| Connecting Process to Practice | p. 137 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 138 |
| References | p. 138 |
| Creating Instruction: Planning, Designing, and Implementing the Intervention | p. 141 |
| Developing Instructional Goals and Objectives | p. 142 |
| Key Terms | p. 142 |
| Guiding Questions | p. 143 |
| Chapter Overview | p. 144 |
| Instructional Goals and Objectives | p. 144 |
| The Difference Between Goals and Objectives | p. 144 |
| Popular Approaches to Setting Goals and Objectives | p. 146 |
| Mager's Approach | p. 146 |
| Dick, Carey, and Carey's Approaches | p. 146 |
| "ABCD" Approach | p. 146 |
| Morrison, Ross, and Kemp's Approach | p. 147 |
| Goal Setting | p. 147 |
| Translation of Goals into Objectives | p. 149 |
| Evaluation of the Success of Instructional Goal Setting and Objective Specification | p. 153 |
| Summary | p. 154 |
| Connecting Process to Practice | p. 155 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 156 |
| References | p. 156 |
| Organizing Instruction | p. 158 |
| Key Terms | p. 158 |
| Guiding Questions | p. 159 |
| Chapter Overview | p. 160 |
| Scope and Sequence of Instruction | p. 160 |
| Levels of Organization: Macro, Micro, Vertical, and Horizontal | p. 162 |
| Organizational Structures: Content and Media | p. 162 |
| Events of Instruction | p. 162 |
| Continuum of Learning Experiences | p. 164 |
| Instructional Delivery | p. 167 |
| Methods of Instructional Delivery | p. 167 |
| Two Categories of Instructional Delivery | p. 169 |
| Instructional Activities in Noneducational Situations | p. 170 |
| Job Aids | p. 171 |
| Effective Instruction | p. 171 |
| Summary | p. 172 |
| Connecting Process to Practice | p. 173 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 174 |
| References | p. 174 |
| Creating Learning Environments and Producing Instructional Activities | p. 176 |
| Key Terms | p. 176 |
| Guiding Questions | p. 177 |
| Chapter Overview | p. 178 |
| Development of Instruction | p. 178 |
| Teaching Pitfall | p. 178 |
| Learning Environments | p. 180 |
| Four Perspectives on the Design of Learning Environments | p. 180 |
| Directed and Open-Ended Learning Environments | p. 181 |
| Research Support for Instructional Practices | p. 186 |
| Activities Based on Proven Effective Practices | p. 189 |
| Identifying Similarities and Differences | p. 189 |
| Summarizing and Note Taking | p. 192 |
| Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition | p. 193 |
| Homework and Practice | p. 194 |
| Nonlinguistic Representations | p. 194 |
| Cooperative Learning | p. 196 |
| Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback | p. 196 |
| Generating and Testing Hypotheses | p. 197 |
| Questions, Cues, and Advance Organizers | p. 198 |
| Summary | p. 198 |
| Connecting Process to Practice | p. 199 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 200 |
| References | p. 200 |
| Evaluating Learner Success and the Instructional Design: Determining the Effect of the Intervention | p. 203 |
| Evaluating Learner Achievement | p. 204 |
| Key Terms | p. 204 |
| Guiding Questions | p. 206 |
| Chapter Overview | p. 206 |
| Evaluation, Assessment, and Measurement | p. 206 |
| Purpose of Evaluation | p. 207 |
| Goal of Learner Evaluation | p. 208 |
| Development of Learner Evaluations | p. 210 |
| Validity and Reliability | p. 210 |
| Criterion Referenced and Norm Referenced: Simplified | p. 211 |
| The Starting Point: Instructional Objectives | p. 212 |
| Implementation of Learner Evaluations | p. 229 |
| Preinstruction | p. 229 |
| During Instruction | p. 230 |
| Postinstruction | p. 230 |
| Determination of the Success of Learner Evaluations | p. 231 |
| Instructional Designer's Role | p. 231 |
| Summary | p. 232 |
| Connecting Process to Practice | p. 233 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 234 |
| References | p. 235 |
| Determining the Success of the Instructional Design Product and Process | p. 236 |
| Key Terms | p. 236 |
| Guiding Questions | p. 237 |
| Chapter Overview | p. 238 |
| Formative and Summative Evaluation | p. 238 |
| Formative Evaluation | p. 238 |
| Summative Evaluation | p. 248 |
| Group Processing: Evaluating the Instructional Design Team | p. 255 |
| Summary | p. 256 |
| Connecting Process to Practice | p. 257 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 258 |
| References | p. 258 |
| Index | p. 261 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |