About the companion website, xii

Section N: Groundwork, 1

N The excitement of developmental biology, 3

Where the subject came from, 3

Impact of developmental biology, 4

Future impact, 4

Further reading, 5

O How development works, 7

Ultrashort summary, 7

Gametogenesis, 10

Early development, 12

Morphogenetic processes, 19

Growth and death, 23

Further reading, 25

P Approaches to development: developmental genetics, 27

Developmental mutants, 27

Sex chromosomes, 29

Maternal and zygotic, 29

Genetic pathways, 29

Genetic mosaics, 32

Screening for mutants, 33

Cloning of genes, 34

Gain- and loss-of-function experiments, 34

Gene duplication, 38

Limitations of developmental genetics, 39

Further reading, 40

Q Approaches to development: experimental embryology, 42

Normal development, 42

Developmental commitment, 45

Criteria for proof, 51

Further reading, 52

R Approaches to development: cell and molecular biology techniques, 54

Microscopy, 54

Study of gene expression by molecular biology methods, 58

Study of gene expression by in situ methods, 61

Microinjection, 65

Cell-labeling methods, 66

Further reading, 68

Section O: Major model organisms, 71

S Model organisms, 73

The big six, 73

Access and micromanipulation, 75

Genetics and genome maps, 75

Relevance and tempo, 76

Other organisms, 76

Further reading, 78

T Xenopus, 80

Oogenesis, maturation, and fertilization, 80

Normal development, 82

Experimental methods, 87

Processes of regional specification, 92

Inductive interactions, 95

Further reading, 104

U The zebrafish, 106

Normal development, 106

Genetics, 110

Embryological and molecular techniques, 114

Regional specification, 115

Other uses for the zebrafish, 118

Further reading, 120

V The chick, 121

Normal development, 122

Regional specifi cation of the early embryo, 127

Description of organogenesis in the chick, 133

Further reading, 140

NM The mouse, 141

Mammalian fertilization, 141

Normal development, 145

Regional specifi cation, 153

Human early development, 158

Mouse developmental genetics, 159

Other topics in mouse development, 164

Further reading, 169

NN Drosophila, 171

Insects, 171

Normal development, 173

Drosophila developmental genetics, 178

The developmental program, 181

Further reading, 197

NO Caenorhabditis elegans, 198

Adult anatomy, 198

Embryonic development, 200

Analysis of postembryonic development, 208

Further reading, 215

Section 3: Organogenesis, 217

NP Techniques for studying organogenesis and postnatal development, 219

Genetics, 219

Clonal analysis, 223

Tissue and organ culture, 226

Cell separation methods, 228

Further reading, 230

NQ Development of the nervous system, 231

Overall structure and cell types, 231

Anteroposterior patterning of the neural plate, 234

Dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube, 238

Neurogenesis and gliogenesis, 240

The neural crest, 246

Development of neuronal connectivity, 250

Further reading, 257

NR Development of mesodermal organs, 259

Somitogenesis and myogenesis, 259

The kidney, 266

Germ cell and gonadal development, 269

Limb development, 274

Blood and blood vessels, 284

The heart, 287

Further reading, 293

NS Development of endodermal organs, 296

Normal development, 296

Experimental analysis of endoderm development, 301

The pancreas, 307

Further reading, 312

NT Drosophila imaginal discs, 314

Metamorphosis, 314

Disc development, 318

Further reading, 328

Section Q: Growth, regeneration, evolution, 331

NU Tissue organization and stem cells, 333

Types of tissue, 333

Tissue renewal, 336

Stem cells, 339

Further reading, 360

NV Growth, aging and cancer, 362

Growth: control of size and proportion, 362

Aging, 371

Cancer, 374

Further reading, 382

OM Regeneration of missing parts, 384

Distribution of regenerative capacity, 384

Planarian regeneration, 385

Insect limb regeneration, 388

Vertebrate limb regeneration, 390

General properties of regeneration, 399

Further reading, 400

ON Applications of pluripotent stem cells, 401

Cell transplantation therapy, 401

Embryonic stem cells, 403

Personalized pluripotent stem cells, 406

Proposed cell transplantation therapies using pluripotent stem cells, 411

Further reading, 417

OO Evolution and development, 419

Macroevolution, 420

The primordial animal, 424

What really happened in evolution?, 429

Further reading, 438

Appendix: Key molecular components, 440

Genes, 440

Transcription factor families, 442

Signaling systems, 443

Inducing factor families, 445

Cytoskeleton, 449

Cell adhesion molecules, 451

Extracellular matrix components, 452

Further Reading, 452

Glossary, 454

Index, 467

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