Evaluating Student Paragraphs 186

Developing an Exemplification Paragraph 188

Writing an Exemplification Paragraph 191

9. Process 199

Evaluating Student Paragraphs 200

Developing a Process Paragraph 203

Writing a Process Paragraph 206

10. Cause and/or Effect 214

Evaluating Student Paragraphs 215

Developing a Cause and/or Effect Paragraph 217

Writing a Cause and/or Effect Paragraph 220

11. Comparison and/or Contrast 229

Evaluating Student Paragraphs 230

Two Common Methods of Development 232

Evaluating Additional Paragraphs 236

Developing a Comparison and/or Contrast Paragraph 238

Writing a Comparison and/or Contrast Paragraph 241

12. Definition 250

Evaluating Student Paragraphs 252

Developing a Definition Paragraph 254

Writing a Definition Paragraph 257

13. Division-Classifi cation 263

Evaluating Student Paragraphs 264

Developing a Division-Classification Paragraph 268

Writing a Division-Classification Paragraph 271

14. Description 278

Evaluating Student Paragraphs 280

Developing a Descriptive Paragraph 282

Writing a Descriptive Paragraph 285

15. Narration 293

Evaluating Student Paragraphs 294

Developing a Narrative Paragraph 297

Writing a Narrative Paragraph 299

16. Argument 305

Strategies for Argument 306

Evaluating Student Paragraphs 308

Developing an Argument Paragraph 313

Writing an Argument Paragraph 315

PART 3 Essay Development 323

17. Writing the Essay 324

What Is an Essay? 325

Important Points about the Essay 328

Evaluating Student Essays 332

Planning the Essay 337

Practice in Writing the Essay 339

Preparing for Essay Exams 346

Essay Assignments 349

PART 4 Handbook of Sentence Skills 357

SECTION I Grammar 358

18. Subjects and Verbs 359

A Simple Way to Find a Subject 359

A Simple Way to Find a Verb 359

More about Subjects and Verbs 360

19. Sentence Sense 364

How Does Sentence Sense Relate to You as a Writer? 364

Turning on Your Sentence Sense 364

Summary: Using Sentence Sense 366

20. Fragments 367

What Are Fragments? 367

Dependent-Word Fragments 367

-ing and to Fragments 371

Added-Detail Fragments 374

Missing-Subject Fragments 377

21. Run-Ons 381

What Are Run-Ons? 381

Correcting Run-Ons 382

22. Regular and Irregular Verbs 394

A Brief Review of Regular Verbs 394

Irregular Verbs 394

23. Standard English Verbs 402

Regular Verbs: Dialect and Standard Forms 402

Three Common Irregular Verbs: Dialect and Standard Forms 406

24. Subject-Verb Agreement 410

Words between Subject and Verb 410

Verb before Subject 411

Compound Subjects 412

Indefinite Pronouns 413

25. Pronoun Agreement and Reference 416

Pronoun Agreement 416

Pronoun Reference 418

26. Pronoun Types 422

Subject and Object Pronouns 422

Possessive Pronouns 425

Demonstrative Pronouns 426

27. Adjectives and Adverbs 428

Adjectives 428

Adverbs 430

28. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 433

What Misplaced Modifiers Are and How to Correct Them 433

What Dangling Modifiers Are and How to Correct Them 435

SECTION II Mechanics 441

29. Paper Format 442

Guidelines for Formatting a Paper 442

30. Capital Letters 447

Main Uses of Capital Letters 447

Other Uses of Capital Letters 450

Unnecessary Use of Capitals 453

31. Numbers and Abbreviations 456

Numbers 456

Abbreviations 457

SECTION III Punctuation 459

32. Apostrophes 460

Apostrophe in Contractions 460

Apostrophe to Show Ownership or Possession 461

33. Quotation Marks 468

Quotation Marks to Set Off Exact Words of a Speaker or Writer 468

Quotation Marks to Set Off Titles of Short Works 471

Other Uses of Quotation Marks 473

34. Commas 476

Six Main Uses of the Comma 476

35. Other Punctuation Marks 485

Colon (:) 485

Semicolon (;) 486

Dash (—) 486

Hyphen (-) 487

Parentheses ( ) 487

SECTION IV Word Use 489

36. Using the Dictionary 490

Owning Your Own Dictionaries 490

Dictionaries on Your Computer 491

Understanding a Dictionary Entry 492

37. Improving Spelling 499

Step 1: Use the Dictionary 499

Step 2: Keep a Personal Spelling List 499

Step 3: Master Commonly Confused Words 500

Step 4: Use a Computer’s Spell-Checker 500

Step 5: Understand Basic Spelling Rules 500

Step 6: Study a Basic Word List 501

38. Vocabulary Development 508

Regular Reading 508

Vocabulary Wordsheets 509

Vocabulary Study Books 510

39. Commonly Confused Words 511

Homonyms 511

Other Words Frequently Confused 516

40. Effective Word Choice 521

Slang 521

Clichés 522

Pretentious Words 523

SECTION V Practice 526

41. Editing Tests 527

Twelve Editing Tests 527

PART 5 Readings for Writers 543

INTRODUCTION TO THE READINGS 544

The Format of Each Selection 544

How to Read Well: Four General Steps 545

How to Answer the Vocabulary in Context Questions 547

How to Answer the Comprehension Questions: Specific Hints 547

GOALS AND VALUES 548

All the Good Things, Sister Helen Mrosla 548

Rowing the Bus, Paul Logan 554

“Extra Large,” Please, Diane Urbina 562

What Good Families Are Doing Right, Dolores Curran 569

Different Is Just Different, Suzanne Fisher Staples 582

What Students Need to Know about Today’s Job CrisisDon Bertram 590

EDUCATION AND SELF-IMPROVEMENT 602

Do It Better!, Ben Carson, M.D., with Cecil Murphey 602

Anxiety: Challenge by Another Name, James Lincoln Collier 612

Let’s Really Reform Our Schools, Anita Garland 619

How They Get You to Do That, Janny Scott 627

HUMAN GROUPS AND SOCIETY 637

from A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens 637

Duel at High Noon: A Replay of Cormier’s Works, Kathy Neal Headley 644

Managing Conflicts in Relationships, Rudolph F. Verderber 651

Group Pressure, Rodney Stark 658

From Father to Son, Last Words to Live By Dana Canedy 664

Reading Comprehension Chart 671

APPENDIXES 672

A. ESL Pointers 672

Articles 672

Subjects and Verbs 675

Adjectives 679

Prepositions Used for Time and Place 681

B. Sentence-Skills Diagnostic Test 682

C. Sentence-Skills Achievement Test 687

D. Answers to Sentence-Skills Diagnostic Test 692

CREATE-ONLY CHAPTERS

CREATE Using the Library

Making Full Use of the Library’s Resources

CREATE Writing a Research Paper

Step 1: Select a Topic Th at You Can Readily Research

Step 2: Limit Your Topic, Make the Purpose of Your Paper Clear, and Assess Your Audience

Step 3: Gather Information on Your Limited Topic

Step 4: Plan Your Paper and Take Notes on Your Limited Topic A Caution about Plagiarism

Step 5: Write the Paper

Step 6: Use an Acceptable

CREATE Combined Mastery Tests

Credits 693

Index 696

INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE IG-1

Suggested Approaches and Techniques IG-2

A Model Syllabus IG-16

Suggested Answers to the Discussion Questions in Part 5 IG-21

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