9780131405707

This applied thermoscience book explores the basic principles and applications of various types of internal combustion engines, with a major emphasis on reciprocating engines.KEY TOPICSIt covers both spark ignition and compression ignition enginesas well as those operating on four-stroke cycles and on two stroke cyclesranging in size from small model airplane engines to the larger stationary engines.For use as a reference guide in the field of engines, and a basic understanding of the operating of internal combustion engines.

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Preface

xiii

Acknowledgments

xvii

Notation

xix

Introduction

1

(37)

Introduction

1

(3)

Early History

4

(1)

Engine Classifications

5

(10)

Terminology and Abbreviations

15

(4)

Engine Components

19

(6)

Basic Engine Cycles

25

(5)

Hybrid Vehicles

30

(3)

Fuel Cell Vehicles

33

(2)

Engine Emissions and Air Pollution

35

(3)

Problems

36

(1)

Design Problems

37

(1)

Operating Characteristics

38

(46)

Engine Parameters

38

(9)

Work

47

(6)

Mean Effective Pressure

53

(1)

Torque and Power

54

(3)

Dynamometers

57

(5)

Air-Fuel Ratio and Fuel-Air Ratio

62

(2)

Specific Fuel Consumption

64

(4)

Engine Efficiencies

68

(1)

Volumetric Efficiency

69

(4)

Emissions

73

(2)

Noise Abatement

75

(1)

42-Volt Electrical Systems

75

(2)

Variable Displacement---Cylinder Cutout

77

(1)

Conclusions---Working Equations

78

(6)

Problems

79

(4)

Design Problems

83

(1)

Engine Cycles

84

(55)

Air-Standard Cycles

84

(4)

Otto Cycle

88

(8)

Real Air--Fuel Engine Cycles

96

(2)

SI Engine Cycle at Part Throttle

98

(3)

Exhaust Process

101

(5)

Diesel Cycle

106

(4)

Dual Cycle

110

(3)

Comparison of Otto, Diesel, and Dual Cycles

113

(6)

Miller Cycle

119

(4)

Comparison of Miller Cycle and Otto Cycle

123

(1)

Two-Stroke Cycles

124

(5)

Stirling Cycle

129

(2)

Lenoir Cycle

131

(2)

Summary

133

(6)

Problems

133

(5)

Design Problems

138

(1)

Thermochemistry and Fuels

139

(51)

Thermochemistry

139

(12)

Hydrocarbon Fuels---Gasoline

151

(2)

Some Common Hydrocarbon Components

153

(5)

Self-Ignition and Octane Number

158

(8)

Diesel Fuel

166

(5)

Alternate Fuels

171

(13)

Conclusions

184

(6)

Problems

185

(4)

Design Problems

189

(1)

Air and Fuel Induction

190

(59)

Intake Manifold

190

(2)

Volumetric Efficiency of SI Engines

192

(6)

Intake Valves

198

(4)

Variable Value Control

202

(3)

Fuel Injection

205

(12)

Carburetors

217

(9)

Supercharging and Turbocharging

226

(5)

Dual-Fuel Engines

231

(2)

Intake for Two-Stroke Cycle Engines

233

(5)

Intake for CI Engines

238

(4)

Nitrous Oxide

242

(2)

Conclusions

244

(5)

Problems

244

(4)

Design Problems

248

(1)

Fluid Motion within Combustion Chamber

249

(24)

Turbulence

249

(2)

Swirl

251

(6)

Squish and Tumble

257

(1)

Divided Combustion Chambers

258

(2)

Crevice Flow and Blowby

260

(3)

Mathematical Models and Computer Simulation

263

(2)

Internal Combustion Engine Simulation Program

265

(5)

Conclusions

270

(3)

Problems

270

(2)

Design Problems

272

(1)

Combustion

273

(40)

Combustion in SI Engines with Homogeneous Air--Fuel Mixtures

274

(14)

Combustion in Divided Chamber Engines and Stratified Charge Lean-Burn Engines

288

(4)

Engine Operating Characteristics

292

(2)

Modern Fast Burn Combustion Chambers

294

(3)

Combustion in CI Engines

297

(8)

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition---HCCI

305

(1)

Variable Compression Ratio

306

(3)

Summary

309

(4)

Problems

310

(2)

Design Problems

312

(1)

Exhaust Flow

313

(17)

Blowdown

313

(3)

Exhaust Stroke

316

(3)

Exhaust Valves

319

(1)

Exhaust Temperature

320

(1)

Exhaust Manifold

321

(2)

Turbochargers

323

(1)

Exhaust Gas Recycle---EGR

324

(1)

Tailpipe and Muffler

324

(1)

Two-Stroke Cycle Engines

324

(2)

Summary and Conclusions

326

(4)

Problems

327

(2)

Design Problems

329

(1)

Emissions and Air Pollution

330

(40)

Air Pollution

330

(2)

Hydrocarbons (HC)

332

(6)

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

338

(1)

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

339

(3)

Particulates

342

(3)

Other Emissions

345

(3)

Aftertreatment

348

(1)

Catalytic Converters

349

(9)

CI Engines

358

(1)

Chemical Methods to Reduce Emissions

359

(1)

Exhaust Gas Recycle---EGR

360

(3)

Nonexhaust Emissions

363

(1)

Noise Pollution

364

(6)

Problems

365

(4)

Design Problems

369

(1)

Heat Transfer in Engines

370

(40)

Energy Distribution

371

(2)

Engine Temperatures

373

(3)

Heat Transfer in Intake System

376

(1)

Heat Transfer in Combustion Chambers

377

(7)

Heat Transfer in Exhaust System

384

(3)

Effect of Engine Operating Variables on Heat Transfer

387

(6)

Air Cooled Engines

393

(2)

Liquid Cooled Engines

395

(6)

Oil as a Coolant

401

(1)

Adiabatic Engines

401

(1)

Some Modern Trends in Engine Cooling

402

(1)

Thermal Storage

403

(3)

Summary

406

(4)

Problems

406

(3)

Design Problems

409

(1)

Friction and Lubrication

410

(33)

Mechanical Friction and Lubrication

410

(2)

Engine Friction

412

(11)

Forces on Piston

423

(6)

Engine Lubrication Systems

429

(1)

Two-Stroke Cycle Engines

430

(2)

Lubricating Oil

432

(6)

Oil Filters

438

(2)

Crankcase Explosions

440

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

441

(2)

Problems

441

(1)

Design Problems

442

(1)

Appendix

443

(5)

References

448

(12)

Answers to Selected Review Problems

460

(3)

Index

463

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The goal of the second edition of this book is the same as that of the first edition, with updated material in several areas that reflects the ever-advancing technology of internal combustion engines. This book was written to be used as an applied thermoscience textbook in a one-semester, college-level, undergraduate engineering course on internal combustion engines. It provides the material needed for a basic understanding of the operation of internal combustion engines. Students are assumed to have knowledge of fundamental thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics as a prerequisite to get maximum benefit from the text. This book can also be used for self-study or as a reference book in the field of engines.Contents include the fundamentals of most types of internal combustion engines, with a major emphasis on reciprocating engines. Both spark ignition and compression ignition engines are covered, as are those operating on four-stroke cycles and on two-stroke cycles, and ranging in size from small model airplane engines to the largest stationary engines. Rocket engines and jet engines are not included. Because of the large number of engines that are used in automobiles and other vehicles, a major emphasis is placed on these.The book is divided into 11 chapters. Chapters 1 and 2 give an introduction, terminology, definitions, and basic operating characteristics. These are followed in Chapter 3 with detailed analysis of basic engine cycles. Chapter 4 reviews fundamental thermochemistry as it applies to engine operation and engine fuels. Chapters 5 through 9 follow the air-fuel charge as it passes sequentially through an engine, including intake, motion within a cylinder, combustion, exhaust, and emissions. Engine heat transfer, friction, and lubrication are covered in Chapters 10 and 11. Each chapter includes solved example problems and historical notes, followed by a set of unsolved review problems. Also included at the end of each chapter are open-ended problems that require limited design application, in keeping with the modern engineering education trend of emphasizing design through the entire curriculum. These design problems can be used as minor weekly exercises or as major group projects.Fueled by intensive commercial competition and increasingly strict government regulations on emissions and safety, the field of engine technology is constantly changing. It is difficult to stay knowledgeable about all advancements in engine design, materials, controls, and fuel development that we experience at an ever-increasing rate. During the years as the outline for this text evolved, continuous changes were required as new developments occurred. Those advancements that are covered in this book include tie Miller cycle, lean burn engines, hybrid vehicles, 42-volt electrical systems, variable valve timing, fuel cell technology, gasoline direct injection, variable compression ratios, cylinder cutout, thermal storage, etc. Advancements and technological changes will continue to occur, and further updating of this text will be required periodically.Information in the book represents an accumulation of general material collected by the author over a period of years while teaching courses and working in research and development in the field of internal combustion engines in the Mechanical Engineering Department of the University of Wisconsin-Platteville. During this time, information has been collected from many sources, including conferences, newspapers, personal communication, books, technical periodicals, research, product literature, television, etc. This information became the basis for the outline and notes used in the teaching of a class about internal combustion engines. These class notes, in turn, evolved into the general outline for this textbook. A list of references from the technical literature from which specific information for this book was taken is included at the back of the book.

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Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine

Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine

0131405705

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