9780495006985

Preface. Orientation. 1. Recognizing Arguments. 2. Analyzing Arguments. 3. Evaluating Arguments. 4. Some Valid Argument Forms. 5. More Valid Argument Forms: Categorical Reasoning and Venn Diagrams. 6. Causal Analysis. 7. Argument by Analogy and Models. 8. Errors in Reasoning: Fallacies. 9. Definition. 10. Vagueness and Ambiguity. 11. Reasonable Beliefs. 12. Rules for Writing. Exercises: Some Answers, Hints, and Comments. Index.

Orientation

1

(1)

Basic Assumptions

1

(1)

Organization

2

(1)

Using This Book

2

(1)

Recognizing Arguments

3

(15)

What Is an Argument?

3

(2)

Three General Considerations

5

(1)

Recognizing Arguments

6

(4)

Multiple Conclusions and Complex Arguments

10

(3)

Exercises

13

(5)

Analyzing Arguments

18

(16)

Showing the Structure of Arguments

18

(4)

Strategies of Analysis

22

(3)

Two Special Problems

25

(3)

Analyzing a Complex Argument: An Example

28

(1)

Exercises

29

(5)

Evaluating Arguments

34

(24)

Deductive Arguments

34

(6)

Exercises

40

(2)

Nondeductive Arguments

42

(6)

Complex Arguments

48

(2)

Exercises

50

(3)

Overall Argument Evaluation

53

(2)

Exercises

55

(3)

Some Valid Argument Forms

58

(26)

Sentential Form

58

(3)

Exercises

61

(1)

Valid Argument Forms

62

(4)

Two Invalid Argument Forms

66

(1)

Exercises

67

(3)

Using the Forms to Show Validity

70

(2)

Exercises

72

(2)

Conditionals

74

(1)

Equivalent Forms

75

(3)

Exercises

78

(1)

Using Inference and Equivalence Rules

79

(2)

Exercises

81

(3)

More Valid Argument Forms: Categorical Reasoning and Venn Diagrams

84

(14)

Categorical Statements

84

(5)

Exercises

89

(1)

Categorical Syllogisms

90

(6)

Exercises

96

(2)

Causal Analysis

98

(22)

Basic Causal Relationships

98

(6)

Contributing Factors As ``Causes''

104

(1)

Causal Explanations

105

(2)

Testing Causal Claims

107

(5)

Experimental Trials

112

(2)

Exercises

114

(6)

Argument by Analogy and Models

120

(16)

Analogical Arguments

120

(3)

Models

123

(2)

Evaluating Analogical Reasoning

125

(3)

Exercises

128

(8)

Errors in Reasoning: Fallacies

136

(23)

Fallacies in Supporting a Claim

136

(10)

Fallacies of Criticism and Response

146

(7)

Exercises

153

(6)

Definition

159

(15)

Definition of Definition

159

(1)

Two Types of Definition

159

(4)

Methods of Definition

163

(4)

Standards of Definition

167

(2)

Exercises

169

(5)

Vagueness and Ambiguity

174

(14)

Vagueness

174

(5)

Ambiguity

179

(4)

Exercises

183

(5)

Reasonable Beliefs

188

(17)

Granted Claims and Acceptable Beliefs

188

(9)

New Claims, Background Beliefs, and Rationality

197

(3)

Exercises

200

(5)

Rules for Writing

205

(10)

Structure

205

(4)

Style

209

(6)

Exercises: Some Answers, Hints, and Comments

215

(16)

Index

231

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The Elements of Reasoning

The Elements of Reasoning

049500698X

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Table of Contents

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