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The Elements of Reasoning

ISBN: 9780495006985 | 049500698X
Edition: 5th
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Cengage Learning
Pub. Date: 3/24/2006

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SummaryTable of Contents
This text is a concise and lucid introduction to the basic elements of argumentative prose and the conceptual tools necessary to understand, analyze, criticize, and construct arguments. The book serves not only as a text for college courses in argument analysis, but as a useful handbook of reasoning in much the same way that Strunk and White's ELEMENTS OF STYLE provides a handbook for writers. While the book covers the standard formal tools of introductory logic, its emphasis is on practical applications to the kinds of arguments students most ... MORE
Orientation1(1)
Basic Assumptions
1(1)
Organization
2(1)
... MOREUsing This Book
2(1)
Recognizing Arguments
3(15)
What Is an Argument?
3(2)
Three General Considerations
5(1)
Recognizing Arguments
6(4)
Multiple Conclusions and Complex Arguments
10(3)
Exercises
13(5)
Analyzing Arguments
18(16)
Showing the Structure of Arguments
18(4)
Strategies of Analysis
22(3)
Two Special Problems
25(3)
Analyzing a Complex Argument: An Example
28(1)
Exercises
29(5)
Evaluating Arguments
34(24)
Deductive Arguments
34(6)
Exercises
40(2)
Nondeductive Arguments
42(6)
Complex Arguments
48(2)
Exercises
50(3)
Overall Argument Evaluation
53(2)
Exercises
55(3)
Some Valid Argument Forms
58(26)
Sentential Form
58(3)
Exercises
61(1)
Valid Argument Forms
62(4)
Two Invalid Argument Forms
66(1)
Exercises
67(3)
Using the Forms to Show Validity
70(2)
Exercises
72(2)
Conditionals
74(1)
Equivalent Forms
75(3)
Exercises
78(1)
Using Inference and Equivalence Rules
79(2)
Exercises
81(3)
More Valid Argument Forms: Categorical Reasoning and Venn Diagrams
84(14)
Categorical Statements
84(5)
Exercises
89(1)
Categorical Syllogisms
90(6)
Exercises
96(2)
Causal Analysis
98(22)
Basic Causal Relationships
98(6)
Contributing Factors As ``Causes''
104(1)
Causal Explanations
105(2)
Testing Causal Claims
107(5)
Experimental Trials
112(2)
Exercises
114(6)
Argument by Analogy and Models
120(16)
Analogical Arguments
120(3)
Models
123(2)
Evaluating Analogical Reasoning
125(3)
Exercises
128(8)
Errors in Reasoning: Fallacies
136(23)
Fallacies in Supporting a Claim
136(10)
Fallacies of Criticism and Response
146(7)
Exercises
153(6)
Definition
159(15)
Definition of Definition
159(1)
Two Types of Definition
159(4)
Methods of Definition
163(4)
Standards of Definition
167(2)
Exercises
169(5)
Vagueness and Ambiguity
174(14)
Vagueness
174(5)
Ambiguity
179(4)
Exercises
183(5)
Reasonable Beliefs
188(17)
Granted Claims and Acceptable Beliefs
188(9)
New Claims, Background Beliefs, and Rationality
197(3)
Exercises
200(5)
Rules for Writing
205(10)
Structure
205(4)
Style
209(6)
Exercises: Some Answers, Hints, and Comments215(16)
Index231

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