Rent 9780130144973 | Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soils | Brady, Nyle C.; Weil, Ray R. @knetbooks.com

Summary Table of Contents

For lower-level undergraduate courses in Introduction to Soils and Fundamentals of Soil Science. This text opens students' eyes to the fascinating and important world of soils, and the principles that can be used to minimize the degradation and destruction of one of our most important natural resources. Concentrating on essentials, this edition is a more concise version of its parent text,The Nature and Properties of Soils, maintaining its high standards of rigor and readability, and its priority of explaining this science in a manner relevant to many fields of study. It provides a fundamental knowledge that is a prerequisite to meeting the many natural-resource challenges awaiting humanity in the 21st century.

PREFACE

xiii

1 THE SOILS AROUND US

(28)

1.1 Functions of Soils in Our Ecosystem

(1)

... MORE

1.2 Medium for Plant Growth

(3)

1.3 Regulator of Water Supplies

(1)

1.4 Recycler of Raw Materials

(1)

1.5 Habitat for Soil Organisms

(1)

1.6 Engineering Medium

(1)

1.7 Soil as a Natural Body

(2)

1.8 The Soil Profile and Its Layers (Horizons)

(2)

1.9 Topsoil and Subsoil

(3)

1.10 Soil: The Interface of Air, Minerals, Water, and Life

(1)

1.11 Mineral (Inorganic) Constituents of Soils

(2)

1.12 Soil Organic Matter

(2)

1.13 Soil Water: A Dynamic Solution

(2)

1.14 Soil Air: A Changing Mixture of Gases

(1)

1.15 Interaction of Four Components to Supply Plant Nutrients

(2)

1.16 Nutrient Uptake by Plant Roots

(2)

1.17 Soil Quality, Degradation, and Resilience

(1)

1.18 Conclusion

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

Reference

(1)

2 FORMATION OF SOILS FROM PARENT MATERIALS

(30)

2.1 Weathering of Rocks and Minerals

(2)

2.2 Physical Weathering (Disintegration)

(2)

2.3 Chemical Weathering (Decomposition)

(1)

2.4 Factors Influencing Soil Formation

(1)

2.5 Parent Materials

(1)

2.6 Residual Parent Material

(1)

2.7 Colluvial Debris

(1)

2.8 Alluvial Stream Deposits

(1)

2.9 Marine Sediments

(2)

2.10 Parent Materials Transported by Glacial Ice and Meltwaters

(2)

2.11 Parent Materials Transported by Wind

(1)

2.12 Organic Deposits

(2)

2.13 Climate

(2)

2.14 Biota: Living Organisms

(3)

2.15 Topography

(1)

2.16 Time

(1)

2.17 Soil Formation in Action

(3)

2.18 The Soil Profile

(2)

2.19 Conclusion

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

References

(1)

3 SOIL CLASSIFICATION

(36)

3.1 Concept of Individual Soils

(1)

3.2 Comprehensive Classification System: Soil Taxonomy

(5)

3.3 Categories and Nomenclature of Soil Taxonomy

(1)

3.4 Soil Orders

(4)

3.5 Entisols (Recent: Little If Any Profile Development)

(1)

3.6 Inceptisols (Few Diagnostic Features: Inception of B Horizon)

(1)

3.7 Andisols (Volcanic Ash Soils)

(1)

3.8 Gelisols (Permafrost and Frost Churning)

(2)

3.9 Histosols (Organic Soils without Permafrost)

(1)

3.10 Aridisols (Dry Soils)

(2)

3.11 Vertisols (Dark, Swelling and Cracking Clays)

(2)

3.12 Mollisols (Dark, Soft Soils of Grasslands)

(2)

3.13 Alfisols (Argillic or Natric Horizon, Medium to High Bases)

(1)

3.14 Ultisols (Argillic Horizon, Low Bases)

(1)

3.15 Spodosols (Acid, Sandy, Forest Soils, Low Bases)

(1)

3.16 Oxisols (Oxic Horizon, Highly Weathered)

(1)

3.17 Lower-Level Categories in Soil Taxonomy

(4)

3.18 Soil Surveys and Maps

(3)

3.19 Conclusion

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

References

(1)

4 SOIL ARCHITECTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

(36)

4.1 Soil Color

(1)

4.2 Soil Texture (Size Distribution of Soil Particles)

(3)

4.3 Soil Textural Classes

100

(4)

4.4 Structure of Mineral Soils

104

(2)

4.5 Soil Density

106

(7)

4.6 Pore Space of Mineral Soils

113

(2)

4.7 Formation and Stabilization of Soil Aggregates

115

(6)

4.8 Tillage and Structural Management of Soils

121

(4)

4.9 Soil Properties Relevant to Engineering Uses

125

(4)

4.10 Conclusion

129

(1)

Study Questions

129

(1)

References

130

(1)

5 SOIL WATER: CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIOR

131

(27)

5.1 Structure and Related Properties of Water

132

(2)

5.2 Capillary Fundamentals and Soil Water

134

(1)

5.3 Soil Water Energy Concepts

135

(5)

5.4 Soil Moisture Content and Soil Water Potential

140

(3)

5.5 The Flow of Liquid Water in Soil

143

(3)

5.6 Infiltration and Percolation

146

(4)

5.7 Water Vapor Movement in Soils

150

(1)

5.8 Qualitative Description of Soil Wetness

150

(5)

5.9 Conclusion

155

(1)

Study Questions

156

(1)

References

157

(1)

6 SOIL AND THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

158

(36)

6.1 The Global Hydrologic Cycle

159

(1)

6.2 Fate of Precipitation and Irrigation Water

160

(3)

6.3 The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum

163

(4)

6.4 Efficiency of Water Use

167

(2)

6.5 Control of Evapotranspiration (ET)

169

(1)

6.6 Control of Surface Evaporation (E)

169

(2)

6.7 Percolation-Evaporation Balance

171

(2)

6.8 Percolation and Groundwaters

173

(3)

6.9 Enhancing Soil Drainage

176

(5)

6.10 Septic Tank Drain Fields

181

(4)

6.11 Irrigation Principles and Practices

185

(6)

6.12 Conclusion

191

(1)

Study Questions

192

(1)

References

192

(2)

7 SOIL AERATION AND TEMPERATURE

194

(32)

7.1 Soil Aeration

194

(2)

7.2 Means of Characterizing Soil Aeration

196

(1)

7.3 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Potential

197

(3)

7.4 Factors Affecting Soil Aeration

200

(2)

7.5 Ecological Effects of Soil Aeration

202

(2)

7.6 Aeration in Relation to Containerized and Ornamental Plants

204

(3)

7.7 Wetlands and Their Poorly Aerated Soils

207

(3)

7.8 Processes Affected by Soil Temperature

210

(4)

7.9 Absorption and Loss of Solar Energy

214

(3)

7.10 Thermal Properties of Soils

217

(4)

7.11 Soil Temperature Control

221

(2)

7.12 Conclusion

223

(1)

Study Questions

224

(1)

References

224

(2)

8 SOIL COLLOIDS: THEIR NATURE AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE

226

(26)

8.1 Properties of Soil Colloids

227

(2)

8.2 Adsorbed Cations

229

(1)

8.3 Fundamentals of Layer Silicate Clay Structure

230

(2)

8.4 Mineralogical Organization of Silicate Clays

232

(4)

8.5 Genesis of Soil Colloids

236

(2)

8.6 Sources of Charges on Soil Colloids

238

(3)

8.7 Cation Exchange

241

(1)

8.8 Cation Exchange Capacity

241

(4)

8.9 Availability of Exchangeable Cations as Plant Nutrients

245

(1)

8.10 Anion Exchange

246

(2)

8.11 Soil Colloids and Environmental Quality

248

(1)

8.12 Conclusion

249

(1)

Study Questions

250

(1)

References

251

(1)

9 SOIL ACIDITY, ALKALINITY, AND SALINITY

252

(38)

9.1 Sources of Acidity

253

(3)

9.2 Sources of Alkalinity

256

(2)

9.3 Buffering of Soils

258

(2)

9.4 Variability in Soil pH

260

(4)

9.5 Soil Reaction: Correlations

264

(1)

9.6 Determination of Soil pH

265

(2)

9.7 Methods of Intensifying Soil Acidity

267

(1)

9.8 Decreasing Soil Acidity: Liming Materials

268

(1)

9.9 Reactions of Lime in the Soil

268

(1)

9.10 Lime Requirements: Quantities Needed

269

(2)

9.11 Practical Considerations

271

(2)

9.12 Ameliorating Acidity in Subsoils

273

(1)

9.13 Alkaline and Salt-Affected Soils

273

(1)

9.14 Development of Salt-Affected Soils

274

(1)

9.15 Measuring Salinity and Alkalinity

275

(1)

9.16 Classes of Salt-Affected Soils

276

(3)

9.17 Selective Tolerance of Higher Plants to Saline and Sodic Soils

279

(2)

9.18 Management of Saline and Sodic Soils

281

(2)

9.19 Reclamation of Saline Soils

283

(2)

9.20 Reclamation of Saline-Sodic and Sodic Soils

285

(2)

9.21 Conclusion

287

(1)

Study Questions

288

(1)

References

288

(2)

10 ORGANISMS AND ECOLOGY OF THE SOIL

290

(32)

10.1 The Diversity of Organisms in the Soil

290

(2)

10.2 Organisms in Action

292

(4)

10.3 Organism Abundance, Biomass, and Metabolic Activity

296

(1)

10.4 Earthworms and Termites

297

(4)

10.5 Soil Microanimals

301

(2)

10.6 Roots of Higher Plants

303

(2)

10.7 Soil Algae

305

(1)

10.8 Soil Fungi

306

(4)

10.9 Soil Actinomycetes

310

(2)

10.10 Soil Bacteria

312

(1)

10.11 Conditions Affecting the Growth of Soil Microorganisms

312

(2)

10.12 Beneficial Effects of Soil Organisms

314

(1)

10.13 Soil Organisms and Damage to Higher Plants

315

(2)

10.14 Ecological Relationships Among Soil Organisms

317

(3)

10.15 Conclusion

320

(1)

Study Questions

320

(1)

References

321

(1)

11 SOIL ORGANIC MATTER

322

(35)

11.1 The Global Carbon Cycle

322

(2)

11.2 The Process of Decomposition in Soils

324

(4)

11.3 Factors Controlling Rates of Decomposition and Mineralization

328

(5)

11.4 Humus: Genesis and Nature

333

(2)

11.5 Composts and Composting

335

(3)

11.6 Direct Influences of Organic Matter on Plant Growth

338

(1)

11.7 Influence of Organic Matter on Soil Properties and the Environment

339

(2)

11.8 Management of Amount and Quality of Soil Organic Matter

341

(2)

11.9 Carbon Balance in the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere System

343

(1)

11.10 Factors and Practices Influencing Soil Organic Matter Levels

344

(5)

11.11 Soils and the Greenhouse Effect

349

(3)

11.12 Organic Soils (Histosols)

352

(2)

11.13 Conclusion

354

(1)

Study Questions

355

(1)

References

355

(2)

12 NITROGEN AND SULFUR ECONOMY OF SOILS

357

(34)

12.1 Influence of Nitrogen on Plant Growth and Development

358

(1)

12.2 Origin and Distribution of Nitrogen

358

(1)

12.3 The Nitrogen Cycle

359

(1)

12.4 Immobilization and Mineralization

359

(2)

12.5 Ammonium Fixation by Clay Minerals

361

(1)

12.6 Ammonia Volatilization

361

(1)

12.7 Nitrification

362

(2)

12.8 The Nitrate Leaching Problem

364

(2)

12.9 Gaseous Losses by Denitrification

366

(5)

12.10 Biological Nitrogen Fixation

371

(1)

12.11 Symbiotic Fixation with Legumes

372

(3)

12.12 Symbiotic Fixation with Nonlegumes

375

(2)

12.13 Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation

377

(1)

12.14 Addition of Nitrogen to Soil in Precipitation

377

(1)

12.15 Reactions of Nitrogen Fertilizers

378

(1)

12.16 Practical Management of Soil Nitrogen in Agriculture

378

(1)

12.17 Importance of Sulfur

379

(2)

12.18 Natural Sources of Sulfur

381

(2)

12.19 The Sulfur Cycle

383

(1)

12.20 Behavior of Sulfur Compounds in Soils

383

(2)

12.21 Sulfur Oxidation and Reduction

385

(1)

12.22 Sulfur Retention and Exchange

386

(1)

12.23 Sulfur and Soil Fertility Maintenance

387

(2)

12.24 Conclusion

389

(1)

Study Questions

389

(1)

References

390

(1)

13 SOIL PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, AND MICRONUTRIENTS

391

(44)

13.1 Role of Phosphorus in Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility

392

(1)

13.2 Effects of Phosphorus on Environmental Quality

393

(4)

13.3 The Phosphorus Cycle

397

(3)

13.4 Organic Phosphorus in Soils

400

(2)

13.5 Inorganic Phosphorus in Soils

402

(1)

13.6 Solubility of Inorganic Phosphorus in Acid Soils

403

(3)

13.7 Inorganic Phosphorus Availability at High pH Values

406

(1)

13.8 Phosphorus-Fixation Capacity of Soils

406

(4)

13.9 Practical Control of Phosphorus Availability

410

(1)

13.10 Potassium: Nature and Ecological Roles

411

(1)

13.11 Potassium in Plant and Animal Nutrition

411

(1)

13.12 The Potassium Cycle

412

(3)

13.13 The Potassium Problem in Soil Fertility

415

(2)

13.14 Forms and Availability of Potassium in Soils

417

(2)

13.15 Factors Affecting Potassium Fixation in Soils

419

(1)

13.16 Practical Aspects of Potassium Management

420

(1)

13.17 Importance of Micronutrient Elements

421

(1)

13.18 Role of the Micronutrients

422

(1)

13.19 Source of Micronutrients

422

(2)

13.20 Factors Affecting the Availability of Micronutrients

424

(5)

13.21 Need for Nutrient Balance

429

(1)

13.22 Soil Management and Micronutrient Needs

430

(2)

13.23 Conclusion

432

(1)

Study Questions

432

(1)

References

433

(2)

14 PRACTICAL NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

435

(38)

14.1 Goals of Nutrient Management

435

(3)

14.2 Environmental Quality

438

(3)

14.3 Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Nutrient Cycles

441

(3)

14.4 Recycling Nutrients through Animal Manures

444

(2)

14.5 Storage, Treatment, and Management of Animal Manures

446

(2)

14.6 Industrial and Municipal By-Products

448

(1)

14.7 Sewage Effluent and Sludge

449

(1)

14.8 Practical Utilization of Organic Nutrient Sources

450

(1)

14.9 Inorganic Commercial Fertilizers

451

(6)

14.10 The Concept of the Limiting Factor

457

(2)

14.11 Fertilizer Application Methods

459

(3)

14.12 Timing of Fertilizer Application

462

(1)

14.13 Diagnostic Tools and Methods

462

(1)

14.14 Plant Symptoms and Field Observations

463

(1)

14.15 Plant Analysis and Tissue Testing

463

(1)

14.16 Soil Analysis

463

(5)

14.17 Site-Specific Nutrient Management

468

(1)

14.18 Broader Aspects of Fertilizer Practice

469

(1)

14.19 Conclusion

470

(1)

Study Questions

471

(1)

References

471

(2)

15 SOIL EROSION AND ITS CONTROL

473

(38)

15.1 Significance of Soil Erosion and Land Degradation

474

(2)

15.2 On-Site and Off-Site Effects of Accelerated Soil Erosion

476

(4)

15.3 Mechanics of Water Erosion

480

(2)

15.4 Factors Affecting Erosion by Water

482

(7)

15.5 Conservation Tillage

489

(4)

15.6 Control of Accelerated Erosion on Range and Forest Land

493

(2)

15.7 Erosion and Sediment Control on Construction Sites

495

(4)

15.8 Wind Erosion and Its Control

499

(4)

15.9 Land Capability Classification as a Guide to Conservation

503

(3)

15.10 Progress in Soil Conservation

506

(1)

15.11 Conclusion

507

(1)

Study Questions

508

(1)

References

509

(2)

APPENDIX A U.S. SOIL TAXONOMY SUBORDER MAP AND LEGEND

511

(4)

APPENDIX B CANADIAN AND FAO SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

515

(4)

APPENDIX C SI UNIT CONVERSION FACTORS AND PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

519

(4)

GLOSSARY

523

(24)

INDEX

547

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Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soils

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