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Elementary Statistics in Social Research

ISBN: 9780673981172 | 0673981177
Edition: 7th
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Addison-Wesley
Pub. Date: 1/1/1997

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Table of Contents
PREFACEXI
CHAPTER 1 WHY THE SOCIAL RESEARCHER USES STATISTICS
1(18)
The Nature of Social Research
1(4)
... MORE
Why Test Hypotheses?
5(1)
The Stages of Social Research
6(1)
Using Series of Numbers to Do Social Research
6(4)
Functions of Statistics
10(5)
Summary
15(1)
Terms to Remember
15(1)
Problems
16(1)
PART ONE DESCRIPTION17(88)
CHAPTER 2 ORGANIZING THE DATA
19(44)
Frequency Distributions of Nominal Data
19(1)
Comparing Distributions
20(1)
Proportions and Percentages
21(1)
Ratios and Rates
22(2)
Simple Frequency Distributions of Ordinal and Interval Data
24(1)
Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval Data
25(4)
Cumulative Distributions
29(2)
Percentile Ranks
31(6)
Dealing with Decimal Data
37(1)
Flexible Class Intervals
38(2)
Cross-Tabulations
40(6)
Graphic Presentations
46(13)
Summary
59(1)
Terms to Remember
59(1)
Problems
60(3)
CHAPTER 3 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
63(19)
The Mode
63(1)
The Median
64(1)
The Mean
65(2)
Taking One Step at a Time
67(1)
Comparing the Mode, Median, and Mean
68(4)
Obtaining the Mode, Median, and Mean from a Simple Frequency Distribution
72(2)
Obtaining the Mode, Median, and Mean from a Grouped Frequency Distribution
74(3)
Summary
77(1)
Terms to Remember
78(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Mode, Median, and Mean for Raw Scores
78(1)
Problems
79(3)
CHAPTER 4 MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
82(23)
The Range
83(1)
The Mean Deviation
84(2)
The Variance and Standard Deviation
86(4)
The Raw-Score Formula for Variance and Standard Deviation
90(1)
The Meaning of the Standard Deviation
91(3)
Comparing Measures of Variability
94(1)
Obtaining the Variance and Standard Deviation from a Simple Frequency Distribution
95(3)
Obtaining the Variance and Standard Deviation from a Grouped Frequency Distribution
98(2)
Summary
100(1)
Terms to Remember
101(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Variance and Standard Deviation for Raw Scores
101(1)
Problems
101(4)
PART TWO FROM DESCRIPTION TO DECISION MAKING105(68)
CHAPTER 5 PROBABILITY AND THE NORMAL CURVE
107(32)
Rules of Probability
108(3)
Probability Distributions
111(4)
The Normal Curve as a Probability Distribution
115(1)
Characteristics of the Normal Curve
115(1)
The Model and the Reality of the Normal Curve
116(2)
The Area Under the Normal Curve
118(5)
Standard Scores and the Normal Curve
123(4)
Finding Probability Under the Normal Curve
127(4)
Obtaining Percentile Ranks from the Normal Curve
131(3)
Summary
134(1)
Terms to Remember
134(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Probability Under the Normal Curve
135(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Percentile Ranks from the Normal Curve
135(1)
Problems
135(4)
CHAPTER 6 SAMPLES AND POPULATIONS
139(34)
Sampling Methods
140(4)
Sampling Error
144(1)
Sampling Distribution of Means
145(7)
Standard Error of the Mean
152(1)
Confidence Intervals
153(6)
The t Distribution
159(6)
Estimating Proportions
165(3)
Summary
168(1)
Terms to Remember
168(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Mean Using z
168(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Mean Using t
169(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Proportion
170(1)
Problems
170(3)
PART THREE DECISION MAKING173(200)
CHAPTER 7 TESTING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEANS
175(40)
The Null Hypothesis: No Difference between Means
176(1)
The Research Hypothesis: A Difference between Means
177(1)
Sampling Distribution of Differences between Means
178(4)
Testing Hypotheses with the Distribution of Differences between Means
182(3)
Levels of Significance
185(5)
Standard Error of the Difference between Means
190(1)
Testing the Difference between Means
191(4)
Comparing the Same Sample Measured Twice
195(3)
Two Sample Tests of Proportions
198(3)
One-Tailed Tests
201(6)
Requirements for Testing the Difference between Means
207(1)
Summary
208(1)
Terms to Remember
208(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Means for Independent Groups
208(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Proportions
209(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Means for the Same Sample Measured Twice
210(1)
Problems
211(4)
CHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
215(23)
The Logic of Analysis of Variance
216(2)
The Sum of Squares
218(6)
Mean Square
224(2)
The F Ratio
226(5)
A Multiple Comparison of Means
231(2)
Requirements for Using the F Ratio
233(1)
Summary
234(1)
Terms to Remember
234(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Means for Several Independent Groups Using Analysis of Variance
235(1)
Problems
236(2)
CHAPTER 9 NONPARAMETRIC TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE
238(38)
One-Way Chi-Square Test
239(4)
Two-Way Chi-Square Test
243(19)
The Median Test
262(2)
The Mann-Whitney U Test
264(4)
Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks
268(2)
Summary
270(1)
Terms to Remember
271(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Groups for Nominal-Level Data Using Chi-Square
271(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Groups for Ordinal-Level Data Using the Mann-Whitney U Test
271(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Several Groups for Ordinal-Level Data Using the Kruskal-Wallis Test
272(1)
Problems
272(4)
CHAPTER 10 CORRELATION
276(24)
Strength of Correlation
276(1)
Direction of Correlation
277(1)
Curvilinear Correlation
278(1)
The Correlation Coefficient
278(2)
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
280(8)
The Importance of Scatter Plots
288(2)
Partial Correlation
290(6)
Summary
296(1)
Terms to Remember
296(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Testing the Strength of Association between Interval-Level Variables Using Pearson's Correlation
296(1)
Problems
297(3)
CHAPTER 11 REGRESSION ANALYSIS
300(24)
The Regression Model
301(5)
Interpreting the Regression Line
306(2)
Prediction Errors
308(3)
Regression and Pearson's Correlation
311(1)
Regression and Analysis of Variance
312(5)
Multiple Regression
317(3)
Summary
320(1)
Terms to Remember
320(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Testing the Effect of an Independent Variable on a Dependent Variable Using Regression Analysis
320(2)
Problems
322(2)
CHAPTER 12 NONPARAMETRIC MEASURES OF CORRELATION
324(29)
Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient
324(7)
Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma
331(5)
Correlation Coefficient for Nominal Data Arranged in a Table
336(2)
Correlation Coefficients for Nominal Data in Larger than Tables
338(3)
Lambda
341(3)
Elaboration
344(4)
Summary
348(1)
Terms to Remember
349(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Testing the Strength of Association between Ordinal-Level Variables Using Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation
349(1)
Step-By-Step Study Guide: Testing the Strength of Association between Cross-Tabulated, Ordinal-Level Variables Using Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma
349(1)
Problems
350(3)
CHAPTER 13 APPLYING STATISTICAL PROCEDURES TO RESEARCH PROBLEMS
353(20)
Research Situations
355(10)
Research Solutions
365(8)
APPENDIXES373
APPENDIX A: CAMPUS PROFILE DATA SET375(2)
APPENDIX B: A REVIEW OF SOME FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS377(5)
APPENDIX C: TABLES382(16)
APPENDIX D: LIST OF FORMULAS398(6)
GLOSSARY404(7)
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS411(6)
INDEX417

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