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Educational Research in an Age of Accountability

ISBN: 9780205439829 | 0205439829
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Pearson
Pub. Date: 10/2/2006

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SummaryTable of Contents
The book is designed to enable students to become intelligent consumers of educational research in order to help create effective and accountable learning environments. Written in a very clear and user-friendly style, this text focuses on understanding the intent of the researcher, the procedures, and the results so that students can use appropriate research findings to inform school change. This text emphasizes how responses to the accountability movement in schools can be focused around using and understanding scientific inquiry. It balances ... MORE
... MORE
Featuresxix
Prefacexxi
PART I INTRODUCTION
Educational Research in an Age of Accountability
1(24)
Evidence-Based Education
2(3)
The Role of Research in Evidence-Based Education
2(1)
Education Policy and Reform
3(1)
Accountability
3(1)
Effectiveness
3(2)
What Is Research?
5(4)
The Best Possible Answer to the Best Possible Question
7(1)
Types of Research in Education
7(1)
Quantitative Research
7(1)
Qualitative Research
8(1)
Other Types of Research
8(1)
Research Design
9(13)
The Logic of Research Design
9(1)
Important Elements in Research
10(1)
Hypotheses
10(1)
The Gremlin
11(3)
Disproving the Null Hypothesis
14(1)
Theory
14(1)
Statistical Significance
15(2)
False Positive and False Negative Errors
17(3)
Internal Validity
20(1)
External Validity
21(1)
Essentials of Research Design
22(1)
Research Navigator
23(1)
Key Terms
23(1)
Activity
23(1)
Exercises
23(1)
Further Reading
24(1)
PART II QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
Randomized Experimental Designs
25(26)
Experimental Comparisons in an Age of Accountability
26(1)
Random Assignment
27(4)
Random Assignment of Individuals
28(1)
Stratified Random Assignment
28(3)
Randomized Experimental Comparisons
31(5)
Control Groups
32(1)
Intent to Treat
33(1)
Pretesting
34(2)
Experiments with More Than Two Treatments
36(7)
Interactions in Factorial Experiments
37(1)
Ordinal versus Disordinal Interactions
38(3)
Factorial Designs with More Than Two Factors
41(2)
Alternatives to Random Assignment of Individuals
43(6)
Random Assignment of Classes, Schools, and Teachers
43(2)
Delayed Treatment Control Group Designs
45(1)
Within-Teacher Random Assignment
45(3)
Example of an Experiment
48(1)
Research Navigator
49(1)
Key Terms
49(1)
Activity
49(1)
Exercises
49(1)
Further Reading
50(1)
Quasi-Experiments
51(14)
Conducting Quasi-Experiments
52(2)
Minimizing Selection Bias in Quasi-Experiments
54(2)
Making Comparisons
56(4)
Pre-Post Comparisons
57(1)
Successive-Year Comparisons
58(1)
Artificial Control Groups
59(1)
What If Pretests Are Not Equal in Different Treatment Groups?
60(3)
Research Navigator
63(1)
Key Terms
63(1)
Activity
63(1)
Exercises
63(1)
Further Reading
64(1)
Time Series Designs
65(17)
Single-Case Experiments
67(4)
Reversal (ABA) Designs
67(2)
Multiple-Baseline Designs
69(2)
Groups as Single Cases
71(2)
Statistics in Single-Case Designs
73(1)
Limitations of Single-Case Designs
74(5)
Research Navigator
79(1)
Key Terms
79(1)
Activity
79(1)
Exercises
79(1)
Further Reading
80(2)
Nonexperimental Quantitative Designs
82(22)
Correlational Designs
83(16)
Correlation Coefficients
84(3)
Correlational Designs Using Categorical Variables
87(2)
Advantages of Correlational Designs
89(1)
Causal--Comparative Designs
90(1)
Large Correlation Matrices
90(1)
The Problem of Causation in Correlational Research
91(1)
Mutual Causation
91(1)
Self-Selection Bias
92(1)
Spurious Correlations
92(1)
The Role of Theory in Correlational Research
93(2)
Control Variables
95(1)
Multiple Regression
96(1)
Limitations of Control Variables
97(2)
Example of a Correlational Study
99(1)
Descriptive Research
99(2)
Survey Research
99(1)
Assessment Research
100(1)
Research Navigator
101(1)
Key Terms
101(1)
Activity
102(1)
Exercises
102(1)
Further Reading
103(1)
Survey Research
104(16)
Types of Surveys
105(2)
Face-to-Face Interviews
106(1)
Telephone Interviews
106(1)
Mail and E-Mail Surveys
106(1)
Creating the Research Instrument
107(7)
Constructing Questionnaires
108(1)
Open versus Closed Form
108(1)
Principles of Questionnaire Construction
109(1)
Sociometric Questionnaires
110(1)
Constructing Interviews
111(1)
Creating an Interview Protocol
111(1)
Piloting the Interview Protocol
112(1)
Recording Interviews
112(1)
Preventing Bias in Interviews
113(1)
Coding Interview Responses
113(1)
Sampling
114(4)
Random Samples
114(1)
Cluster Samples
114(1)
Stratified Random Samples
114(1)
Samples of Convenience
115(1)
Missing Data
116(2)
Research Navigator
118(1)
Key Terms
118(1)
Activity
118(1)
Exercises
119(1)
Further Reading
119(1)
PART III QUALITATIVE AND ACTION RESEARCH DESIGNS
Introduction to Qualitative Research
120(21)
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
121(4)
Qualitative research uses the natural setting as the direct source of data and the researcher as the key instrument
122(1)
Qualitative research is descriptive
123(1)
Qualitative research is concerned with process, rather than simply with outcomes or products
124(1)
Qualitative research includes an inductive analysis of data
124(1)
Meaning is subjective and of essential concern to the qualitative approach
124(1)
Qualitative researchers are aware of their subjective perspective
125(1)
Steps in Qualitative Research
125(4)
Identify What Will Be Studied
126(1)
Identify Who Will Be Studied
126(1)
Collect Data
126(1)
Analyze Data
127(1)
Generate Hypotheses
128(1)
Make Interpretations and Conclusions
129(1)
Data Collection and Qualitative Data
129(6)
Collecting Data
129(1)
Naturalistic Observation
130(1)
Open-Ended Interviews
131(1)
Types of Data
132(1)
Field Notes
132(1)
Documents and Photographs
133(1)
Statistics
133(1)
Triangulation
133(2)
Qualitative versus Quantitative Research: The Wrong Question
135(3)
How They Differ
135(1)
Generalizability versus Depth
135(1)
Hypothesis Testing versus Hypothesis Generation
135(2)
When Are Qualitative Methods Useful?
137(1)
Mixed Methods: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
138(1)
Qualitative--Quantitative Approach
138(1)
Quantitative--Qualitative Approach
138(1)
Combined Approach
139(1)
Research Navigator
139(1)
Key Terms
139(1)
Activity
139(1)
Exercises
140(1)
Further Reading
140(1)
Qualitative Designs
141(21)
Different Perspectives, Different Approaches
142(1)
Traditional Approaches
142(17)
Ethnography
142(2)
Forms of Ethnographic Data
144(1)
Steps in Ethnographic Research
144(3)
When Is Ethnography Appropriate?
147(1)
Limitations of Ethnography
147(1)
Phenomenology
147(2)
Forms, of Phenomenological Data
149(1)
Steps in Phenomenological Research
149(1)
When Is Phenomenology Appropriate?
150(1)
Limitations of Phenomenology
150(1)
Case Studies
150(1)
Forms of Case Study Data
150(1)
Steps in Case Studies
151(1)
Example of a Qualitative Study
151(1)
When Are Case Studies Appropriate?
152(1)
Limitations of Case Studies
152(2)
Historical Research
154(1)
Forms of Historical Data
154(1)
Steps in Historical Research
155(1)
When Is Historical Research Appropriate?
156(1)
Limitations of Historical Research
156(1)
Content Analysis
156(1)
Forms of Content Analysis Data
156(1)
Steps in Content Analysis
156(2)
When Is Content Analysis Appropriate?
158(1)
Limitations of Content Analysis
159(1)
Postmodern Research Designs
159(1)
Critical Theory
159(1)
Feminist Approach
159(1)
Research Navigator
160(1)
Key Terms
160(1)
Activity
160(1)
Exercises
160(1)
Further Reading
161(1)
Action Research
162(11)
Understanding Action Research
163(3)
Action Research versus Traditional Research
164(1)
Types of Action Research
164(1)
Practical Action Research
164(1)
Participatory Action Research
165(1)
Political Action Research
165(1)
Conducting Action Research
166(3)
Steps in Action Research
167(2)
When Is Action Research Appropriate?
169(2)
Limitations of Action Research
171(1)
Research Navigator
172(1)
Key Terms
172(1)
Activity
172(1)
Exercises
172(1)
Further Reading
172(1)
PART IV PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING RESEARCH
Measurement
173(27)
Measures: Reliability and Validity
174(9)
Reliability
174(1)
The Importance of Reliability
175(2)
Forming Scales
177(1)
Computing Reliability Coefficients
177(1)
When Is Scale Reliability Adequate?
178(1)
Validity
178(1)
Face Validity
179(1)
Content Validity
179(3)
Predictive Validity
182(1)
Concurrent Validity
182(1)
Construct Validity
182(1)
Types of Measures
183(6)
Achievement and Aptitude Tests
183(1)
Standardized Tests
184(1)
Criterion-Referenced Tests
185(1)
Authentic Tests
186(1)
Researcher-Made, Content-Specific Tests
186(2)
Questionnaire Scales
188(1)
Behavioral Observation
189(5)
Constructing a Behavioral Observation System
190(1)
Reliability and Bias in Behavioral Observation
191(2)
When Is Reliability Adequate?
193(1)
Increasing Reliability of Behavioral Observations
193(1)
Writing the Observation Manual
194(1)
Reliability for Rating Scales
194(1)
Determining Sample Size
194(4)
When Is Sample Size Adequate?
195(2)
Statistical Significance versus Practical and Theoretical Importance
197(1)
Research Navigator
198(1)
Key Terms
198(1)
Activity
198(1)
Exercises
199(1)
Further Reading
199(1)
Threats to Internal and External Validity
200(18)
Threats to Internal Validity
201(6)
History
201(1)
Maturation (Passage of Time)
201(1)
Testing Effects
202(1)
Instrumentation Effects
202(1)
Selection Bias
203(1)
Statistical Regression
204(1)
Mortality (Attrition)
205(1)
Confounding Variables
206(1)
Threats to External Validity
207(9)
Lack of Internal Validity
209(1)
Nonrepresentativeness
209(2)
Artificiality
211(2)
Reactivity
213(1)
Hawthorne Effects
214(1)
John Henry Effects
214(1)
Mistaken Causal Models
214(2)
Research Navigator
216(1)
Key Terms
216(1)
Activity
216(1)
Exercises
216(1)
Further Reading
217(1)
Planning and Implementing the Study
218(22)
Planning Your Own Study
219(1)
Choosing a Problem
219(2)
Criteria for a Good Research Topic
219(1)
Other Considerations in Choosing a Topic
220(1)
Reviewing the Literature
221(5)
Gathering Preliminary Information
221(1)
Widely Focused Literature Search
221(1)
Primary Resources for Information Gathering in Education
222(1)
Choosing Search Terms
223(1)
Summarizing Studies
223(1)
Inclusion Criteria
224(1)
Germaneness
224(1)
Methodology
224(1)
Other Features
224(1)
Writing the Review
224(1)
Synthesis
224(2)
Methodology
226(1)
Significance
226(1)
Writing Style
226(1)
Meta-Analysis
226(2)
Writing a Proposal
228(4)
Elements of a Research Proposal
229(1)
Statement of the Problem
229(1)
Hypotheses
230(1)
Brief Literature Review
230(1)
Procedures
230(1)
Schedule
230(1)
Roughing Out and Discussing the Proposal
231(1)
Evaluating the Proposal
231(1)
Planning Study Procedures
232(3)
Teacher's Manual
232(1)
Observer's Manual and Interviewer's Manual
233(1)
Testing Instructions
233(1)
Research Ethics: Consent, Confidentiality, and Human Subjects Review
234(1)
Human Subjects Review and Informed Consent
234(1)
Confidentiality
234(1)
Gaining Access to Schools and Implementing the Project
235(1)
Implementing the Project
236(2)
Maintaining the Integrity of the Research
236(1)
Report Back Your Findings
237(1)
Research Navigator
238(1)
Key Terms
238(1)
Activity
238(1)
Exercises
238(1)
Further Reading
239(1)
PART V DATA ANALYSIS
Basic Statistics
240(31)
Descriptive Statistics
241(15)
Computing Statistics
241(1)
Data Analysis with SPSS
241(2)
Scales of Measurement
243(1)
Nominal Scale
243(1)
Ordinal Scale
243(1)
Interval Scale
243(1)
Ratio Scale
244(1)
Measures of Central Tendency
244(1)
Mean
244(1)
Median
244(1)
Mode
245(2)
Measures of Dispersion
247(1)
Range
247(1)
Standard Deviation and Variance
247(2)
The Normal Curve
249(4)
z-Scores
253(1)
Percentile Scores
253(1)
Normal Curve Equivalent
253(1)
Skewed Distributions
254(1)
Kurtosis
255(1)
Standard Error of the Mean
256(1)
Inferential Statistics
256(13)
The Null Hypothesis (H0)
257(2)
Criteria for Rejecting the Null Hypothesis
259(1)
Type I and Type II Errors
259(1)
Rejecting the Null Hypothesis
259(2)
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests of Significance
261(2)
t-Test for Comparisons of Two Independent Group Means
263(1)
Computing t
263(3)
Homogeneity of Variances
266(1)
t-Test for Comparisons of Two Means from Matched Groups
267(2)
Research Navigator
269(1)
Key Terms
269(1)
Activity
269(1)
Exercises
270(1)
Intermediate Statistics
271(23)
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
272(3)
Comparison of Three Groups: 3 x 1 ANOVA
272(1)
Two-Factor ANOVA
273(2)
Analysis of Covariance (ANOVA)
275(6)
Analysis of Variance versus Analysis of Covariance
278(1)
Individual Comparisons
278(2)
Effect Size
280(1)
Correlation
281(5)
Correlations with Categorical Variables
282(2)
Partial Correlation
284(1)
Linear and Nonlinear Relationships
285(1)
Nonparametric Statistics
286(3)
Chi-Square (X2)
286(3)
Statistics for Reliability
289(2)
KR 20
289(2)
Coefficient Alpha
291(1)
Research Navigator
291(1)
Key Terms
291(1)
Activity
291(1)
Exercises
291(2)
Further Reading
293(1)
PART VI READING AND REPORTING RESEARCH
Writing Up the Study
294(89)
Writing a Thesis or Dissertation
295(5)
Format and Style
295(1)
Parts of Your Thesis
295(1)
Title Page
296(1)
Acknowledgments
296(1)
Table of Contents and Lists of Tables and Figures
296(1)
Introduction
296(1)
Review of the Literature
297(1)
Methods
297(2)
Results
299(1)
Discussion
299(1)
References
300(1)
Appendixes
300(1)
Writing a Journal Article or Conference Paper
300(4)
Format and Style of Journal Articles and Conference Papers
300(1)
Abstract
301(1)
Introduction
301(1)
Methods
301(1)
Results
301(1)
Discussion
301(1)
References
301(1)
Tables and Figures
301(1)
Choosing a Journal
302(1)
Conference Papers
303(1)
Tips on Getting an Article Published
304(1)
Research Navigator
304(1)
Activity
304(1)
Further Reading
304(2)
Appendixes
Appendix 1 Percentage of Area Lying between the Mean and Successive Standard Deviation Units under the Normal Curve
306(1)
Appendix 2 Critical Values of t
307(1)
Appendix 3 Values of F at the 5% and 1% Significance Levels
308(2)
Appendix 4 Abridged Table of Critical Values for Chi-Square
310(1)
Appendix 5 Table of Random Numbers
311(1)
Appendix 6 Answers to Exercises
312(2)
Appendix 7 Example of an Experimental Article
314(22)
Appendix 8 Example of a Correlational Article
336(18)
Appendix 9 Example of a Qualitative Article
354(29)
Glossary383(6)
References389(6)
Index395

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