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The Economics of Poverty and Discrimination

ISBN: 9780136750833 | 0136750834
Edition: 7th
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference
Pub. Date: 1/1/1998

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SummaryTable of Contents
Emphasizing the complex economic, social, and political factors that create poverty and make its eradication so difficult, this book provides a broad overview of the dimensions of poverty and discrimination, the various explanations for these social ills, and the policy options for addressing them.
Prefacexi
PART I: THE DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY1(44)
CHAPTER 1 Views of Inequality and Poverty
1(19)
... MORE
The Continuing Controversy
1(2)
Too little assistance?
1(1)
Or too much?
2(1)
Equity and Efficiency
2(1)
Causes and Cures
3(6)
Flawed characters
3(1)
Restricted opportunity
4(1)
Big brother
5(1)
Self-interest
5(1)
Policy implications
6(1)
Historical perspectives
7(2)
Inequality
9(1)
Explanations
9(1)
Equity versus efficiency
9(1)
Dimensions of Inequality
10(4)
Income versus wealth
10(1)
Transitory versus permanent income
10(1)
Life-cycle dynamics
11(1)
Public provisions
12(1)
Social equality
12(1)
Happiness
13(1)
Whose happiness? Units of observations
13(1)
Poverty: Drawing a Line
14(4)
The absolute approach
14(1)
The relative approach
15(3)
Summary
18(1)
Further Reading
18(2)
CHAPTER 2 Counting the Poor
20(25)
The Distribution of Income
20(2)
The Official Poverty Line
22(8)
The concept of minimum needs
22(1)
Units of measure
23(2)
Poverty thresholds
25(1)
The CEA line
25(2)
The SSA index
27(1)
The current poverty index
27(3)
The Number of Poor People
30(2)
The official poverty count
30(1)
The poverty rate
30(2)
How poor?
32(1)
Measurement Problems
32(6)
In-kind income
32(2)
Underreporting
34(1)
Income mobility
35(1)
The uncounted poor
36(1)
Latent poverty
36(1)
Too low a threshold?
37(1)
The call for revision
37(1)
Characteristics of the Poor
38(4)
Age and family status
38(1)
Geography and residence
39(2)
Labor force status
41(1)
Similarities and differences
42(1)
Summary
42(1)
Further Reading
43(2)
PART II: CAUSES OF POVERTY45(132)
CHAPTER 3 Labor Force Participation
45(24)
Income Sources
45(4)
Two-parent families
46(2)
Female-headed families
48(1)
Labor Force Status
49(4)
The nonparticipants
50(2)
Unemployment
52(1)
The Process of Economic Deterioration
53(2)
Subemployment
55(2)
Discouraged workers
55(1)
Underemployment
56(1)
Subemployment
56(1)
Poverty implications
56(1)
The Question of Causation
57(7)
Do the poor really try?
57(3)
Macroeconomic forces
60(1)
Deficient demand
61(2)
Poverty impact
63(1)
Summary
64(1)
Further Reading
65(1)
Appendix: The Phillips Curve Dilemma
65(4)
CHAPTER 4 The Working Poor
69(15)
Work Experience and Poverty
69(4)
Weeks of work and hours
69(1)
The working poor
70(1)
How much work?
71(1)
More measurement problems
72(1)
The significance of secondary workers
72(1)
Searching for Explanations
73(1)
Minimum-Wage Jobs
74(1)
Low Wages
75(4)
Poor jobs
77(2)
Why Wages Are So Low
79(1)
Summary
80(1)
Further Reading
80(1)
Appendix: Does Prosperity Trickle Down?
81(3)
CHAPTER 5 Age and Health
84(16)
Age
84(10)
Declining poverty rate
84(2)
Diversity among the aged
86(1)
Sources of economic support
87(5)
Rising health
92(1)
Tax burdens
93(1)
Making do
94(1)
Assessing causation
94(1)
Health
94(4)
Health costs
95(1)
Causality
95(1)
Health insurance
96(1)
Intergenerational links
97(1)
Mental health
98(1)
Summary
98(1)
Further Reading
99(1)
CHAPTER 6 Family Size and Structure
100(14)
Family Size
100(4)
Poverty rates
101(1)
The potential impact
101(2)
Declining family size
103(1)
The causal relation
103(1)
Family Structure
104(8)
Changing family patterns
104(1)
Economic implications
105(2)
Poverty impact
107(1)
Causation
108(4)
Summary
112(1)
Further Reading
112(2)
CHAPTER 7 The Underclass: Culture and Race
114(16)
The Culture of Poverty
114(4)
Norms versus traits
115(2)
A question of opportunities
117(1)
Wilson's Underclass Theory
118(4)
Testing the theory
118(1)
Direct tests of aspirations
119(1)
Indirect tests of predicted behavior
120(1)
Assessment
121(1)
The Racial Inferiority Theory
122(5)
Intelligence and status
123(1)
IQ scores
124(1)
Resolving the issues
125(1)
Other complications
126(1)
Summary
127(1)
Further Reading
128(2)
CHAPTER 8 Education and Ability
130(12)
Education and Income
130(7)
Poverty rates
131(1)
Labor-market effects
131(1)
Increasing skill premiums
132(1)
Income overlaps
133(2)
Education as a sorting device
135(2)
The content of education
137(1)
Ability and Income
137(3)
Which ability matters?
137(1)
IQ and schooling
138(2)
Summary
140(1)
Further Reading
140(2)
CHAPTER 9 Discrimination in Education
142(19)
Discrimination
142(5)
Attitudes versus action
143(1)
The relevancy standard
143(1)
Costs and benefits of discrimination
144(3)
Proving discrimination
147(1)
Racial Discrimination in Education
147(6)
Disparate outcomes
148(1)
School segregation
149(2)
Equality of facilities
151(1)
Inherent inequalities
152(1)
Class Discrimination in Education
153(4)
School finances
154(1)
Educational attainments
154(1)
The question of ability
155(2)
Sex Discrimination in Education
157(2)
Gender segregation
157(1)
Graduate degrees
158(1)
Summary
159(1)
Further Reading
160(1)
CHAPTER 10 Discrimination in the Labor Market
161(16)
Racial Discrimination in the Labor Market
161(11)
Disparities in earnings
162(1)
Educational differences
163(2)
Components of earnings disparities
165(3)
Who discriminates?
168(1)
Labor unions
168(3)
Employers
171(1)
Class Discrimination in the Labor Market
172(1)
Sex Discrimination in the Labor Market
173(3)
Occupational segregation
173(3)
Summary
176(1)
Further Reading
176(1)
PART III: POLICY OPTIONS177(84)
CHAPTER 11 Welfare Programs
177(27)
Welfare versus Social Insurance
178(1)
Welfare: The Cash Assistance Programs
179(9)
Inadequacies
179(1)
Inequities
180(2)
Family disincentives
182(1)
Work disincentives
183(3)
Conflicting welfare goals
186(1)
The goal compromise
187(1)
Welfare: The In-Kind Programs
188(5)
Food stamps
188(1)
Medicaid
188(1)
Housing assistance
189(1)
Nutrition programs
189(1)
The welfare package
189(1)
Revisiting the goal conflict
190(3)
Welfare Reform
193(5)
Guaranteed income
193(1)
Guaranteed jobs
194(1)
Workfare
195(1)
Edfare
196(1)
The family support act of 1988
197(1)
State waivers
198(1)
The 1996 Welfare Reforms
198(2)
The end of AFDC
199(1)
Temporary assistance for needy families (TANF)
199(1)
The controversy
200(1)
The Limits of Welfare
200(2)
Summary
202(1)
Further Reading
203(1)
CHAPTER 12 Social Insurance Programs
204(17)
Social Security
204(7)
OASDHI programs
204(1)
Financing
205(1)
Benefits
206(1)
Poverty impact
207(4)
Medicare
211(1)
Hospital insurance
211(1)
Supplemental medical insurance
211(1)
Poverty impact
212(1)
Unemployment Insurance
212(3)
Eligibility conditions
212(1)
Benefits
213(1)
Poverty impact
214(1)
Child-Support Enforcement
215(4)
Child-support gaps
215(1)
Enforcement policies
216(1)
Poverty impact
217(2)
Summary
219(1)
Further Reading
219(2)
CHAPTER 13 Employment Policies
221(14)
Aggregate Demand Policies
222(2)
Full employment versus price stability
222(1)
The quality of jobs
223(1)
Training Programs
224(6)
Job vacancies
224(1)
The CETA program
225(1)
JTPA programs
226(1)
The WIN program
227(1)
The JOBS program
228(1)
State block grants
229(1)
Generic problems
229(1)
Tax Credits
230(2)
Employer credits
230(1)
Employee credits
231(1)
A Coordinated Approach
232(1)
Summary
233(1)
Further Reading
234(1)
CHAPTER 14 Equal Opportunity Policies
235(19)
Equal Employment Opportunity Policies
236(6)
The EEOC
236(1)
The OFCCP
237(1)
Quotas and guidelines
238(1)
Reverse discrimination
239(2)
Comparable worth
241(1)
Class-based preferences
241(1)
Equal Educational Opportunity Policies
242(10)
Limits on federal policy
242(1)
De jure versus de facto segregation
243(1)
Housing patterns
243(1)
School patterns
244(2)
Busing
246(1)
Fiscal disparities
247(2)
Compensatory education
249(1)
College admissions
250(2)
Summary
252(1)
Further Reading
253(1)
CHAPTER 15 Directions and Prospects
254(7)
The Causes of Poverty
254(2)
Policy Directions
256(4)
Welfare reform
257(1)
Social insurance
258(1)
Education and training
258(1)
Macroeconomic policy
259(1)
Equal opportunity
259(1)
Causes, Attitudes, and Policy
260(1)
Index261

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