9780073203379

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TAB ONE: WRITING PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS
Part One: The Writing Process
Chapter 1. Choosing a Topic: Five Key Questions
QUICK VIEW: The Writing Process
1a. Question One: What is the assignment?
1b. Question Two: What should I write about?
1c. Question Three: How can I limit my topic?
1d. Question Four: What is my purpose?
1e. Question Five: Who are my readers?
QUICK VIEW: Writing for an Academic Audience or for the Teacher as Audience
Chapter 2. Prewriting: Developing Your Ideas
2a. Listing
2b. Freewriting
2c. Looping
2d. Reporters' Questions
2e. Paragraph Development Patterns
2f. Observation
2g. Interviews
2h. Brainstorming and Peer Review
Chapter 3. Critical Reading in Prewriting and Beyond
3a. Before You Read: Previewing
3b. As You Read: Annotating
3c. After You Read: Summarizing and Analyzing
Chapter 4. Planning: Thesis Statements and Outlines
4a. Choosing a Main Idea or Thesis
QUICK VIEW: Revising Your Thesis Statement
4b. Choosing an Organizational Pattern
4c. Creating a Plan for the Paper
QUICK VIEW: Guidelines for Constructing Formal Outlines
Chapter 5. Drafting
5a. Finding the Best Time and Place
5b. Starting Your First Draft
5c. Writing Quickly
QUICK VIEW: Overcoming Writer's Block
5d. Getting Unstuck and Restarted
5e. Before Leaving the Desk
Chapter 6. Creating Effective Paragraphs
6a. Introductions
QUICK VIEW: Introductions to Avoid
6b. Conclusions
QUICK VIEW: Conclusions to Avoid
6c. Body Paragraphs
Chapter 7. Revising
7a. Evaluating Your Thesis and Supporting Information
7b. Evaluating Your Organizational Pattern and Outline
Chapter 8. Proofreading and Preparing the Final Manuscript
8a. Proofreading
QUICK VIEW: Software Tools
8b. Preparing the Final Manuscript
STUDENT SAMPLE: A First Draft and Completed Essay
Part Two: Writing Assignments
Chapter 9. Writing an Argument
QUICK VIEW: Analyzing the Rhetorical Situation
9a. Choose a Thesis and Plan Key Assertions
QUICK VIEW: Four Criteria for a Good Argument Thesis
9b. Create a Preliminary Outline
9c. Analyze the Audience
9d. Define Key Terms
9e. Assemble Evidence
QUICK VIEW: Conducting Research for Argument Papers
9f. Evaluate the Reliability of Your Evidence
9g. Include Appeals to Emotion
9h. Acknowledge Opposing Views (Refutation)
QUICK VIEW: Building Consensus Rather Than Barriers
9i. Check for Logical Fallacies
STUDENT SAMPLE: An Argument Paper
Chapter 10. Writing about Literature
10a. Prepare by Reading the Text Carefully
10b. Prepare by Reading about the Text
QUICK VIEW: Tips for Reading about Literature
10c. Choose a Focus
10d. Formulate a Thesis
QUICK VIEW: Tips for Writing about Literature
Chapter 11. Writing the Essay Exam
11a. Prewriting
QUICK VIEW: Question Starters and their Meanings
11b. Planning and Writing
11c. Revising and Proofreading
QUICK VIEW: Essay Exam Checklist
Chapter 12. Preparing an Oral Presentation
12a. From Writing to Speaking
12b. Planning Your Presentation
12c. Preparing a Text for Presentation
12d. Choosing Visuals to Accompany Your Talk
QUICK VIEW: Guidelines for Visuals in Short Presentations
QUICK VIEW: Seven Guidelines for Powerpoint Presentations
12e: Practicing Your Talk
QUICK VIEW: Dealing with Stage Fright
12f: Delivering Your Talk
12g. Answering Questions
QUICK VIEW: Checklist for Oral Presentations
Part Three: Document and Web Design
Chapter 13. Document Design
13a. Formatting Basics
13b. Document Design Principles
QUICK VIEW: Key Design Principles
13c. Guidelines for Visuals
QUICK VIEW: Guidelines for Visuals
13d. Types of Visuals
Chapter 14. Web Design
QUICK VIEW: Web Glossary
14a. Designing Web Pages
QUICK VIEW: Types of Web Pages
QUICK VIEW: Options for Site Design
QUICK VIEW: Options for Navigation Aids
QUICK VIEW: Some Options for Page Design
14b. Writing for the Web
QUICK VIEW: Key Principles in Writing for the Web
Chapter 15. Professional Correspondence
15a. Form for Letters, E-mail, Faxes, and Memos
15b. A Writing Process for Professional Correspondence
15c. Types of Professional Correspondence
QUICK VIEW: Checklist for Professional Correspondence
Part Four: Research Writing
Chapter 16. Analyze the Assignment
16a. Writing a Research Paper
QUICK VIEW: The Research Writing Process
16b. Deciding What the Assignment Requires from You
16c. Making a Preliminary Choice of Topic
16d. Making Your Topic Concrete
16e. Formulating a Working Thesis
Chapter 17. Plan Your Research Strategy
17a. List the Resources You Want to Use
QUICK VIEW: Research Resources
17b. Decide on a Tentative Order for Your Search
Chapter 18. Do Your Research Systematically
18a. Start with General and then Specialized Reference Tools
18b. Move On to Books
18c. Look for Periodical Articles
18d. Move On to Search Engines
18e. Investigate Additional Kinds of Web Resources
QUICK VIEW: Tips for Internet Searches
Box: Web Glossary
Chapter 19. Evaluate Your Sources Carefully
19a. Gather Your Sources
19b. Use Critical Reading to Evaluate Your Sources
19c. Be Especially Careful about the Reliability of Web Sources
QUICK VIEW: Questioning Your Web Sources
Chapter 20. Do Research in the Field
20a. Observing the Subject for Yourself
20b. Doing an Interview
20c. Doing a Survey
Chapter 21. Take Good Notes and Keep Good Records
21a. Save all the Bibliographic Information You Might Possible Need
21b. Pay Attention to the Kind of Notes You are Taking
Chapter 22. Refine Your Working Thesis and Create an Outline
22a. Narrow Your Thesis
22b. Decide on an Outline
Chapter 23. Write the First Draft
QUICK VIEW: How to Draft Effectively
Chapter 24. Use Your Sources Effectively and Avoid Plagiarism
24a. Using Direct Quotations
QUICK VIEW: When to Use Direct Quotations
24b. Paraphrasing Your Sources
24c. Understanding the Difference between Summary and Paraphrase
24d. Recognizing Common Plagiarism Situations
QUICK VIEW: Causes of Plagiarism
24e. Avoiding Plagiarism: Four Things to Do
Chapter 25. Revising and Editing
25a. Revisit Your Research as Necessary.
25b. Revise and Edit Systematically
Chapter 26. Document Your Sources Correctly
QUICK VIEW: When and What to Document
26a. Citing Electronic Sources
26b. Different Styles for Different Fields
Box: Style Manuals: A Partial List
TAB TWO: DOCUMENTATION (MLA, APA, Chicago)
Part Five: Documentation: MLA, APA, Chicago Styles
Chapter 27. MLA Documentation Style
27a. MLA Citations in the Text
QUICK VIEW: MLA Style
27b. MLA List of Works Cited
27c. Typing or Word Processing Instructions for MLA
STUDENT SAMPLE: Paper in MLA Format
Chapter 28. APA Documentation Style
28a. APA Citations in the Text
28b. APA Reference List
28c. Typing or Word Processing Instructions for APA
STUDENT SAMPLE: Paper in APA Format
Chapter 29. Chicago Manual of Style Documentation Style
29a. CMS Citations in the Text
29b. CMS Notes List
29c. CMS Bibliography
29d. Differences between Bibliography Entries and (First) Note Entries
29e. Preparing Papers in CMS Format
STUDENT SAMPLE: Paper in CMS Format
TAB THREE: COMMON WRITING PROBLEMS
Part Six: Common Writing Problems
Chapter 30. Sentence Fragments
QUICK VIEW
30a. Testing for Fragments--In Detail
30b. Revising Fragments
30c. When to Use Fragments
Chapter 31. Comma Splices
QUICK VIEW
31a. Revising Comma Splices
31b. Use a Period and Create Two Sentences
31c. Create a Compound Sentence
31d. Another Way to Create a Compound Sentence
31e. Create a Complex Sentence
Chapter 32. Run-On Sentences
QUICK VIEW
32a. Revising Run-On Sentences
32b. Use a Period to Create Two Sentences
32c. Use a Comma and a Coordinating Conjunction to Create a Compound Sentence
32d. Use a Semicolon or a Colon to Create a Compound Sentence
32e. Use a Subordinating Conjunction or a Relative Pronoun to Create a Complex Sentence
Chapter 33. Verb Errors
QUICK VIEW
33a. Subject and Verb Agreement Errors
33b. Form Errors
33c. Inappropriate Shifts in Tense
33d. Inappropriate Shifts in Mood
Chapter 34. Using Commas
QUICK VIEW
34a. Correct Uses of Commas
34b. Incorrect Uses of Commas
Chapter 35. Pronoun Errors
QUICK VIEW
35a. Vague or Ambiguous Pronoun Reference
35b. Lack of Agreement with Antecedent
35c. Inappropriate Shifts in Person
35d. Biased Uses of Pronouns
Chapter 36. Using Apostrophes
QUICK VIEW
36a. Apostrophes in the Possessive Case
36b. Apostrophes in Contractions
36c. Apostrophes to Form Plurals of Letters and Numerals
36d. Its versus Its and Other Pronoun Homonyms
Chapter 37. Problems with Modifiers
QUICK VIEW
37a. Misplaced Modifiers
37b. Dangling Modifiers
37c. Squinting Modifiers
37d. Overstocked Modifiers
37e. Improper Adverb or Adjective Forms
Chapter 38. Faulty Parallelism
QUICK VIEW
38a. Items in Lists
38b. Items Joined by Coordinating Conjunctions
38c. Parts of a Sentence Joined by Correlative Conjunctives
38d. Comparisons or Contrasts
Chapter 39. Mixed Construction
QUICK VIEW
39a. Mismatched Subject and Predicate
39b. Mismatched Clauses
39c. Mismatches with Is When, Is Where, or The Reason...Is Because
Chapter 40. For Multilingual/EFL/ESOL Writers
QUICK VIEW
40a. Articles and Nouns
Box: Exceptions: Proper Nouns Used with The
Box: Commonly Used Uncountable Nouns
40b. Adjectives
Box: Order of Cumulative Adjectives
40c. Adverbs
40d. Prepositions
Box: Four Common Prepositions That Show Time and Place
40e. Verbs
40f. Sentence Structure
TAB FOUR: SENTENCE GRAMMAR, STRUCTURE, AND STYLE
Part Seven: Sentence, Structure, Style, and Word Choice
Chapter 41. Nouns
41a. Types of Nouns
41b. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
41c. General and Specific Nouns
41d. Predicate Nouns
41e. Noun Phrases
41f. Appositives
Chapter 42. Prounouns
42a. Types of Pronouns
42b. Case of Pronouns
Chapter 43. Articles
43a. Indefinite and Definite Articles
43b. Proper Nouns and Articles
43c. Common Nouns and Articles
Chapter 44. Adjectives
44a. Comparison Forms of Adjectives
44b. Pronouns as Adjectives
44c. Other Kinds of Adjectives
Chapter 45. Adverbs
45a. Comparison Forms of Adverbs
45b. Conjunctive Adverbs
Chapter 46. Prepositions
46a. How Prepositions Work
46b. Phrasal Prepositions
46c. Phrasal (or Two-Word) Verbs
Chapter 47. Conjunctions
47a. Coordinating Conjunctions
47b. Correlative Conjunctions
47c. Subordinating Conjunctions
Chapter 48. Interjections
Chapter 49. Verbs and Verbals
49a. Verbs
49b. Base Forms
49c. Complete Verbs
49d. Principal Parts of Verbs
49e. Irregular Verbs
49f. Tense
49g. Helping or Auxiliary Verbs
49h. Linking Verbs
49i. Modal Auxiliaries
49j. Active and Passive Voice
49k. Mood
49l. The Subjunctive
49m. Verbals
49n. Participles and Infinities in Verb Phrases
Chapter 50. Basic Sentence Construction
50a. Parts of Sentences
Chapter 51. Phrases
51a. Noun Phrases
51b. Verb Phrases
51c. Prepositional Phrases
51d. Gerund Phrases
51e. Infinitive Phrases
51f. Participial Phrases
51g. Absolute Phrases
51h. Phrases and Sentence Fragments
Chapter 52. Clauses and Sentence Structures
52a. Simple Sentences
52b. Compound Sentences
52c. Complex Sentences
52d. Compound-Complex Sentences
Chapter 53. Sentence Variety
53a. Add an Opener
53b. Add an Interrupter
53c. Add a Closer
53d. Make Your Own Pattern
Chapter 54. Types of Sentences
54a. Cumulative Sentences
54b. Periodic Sentences
54c. Inverted Sentences
54d. Balanced Sentences
Chapter 55. Sentence Revising
55a. Prefer Active Voice Sentences
55b. Avoid It...That Sentence
55c. Eliminate Needless of To Be and Other Weak Verbs
55d. Eliminate Needless Nominalizations
55e. Use a Noun after This
55f. Avoid Faulty Predication
55g. Tighten Up Wordy Sentences
55h. Avoid Faulty Comparisons
Chapter 56. Word Choice
56a. Standard English
56b. Slang, Regionalisms, and Nonstandard Forms
56c. Biased Uses of Language
56d. Connotations and Denotations of Words
56e. Specific Language
56f. Empty and Wordy Phrases
56g. Pretentious Word Choices
56h. Clichs
56i. Jargon
Part Eight: Punctuation, Mechanics, Spelling
Chapter 57. The Apostrophe
57a. Apostrophes with Nouns
57b. Apostrophes with Indefinite Pronouns
Chapter 58. The Comma
58a. After an Introductory Element
58b. To Isolate Nonessential Elements
58c. To Separate Items in a Series
58d. Between Elements of a Compound Sentence
Chapter 59. Semicolon, Colon, and Dash
59a. Semicolon
59b. Colon
59c. Dash
Chapter 60. Quotations Marks, Ellipsis Mark, and Slash
60a. Quotation Marks
60b. Ellipsis Mark
60c. Slash
Chapter 61. Parentheses and Brackets
61a. Parentheses
61b. Brackets
Chapter 62. End Punctuation
62a. Period
62b. Question Mark
62c. Exclamation Point
Chapter 63. Abbreviations and Acronyms
63a. Personal and Professional Titles
63b. Familiar Abbreviations and Acronyms
63c. Unfamiliar Abbreviations and Acronyms
63d. Abbreviations with Numerals
63e. Plurals of Abbreviations and Acronyms
63f. Days and Months
63g. Units of Measurement
63h. Publication References
63i. Latin Abbreviations
63j. Company Names
63k. Symbols
63l. Geographic Locations
Chapter 64. Capital Letters
64a. The First Word in a Sentence
64b. Capitalization after a Colon
64c. Sentence within Parentheses
64d. Poetry
64e. Proper Nouns and Adjectives
64f. Titles of Books, Movies, and Other Works
64g. Personal Titles
64h. Academic Institutions and Courses
64i. Names of Relatives
64j. Geographic Regions
64k. Seasons
Chapter 65. Italics
65a. With Titles
65b. For Foreign Words and Phrases
65c. For Names of Ships, Aircraft, Spacecraft, and Trains
65d. For Special Uses of Words, Letters, Numbers, or Phrases
Chapter 66. Numbers
66a. General Rules
66b. Special Uses
Chapter 67. Dictionary Use
67a. Spelling
67b. Word Division
67c. Pronunciation
67d. Part of Speech
67e. Principal Parts of Words
67f. Meanings, Usage Labels, Word Origins, Synonyms, and Antonyms
67g. Biographical and Geographical Entries
67h. Other Types of Dictionaries
Chapter 68. Spelling
68a. Words Commonly Misspelled
68b. Spelling Rules
QUICK VIEW: Common Prefixes
QUICK VIEW: Common Suffixes
68c. Words Commonly Confused
Chapter 69. The Hyphen
69a. Hyphen with Compound Words
69b. Hyphen with Numbers and Fractions
69c. Hyphen with Prefixes and Suffixes
69d. Hyphen at the End of a Line

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0073203378

Summary

Table of Contents

Part One: The Writing Process

Chapter 1. Choosing a Topic: Five Key Questions

QUICK VIEW: The Writing Process

1a. Question One: What is the assignment?

1b. Question Two: What should I write about?

1c. Question Three: How can I limit my topic?

1d. Question Four: What is my purpose?

1e. Question Five: Who are my readers?

QUICK VIEW: Writing for an Academic Audience or for the Teacher as Audience

Chapter 2. Prewriting: Developing Your Ideas

2a. Listing

2b. Freewriting

2c. Looping

2d. Reporters' Questions

2e. Paragraph Development Patterns

2f. Observation

2g. Interviews

2h. Brainstorming and Peer Review

Chapter 3. Critical Reading in Prewriting and Beyond

3a. Before You Read: Previewing

3b. As You Read: Annotating

3c. After You Read: Summarizing and Analyzing

Chapter 4. Planning: Thesis Statements and Outlines

4a. Choosing a Main Idea or Thesis

QUICK VIEW: Revising Your Thesis Statement

4b. Choosing an Organizational Pattern

4c. Creating a Plan for the Paper

QUICK VIEW: Guidelines for Constructing Formal Outlines

Chapter 5. Drafting

5a. Finding the Best Time and Place

5b. Starting Your First Draft

5c. Writing Quickly

QUICK VIEW: Overcoming Writer's Block

5d. Getting Unstuck and Restarted

5e. Before Leaving the Desk

Chapter 6. Creating Effective Paragraphs

6a. Introductions

QUICK VIEW: Introductions to Avoid

6b. Conclusions

QUICK VIEW: Conclusions to Avoid

6c. Body Paragraphs

Chapter 7. Revising

7a. Evaluating Your Thesis and Supporting Information

7b. Evaluating Your Organizational Pattern and Outline

Chapter 8. Proofreading and Preparing the Final Manuscript

8a. Proofreading

QUICK VIEW: Software Tools

8b. Preparing the Final Manuscript

STUDENT SAMPLE: A First Draft and Completed Essay

Part Two: Writing Assignments

Chapter 9. Writing an Argument

QUICK VIEW: Analyzing the Rhetorical Situation

9a. Choose a Thesis and Plan Key Assertions

QUICK VIEW: Four Criteria for a Good Argument Thesis

9b. Create a Preliminary Outline

9c. Analyze the Audience

9d. Define Key Terms

9e. Assemble Evidence

QUICK VIEW: Conducting Research for Argument Papers

9f. Evaluate the Reliability of Your Evidence

9g. Include Appeals to Emotion

9h. Acknowledge Opposing Views (Refutation)

QUICK VIEW: Building Consensus Rather Than Barriers

9i. Check for Logical Fallacies

STUDENT SAMPLE: An Argument Paper

Chapter 10. Writing about Literature

10a. Prepare by Reading the Text Carefully

10b. Prepare by Reading about the Text

QUICK VIEW: Tips for Reading about Literature

10c. Choose a Focus

10d. Formulate a Thesis

QUICK VIEW: Tips for Writing about Literature

Chapter 11. Writing the Essay Exam