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Developmental Biology

ISBN: 9780878932443 | 0878932445
Edition: 5th
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc
Pub. Date: 4/1/1997

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SummaryTable of Contents
Increased emphasis on gene activity, signal transduction and the emphasis on the roles of paracrine factors in development.
... MORE
PART I An Introduction to Developmental Biology1(139)
1 An introduction to animal development
1(34)
The scope of developmental biology
1(1)
The problems of developmental biology
2(1)
The stages of animal development
3(2)
Our eukaryotic heritage
5(1)
Development among the unicellular eukaryotes
6(10)
Control of Developmental Morphogenesis in Acetabularia
6(4)
Differentiation in the Amoeboflagellate Naegleria
10(2)
The Origins of Sexual Reproduction
12(4)
Colonial eukaryotes: The evolution of differentiation
16(2)
The Volvocaceans
16(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: Sex and Individuality in Volvox
18(7)
Differentiation and Morphogenesis in Dictyostelium
21(4)
Sidelights & Speculations: Evidence and Antibodies
25(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: How the Grex Knows Which End Is Up
27(1)
Developmental patterns among the metazoans
28(7)
The Porifera
29(1)
Protostomes and Deuterostomes
30(5)
2 Genes and development: Introduction and techniques
35
The embryological origins of the gene theory
35(3)
Nucleus or Cytoplasm: Which Controls Heredity?
35(2)
The X Chromosome as Bridge Between Genes and Development
37(1)
The split between embryology and genetics
38(1)
Early attempts at developmental genetics
39(1)
Evidence for genomic equivalence
40(5)
Metaplasia
40(2)
Amphibian Cloning: The Restriction of Nuclear Potency
42(1)
Amphibian Cloning: The Pluripotency of Somatic Cells
43(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: Cloning Mammals for Fun and Profit
45(2)
Of E. coli and elephants: The operon model
47(2)
Differential RNA synthesis
49(5)
Nucleic acid hybridization
54(1)
Cloning from genomic DNA
55(3)
DNA hybridization: Within and across species
58(1)
DNA sequencing
59(2)
Analyzing mRNA through cDNA libraries
61(2)
RNA localization techniques
63(3)
In Situ Hybridization
63(1)
Northern Blots
64(2)
Finding rare messages by the polymerase chain reaction
66(3)
Determining the function of a gene: Transgenic cells and organisms
69(4)
Techniques of Inserting New DNA Into a Cell
69(1)
Chimeric Mice
70(1)
Gene-Targeting ("Knockout") Experiments
70(3)
Determining the function of a message: Antisense RNA
73(1)
Reinvestigation of old problems with new methods
73(2)
A conclusion and a caveat
75(4)
3 The cellular basis of morphogenesis: Differential cell affinity
79(61)
Differential cell affinity
80(7)
The Thermodynamic Model of Cell Interactions
84(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: Evidence for the Thermodynamic Model
87(1)
The molecular basis of cell-cell adhesions
88(1)
The Classes of Cell Adhesion Molecules
88(1)
Sidelights & Speculations: Monoclonal Antibodies and Reverse Genetics
89(3)
Cell adhesion molecules
92(5)
Identifying Cell Adhesion Molecules and Their Role in Development
92(1)
Cadherins
92(3)
Immunoglobulin Superfamily CAMs
95(2)
Cell junctional molecules: Gap junction proteins
97(2)
The molecular basis of cell-substrate affinity
99(8)
Differential Substrate Affinity
99(1)
The Extracellular Matrix
99(5)
Cell Receptors for the Extracellular Matrix Molecules
104(2)
Differential Adhesion Resulting from Multiple Adhesion Systems
106(1)
Receptor molecules and signal transduction pathways
107(3)
The JAK-STAT Pathway
107(1)
The RTK-Ras Pathway
108(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: Dominant Negative Receptor Mutations
110(30)
The Inositol Phosphate Pathway
111(1)
Cross-Talk Between Pathways
112(1)
The Extracellular Matrix and Cell Surface as Sources of Developmentally Critical Signals
112(1)
Reciprocal Interactions at the Cell Surface
113(27)
PART II Patterns of Development140(251)
4 Fertilization: Beginning a new organism
121(46)
Structure of the gametes
121(7)
Sperm
121(4)
The Egg
125(3)
Recognition of egg and sperm: Action at a distance
128(3)
Sperm Attraction
128(1)
Sperm Activation: The Acrosome Reaction in Sea Urchins
129(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: Action at a Distance: Mammalian Gametes
131(8)
Recognition of Egg and Sperm: Contact of Gametes
132(1)
Species-Specific Recognition in Sea Urchins
132(3)
Gamete Binding and Recognition in Mammals
135(4)
Gamete fusion and the prevention of polyspermy
139(8)
Fusion Between Egg and Sperm Cell Membranes
139(1)
Prevention of Polyspermy
140(7)
Sidelights & Speculations: The Activation of Gamete Metabolism
147(2)
Activation of egg metabolism
149(5)
Early Responses
149(2)
Late Responses
151(1)
Fusion of the Genetic Material
152(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: The Nonequivalence of Mammalian Pronuclei
154(2)
Rearrangement of egg cytoplasm
156(11)
Preparation for Cleavage
158(9)
5 Cleavage: Creating multicellularity
167(42)
PATTERNS OF EMBRYONIC CLEAVAGE
168(1)
Radial holoblastic cleavage
169(6)
The Sea Cucumber, Synapta
169(1)
Sea Urchins
170(3)
Amphibians
173(2)
Spiral holoblastic cleavage
175(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: Adaptation by Modifying Embryonic Cleavage
178(2)
Bilateral Holoblastic Cleavage
179(1)
Rotational holoblastic cleavage
180(4)
Compaction
181(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: The Cell Surface and the Mechanism of Compaction
184(2)
Formation of the Inner Cell Mass
185(1)
Escape from the Zona Pellucida
185(1)
Sidelights & Speculations: Twins and Embryonic Stem Cells
186(2)
Meroblastic cleavage
188(7)
Discoidal Cleavage
189(3)
Superficial Cleavage
192(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: Exceptions, Generalizations, and Parasitic Wasp Cleavage
195(1)
MECHANISMS OF CLEAVAGE
196(1)
Regulating the cleavage cycle
196(2)
Maturation-Promoting Factor
197(1)
Sidelights & Speculations: MFP and Its Regulators
198(11)
The cytoskeletal mechanisms of mitosis
201(2)
The formation of new membranes
203(6)
6 Gastrulation: Reorganizing the embryonic cells
209(44)
Sea urchin gastrulation
210(8)
Ingression of Primary Mesenchyme
210(5)
First Stage of Archenteron Invagination
215(2)
Second and Third Stages of Archenteron Invagination
217(1)
Gastrulation in fish
218(3)
The Midblastula Transition and the Acquisition of Cell Motility
218(2)
Formation of Germ Layers
220(1)
Amphibian gastrulation
221(9)
Cell Movements During Amphibian Gastrulation
221(3)
Positioning the Blastopore
224(2)
Cell Movements and the Construction of the Archenteron
226(3)
Migration of the Involuting Mesoderm
229(1)
Sidelights & Speculations: Molecular Regulators of Development: Fibronectin and the Pathways for Mesodermal Migration
230(3)
Epiboly of the Ectoderm
232(1)
Gastrulation in birds
233(9)
Overview of Avian Gastrulation
233(5)
Mechanisms of Avian Gastrulation
238(4)
Gastrulation in mammals
242(11)
Modifications for Development Within Another Organism
242(3)
Formation of Extraembryonic Membranes
245(8)
7 Early vertebrate development: Neurulation and the ectoderm
253(54)
FORMATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
254(1)
Neurulation: An overview
254(1)
Primary neurulation
255(9)
The Mechanics of Primary Neurulation
257(1)
The Formation of the Neural Plate
257(1)
Formation of the Neural Floor Plate
258(1)
The Shaping and Bending of the Neural Plate
259(1)
Closure of the Neural Tube
260(4)
Sidelights & Speculations: The Dorsal-Ventral Patterning of the Nervous System
264(1)
Secondary neurulation
264(1)
Differentiation of the neural tube
265(3)
Formation of Brain Regions
265(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: Determining the Forebrain and Midbrain Regions
268(8)
Tissue Architecture of the Central Nervous System
270(2)
Cerebellar Organization
272(2)
Cerebral Organization
274(2)
Neuronal types
276(3)
Development of the vertebrate eye
279(3)
Dynamics of Optic Development
279(1)
Neural Retina Differentiation
280(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: Why Babies Don't See Well
282(2)
Lens and Cornea Differentiation
283(1)
THE NEURAL CREST
284(1)
The neural crest and its derivatives
284(1)
The trunk neural crest
285(5)
Migration Pathways of Trunk Neural Crest Cells
285(2)
The Extracellular Matrix and Trunk Neural Crest Migration
287(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: Analysis of Mutations Affecting Neural Crest Cell Development
290(1)
The developmental potency of trunk neural crest cells
291(2)
Final Differentiation of the Neural Crest Cells
292(1)
The cephalic neural crest
293(3)
Migratory Pathways of the Cephalic Neural Crest Cells
293(2)
Developmental Potency of the Cephalic Neural Crest Cells
295(1)
The cardiac neural crest
296(1)
THE EPIDERMIS AND THE ORIGIN OF CUTANEOUS STRUCTURES
297(3)
The Origin of Epidermal Cells
297(2)
Cutaneous Appendages
299(1)
Coda
300(7)
8 Axonal specificity
307(34)
The generation of neuronal diversity
307(5)
Vertebrate Motor Neuron Specification
308(2)
Motor Neuron Specification in Drosophila
310(2)
Pattern formation in the nervous system
312(1)
Pathway selection: Guidance by the extracellular matrix
313(6)
Guidance by the Physical Terrain: Contact Guidance
313(1)
Guidance by Adhesive Gradients: Haptotaxis
314(1)
Guidance by Axon-Specific Migratory Cues: The Labeled Pathways Hypothesis
315(2)
Guidance by Specific Growth Cone Repulsion
317(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: Sex, Smell, and Specific Adhesion
319(1)
Pathway selection: Guidance by diffusible molecules
320(3)
Multiple guidance cues
323(3)
Vertebrate Motor Neurons
323(2)
Retinal Axons
325(1)
Target selection
326(5)
Adhesive Specificities in Different Regions of the Tectum
328(3)
Address selection: Activity-dependent development
331(1)
Differential survival after innervation: Neurotrophic factors
331(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: Fetal Neurons in Adult Hosts
334(1)
The development of behaviors: Constancy and plasticity
334(7)
9 Early vertebrate development: Mesoderm and endoderm
341(50)
MESODERM
341(1)
Dorsal mesoderm: The notochord and the differentiation of somites
341(8)
Paraxial Mesoderm
341(2)
Somitomeres and the Initiation of Somite Formation
343(1)
Generation of the Somitic Cell Types
344(3)
Myogenesis: Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle
347(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: Muscle Building and the MyoD Family of Transcriptional Regulators
349(8)
Osteogenesis: The Development of Bones
351(6)
Sidelights & Speculations: Control of Chondrogenesis at the Growth Plate
357(1)
Lateral plate mesoderm
358(14)
Formation of Extraembryonic Membranes
359(2)
The Heart
361(5)
Formation of Blood Vessels
366(6)
Sidelights & Speculations: Redirecting Blood Flow in the Newborn Mammal
372(1)
The development of blood cells
373(7)
The Stem Cell Concept
373(1)
Pluripotential Stem Cells and Hematopoietic Microenvironments
374(3)
Osteoclast Development
377(1)
Sites of Hematopoiesis
378(2)
ENDODERM
380(1)
Pharynx
380(2)
The digestive tube and its derivatives
382(9)
Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
382(1)
The Respiratory Tube
383(8)
PART III Mechanisms of Cellular Differentiation391(114)
10 Transcriptional regulation of gene expression: Transcription factors and the activation of specific promoters
391(40)
Exons and introns
392(2)
Promoter structure and function
394(5)
Promoter Structure
396(1)
Promoter Function
397(1)
Sidelights & Speculations: RNA Polymerase and the trans-Regulatory Factors at the Promoter
399(3)
Enhancer structure and function
402(2)
Requirement for Enhancers
402(1)
Enhancer Function: Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Transcription
403(1)
Transcription factors: The trans-regulators of promoters and enhancers
404(5)
Homeodomain Proteins
405(1)
The POU Transcription Factors
406(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: Regulation of Transcription from Immunoglobulin Light Chain Genes
409(7)
Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
415(1)
Sidelights & Speculations: Regulating the Myogenic bHLH Proteins: Governing the Switch Between Muscle Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
416(2)
Basic Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors
416(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: Enhancer Traps: Natural and Experimental
418(5)
Zinc Finger Transcription Factors
420(1)
Nuclear Hormone Receptors and Their Hormone-Responsive Elements
420(3)
DNA-bending proteins
423(1)
Context-dependent activation or silencing
423(2)
Regulation of transcription factor activity
425(6)
11 Transcriptional regulation of gene expression: The activation of chromatin
431(30)
Nucleosomes and the activation of repressed chromatin
431(6)
Accessibility to trans-Regulatory Factors
432(2)
DNase I-Hypersensitive Sites
434(2)
Nucleosome Disruption and Reorganization: The Role of Disruptional Complexes
436(1)
Nucleosome Disruption and Reorganization: The Role of Histone Competition
437(1)
Locus control regions: Globin gene transcription
437(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: Globin Gene Switching
440(2)
DNA methylation and gene activity
442(2)
Correlations Between Promoter Methylation and Gene Inactivity
442(1)
Methylation and the Maintenance of Transcription Patterns
443(1)
Sidelights & Speculations: Methylation and Gene Imprinting
444(2)
Mammalian X-chromosome dosage compensation
446(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: The Mechanism of X Chromosome Inactivation
449(2)
Association of active DNA with the nuclear matrix
451(3)
Attachment of Active Chromatin to a Nuclear Matrix
451(2)
Topoisomerases and Gene Transcription
453(1)
Insulators and domains
454(1)
Coda
455(6)
12 Control of development by differential RNA processing and translation
461(44)
CONTROL OF DEVELOPMENT BY DIFFERENTIAL RNA PROCESSING
461(1)
Control of early development by nuclear RNA selection
462(3)
The mechanisms of RNA splicing: Spliceosomes
465(1)
Alternative RNA splicing: Creating alternative proteins from the same gene
466(5)
One Gene, Many Related Proteins
466(2)
Alternative RNA Processing and Drosophila Sex Determination
468(3)
Widespread Use of RNA Processing to Control Gene Expression
471(1)
TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES
471(1)
Mechanisms of eukaryotic translation
472(3)
Control of protein synthesis by differential longevity of mRNA
474(2)
Selective Degradation of mRNAs
475(1)
Translational control of oocyte messages
476(4)
Characterization of Stored Oocyte Messenger RNAs
477(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: Determining Cell Fate by Localized Oocyte mRNA
480(1)
Mechanisms for the translational regulation of oocyte messages
481(7)
The Masked Maternal Message Hypothesis
482(1)
The Poly(A) Tail Hypothesis
483(3)
The Translational Efficiency Hypothesis
486(1)
Other mRNA Activation Systems: Uncapped Messages and Sequestered Messages
486(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: The Activation of the Embryonic Genome
488(17)
Translational gene regulation in larvae and adults
490(4)
Gamete Determination in C. elegans
490(1)
Natural Antisense RNA
491(1)
Translational Control "Switches"
492(1)
RNA Editing
493(1)
Translational control and coordinated protein synthesis: Hemoglobin production
494(3)
Epilogue: Posttranslational regulation
497(8)
PART IV Specification of Cell Fate and the Embryonic Axes505
13 Autonomous cell specification by cytoplasmic determinants
505(38)
Cell commitment and differentiation
505(2)
Preformation and epigenesis
507(3)
The French Teratologists
509(1)
Autonomous specification in tunicate embryos
510(5)
The Muscle-Forming Determinant of the Yellow Crescent
511(3)
Cytoplasmic Specification of the Endodermal and Epidermal Lineages and the Anterior-Posterior Axis
514(1)
Cytoplasmic localization in mollusc embryos
515(6)
The Polar Lobe
517(4)
Cell specification in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
521(8)
Maternal Control of Blastomere Identity: The Genetic Control of the Pharyngeal Progenitor Cells of C. elegans
524(3)
Regulation in C. elegans
527(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: "To Be or not to Be: That Is the Phenotype"
529(1)
Asymmetrical cell divisions in later development
530(1)
Cytoplasmic localization of germ cell determinants
531(7)
Germ Cell Determination in Nematodes
531(1)
Germ Cell Determination in Insects
532(2)
Components of the Drosophila Pole Plasm
534(2)
Germ Cell Determination in Amphibians
536(2)
Coda
538(5)
14 The genetics of axis specification in Drosophila
543(48)
A summary of Drosophila development
543(2)
THE ORIGINS OF ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR POLARITY
545(1)
Overview
545(1)
The maternal effect genes
546(5)
Embryological Evidence of Polarity Regulation by Oocyte Cytoplasm
546(1)
The Molecular Model: Protein Gradients in the Early Embryo
547(4)
Sidelights & Speculations: Gradient Models of Positional Information
551(8)
Evidence that the Gradient of Bicoid Protein Constitutes the Anterior Organizing Center
552(4)
The Posterior Organizing Center: Localizing and Activating the nanos Product
556(1)
The Terminal Gene Group
557(2)
The segmentation genes
559(10)
An Overview
559(2)
The Gap Genes
561(2)
The Pair-Rule Genes
563(2)
The Segment Polarity Genes
565(4)
The homeotic selector genes
569(7)
Patterns of Homeotic Gene Expression
569(3)
Initiating the Patterns of Homeotic Gene Expression
572(1)
Maintaining the Patterns of Homeotic Gene Expression
572(2)
Cis-Regulatory Elements and the Bithorax Complex
574(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: Molecular Regulation of Development: The Homeodomain Proteins
576(1)
THE GENERATION OF DORSAL-VENTRAL POLARITY IN DROSOPHILA
577(1)
Dorsal protein: Morphogen for dorsal-ventral polarity
577(1)
Translocation of Dorsal Protein
577(1)
Providing the asymmetrical signal for Dorsal protein translocation
578(7)
Signal from the Oocyte Nucleus to the Follicle Cells
578(2)
Signal from the Follicle Cells to the Oocyte Cytoplasm
580(1)
The Establishment of the Dorsal Protein Gradient
581(4)
AXES AND ORGAN PRIMORDIA
585(1)
The cartesian coordinate model and the specification of organ primordia
585(1)
Coda: Some principles of Drosophila development
586(5)
15 Specification of cell fate by progressive cell-cell interactions
591(44)
Regulative development
591(1)
Testing the germ plasm theory
592(8)
August Weismann: The Germ Plasm Theory
592(1)
Wilhelm Roux: Mosaic Development
593(1)
Hans Driesch: Regulative Development
594(3)
Sven Horstadius: Potency and Oocyte Gradients
597(1)
Forming an Integrated Organism: Restricting the Potency of Neighboring Cells
598(2)
Regulation during amphibian development
600(6)
Hans Spemann: Progressive Determination of Embryonic Cells
600(3)
Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold: Primary Embryonic Induction
603(3)
The Nieuwkoop center
606(3)
The Formation of the Nieuwkoop Center and Mesodermal Polarity
606(1)
The Specification of Dorsoventral Polarity at Fertilization
607(2)
The molecular basis of mesoderm induction
609(4)
Establishing Dorsal Regionalization: The Possible Role of XXX-catenin
609(1)
The Functioning of the Nieuwkoop Center: Roles for Vg1 and Noggin
610(2)
Induction of Ventral and Lateral Mesodermal Specificity
612(1)
The creation of organizer activity
613(3)
Secreted Proteins from the Organizer
613(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: BMP4 and Geoffroy's Lobster
616(5)
Transcription Factors Induced in the Organizer
619(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: How Does the Organizer Neuralize the Ectoderm?
621(1)
The regional specificity of induction
621(5)
The Determination of Regional Differences
621(2)
The Double Gradient Model
623(1)
Molecular Correlates of Neural Caudalization
624(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: Vertical and Horizontal Signals from the Organizer
626(2)
Homeobox Genes in Neural Specification
628(1)
Competence and inductive cascades
628(7)
16 Establishment of body axes in mammals and birds
635(20)
Initiating the anterior-posterior axis
635(2)
Establishing a Nieuwkoop Center
635(1)
Gene Expression in the Organizer Tissues
636(1)
Specifying the mammalian anterior-posterior axis: The Hox code hypothesis
637(9)
Homology of the Homeotic Gene Complexes Between Drosophila and Mammals
637(1)
Expression of Hox Genes in the Vertebrate Nervous System and its Derivatives
638(2)
Experimental Analysis of a Hox Code: Gene Targeting
640(2)
Partial Transformations of Segments by Knockout of Hox Genes Expressed in the Trunk
642(1)
Experimental Analysis of the Hox Code: Retinoic Acid Teratogenesis
643(2)
Evidence for a Hox Code from Comparative Anatomy
645(1)
Sidelights & Speculations: Animals as Variations on the Same Development Theme
646(1)
Dorsal-ventral and left-right axes in mammals and birds
647(8)
PART V Cellular Interactions During Organ Formation655
17 Proximate tissue interactions: Secondary induction
655(46)
Instructive and permissive interactions
655(1)
Competence and receptors
656(1)
Paracrine factors
657(6)
The Fibroblast Growth Factors
658(1)
The Hedgehog Family
659(1)
The Wnt Family
660(1)
The TGF-XXX Superfamily
661(1)
Juxtacrine Signaling
662(1)
Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions
663(4)
Regional Specificity of Induction
663(3)
Genetic Specificity of Induction
666(1)
Cascades of embryonic induction: Lens induction
667(5)
The Phenomena of Lens Induction
667(1)
The Cellular Basis of Lens Induction
668(4)
Cornea Formation
672(1)
Formation of parenchymal organs
672(10)
Morphogenesis of the Mammalian Kidney
673(3)
The Mechanisms of Kidney Organogenesis
676(6)
Sidelights & Speculations: Coordinated Differentiation and Morphogenesis in the Tooth
682(1)
Mechanisms of branching in the formation of parenchymal organs
683(4)
The Extracellular Matrix as a Critical Element in Branch Formation
684(2)
Paracrine Factors Effecting Branching Patterns
686(1)
Induction at the single-cell level
687(5)
Vulval Induction in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
690(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: Cell-Cell Interactions and Chance in the Determination of Cell Types
692(9)
18 Development of the tetrapod limb
701(32)
Pattern formation in the limb
701(1)
Formation of the limb bud
702(4)
The Limb Field
702(1)
Specification of the Limb Fields: Hox Genes and Retinoic Acid
703(1)
Growth of the Early Limb Bud: Fibroblast Growth Factors as Inducers of the Limb Bud
704(1)
Induction of the Apical Ectodermal Ridge
704(2)
Generation of the proximal distal axis of the limb
706(8)
The Apical Ectodermal Ridge: The Ectodermal Component
706(2)
The Progress Zone: The Mesodermal Component
708(1)
Hox Genes and the Specification of the Proximal-Distal Limb Axis
709(2)
Interactions Between the AER and the Progress Zone
711(1)
Mutations in the Interactions Between the Progress Zone and the AER
711(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: The Regeneration of Salamander Limbs and the Retention of the Proximal-Distal Axis
714(2)
Specification of the limb anterior-posterior axis
716(5)
The Zone of Polarizing Activity
716(1)
Sonic Hedgehog as Defining the ZPA
717(1)
Interactions Between the AER and the ZPA to Integrate Growth and Pattern
718(3)
Specifying the ZPA
721(1)
The generation of the dorsal-ventral axis
721(1)
Distinguishing the forelimb from the hindlimb
722(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: Lessons from limbless
724(1)
Cell death and the formation of the digits
724(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: Evolution of the Tetrapod Limb
726(7)
19 Cell interactions at a distance: Hormones as mediators of development
733(40)
Metamorphosis: The hormonal directing of development
733(1)
Amphibian metamorphosis
734(9)
Hormonal Control of Amphibian Metamorphosis
735(5)
Molecular Responses to Thyroid Hormones During Metamorphosis
740(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: Heterochrony
743(3)
Metamorphosis in insects
746(4)
Eversion and Differentiation of the Imaginal Discs
746(4)
Sidelights & Speculations: The Determination of the Leg and Wing Imaginal Discs
750(3)
Remodeling of the Nervous System
753
Hormonal Control of Insect Metamorphosis The Molecular Biology of Hydroxyecdysone Activity
757(4)
Sidelights & Speculations: Environmental Control Over Larval Form and Function
761(1)
Multiple hormonal interactions in mammary gland development
762(11)
Embryonic Stage
762(3)
Adolescence
765(1)
Pregnancy and Lactation
765(8)
20 Sex determination
773(32)
Chromosomal sex determination in mammals
774(3)
Primary Sex Determination
774(1)
Secondary Sex Determination
774(1)
The Developing Gonads
775(2)
Mammalian primary sex determination: Y-chromosomal genes for testis determination
777(3)
SRY: The Y-Chromosome Sex Determinant
778(2)
Mammalian primary sex determination: Autosomal genes in testis determination
780(1)
SOX9: Autosomal Sex Reversal in Campomelic Dysplasia
780(1)
SF1: The Link Between SRY and the Male Developmental Pathways
780(1)
Mammalian primary sex determination: Ovary development
781(1)
DAX1: A Potential Ovary-Determining Gene on the X Chromosome
781(1)
Wnt4a: A Potential Ovary-Determining Gene on an Autosome
781(1)
Secondary sex determination in mammals
782(5)
Hormonal Regulation of the Sexual Phenotype
782(1)
Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone
782(2)
Anti-Mullerian Hormone
784(1)
The Central Nervous System
785(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: The Development of Sexual Behaviors
787(1)
Chromosomal sex determination in Drosophila
788(17)
The Sexual Development Pathway
788(2)
The Sex-lethal Gene as Pivot for Sex Determination
790(3)
The transformer Genes
793(1)
doublesex: The Switch Gene of Sex Determination
793(1)
Target Genes for the Sex Determination Cascade
794(1)
Hermaphroditism
795(3)
Hermaphroditism in the Nematode C. elegans
795(2)
Hermaphroditism in Fishes
797(1)
Environmental sex determination
798(2)
Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Reptiles
798(1)
Location-Dependent Sex Determination in Bonellia viridis and Crepidula fornicata
799(1)
Coda
800(5)
21 Environmental regulation of animal development
805(38)
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF NORMAL DEVELOPMENT
806(1)
Environmental cues used by organisms to complete their development
806(4)
Larval Settlement
806(2)
Blood Meals
808(1)
Developmental Symbiosis
808(2)
Predictable environmental differences as cues for development
810(3)
Seasonality and Sex: Aphids and Volvox
810(2)
Diapause
812(1)
Phenotypic plasticity: Polyphenism and reaction norms
813(5)
Seasonal Polyphenism in Butterflies
814(2)
Nutritional Polyphenism
816(1)
Environmental-Dependent Sex Determination
817(1)
Unpredictable environmental factors controlling animal development
818(3)
Inducible Defenses Against Predation
819(1)
Phenotypic Plasticity and Changes in the Environment
820(1)
Sidelights & Speculations: Genetic Assimilation
821(1)
The continuing plasticity of development
822(5)
The Immune System: Development in the Adult
822(1)
Learning: An Environmentally Adaptive Nervous System
823(4)
ENVIRONMENTAL DISRUPTION OF NORMAL DEVELOPMENT
827(1)
Malformations and disruptions
827(1)
Teratogenic agents
828(8)
Retinoic Acid as a Teratogen
829(1)
Thalidomide as a Teratogen
830(3)
Alcohol as a Teratogen
833(2)
Other Teratogenic Agents
835(1)
Sidelights & Speculations: Environmental Estrogens
836(1)
Genetic-environmental interactions
837(1)
Coda
837(6)
22 The saga of the germ line
843(40)
Germ cell migration
843(4)
Germ Cell Migration in Amphibians
843(1)
Germ Cell Migration in Mammals
844(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells
847(3)
Germ Cell Migration in Birds and Reptiles
848(1)
Primordial Germ Cell Migration in Drosophila
849(1)
Meiosis
850(3)
Sidelights & Speculations: Big Decisions: Mitosis or Meiosis? Sperm or Egg?
853(2)
Spermatogenesis
855(3)
Spermiogenesis
857(1)
Sidelights & Speculations: Gene Expression During Sperm Development
858(2)
Oogenesis
860(9)
Oogenic Meiosis
860(1)
Maturation of the Oocyte in Amphibians
861(3)
Completion of Meiosis: Progesterone and Fertilization
864(1)
Gene Transcription in Oocytes
865(2)
Meroistic Oogenesis in Insects
867(2)
Sidelights & Speculations: The Origin of Drosophila Embryonic Axes During Oogenesis
869(6)
Oogenesis in Mammals
870(5)
Sidelights & Speculations: The Reinitiation of Meiosis in Mammalian Oocytes
875(8)
23 Developmental mechanisms of evolutionary change
883
"Unity of Type" and "Conditions of Existence"
883(2)
Charles Darwin's Synthesis
883(2)
E. B. Wilson and F. R. Lillie
885(1)
The evolution of early development: E. Pluribis Unum
885(6)
The Emergence of Embryos
885(2)
Formation of New Phyla: Modifying Developmental Pathways
887(4)
Modularity: The prerequisite for changing evolution through development
891(7)
Modularity
891(1)
Dissociation: Heterochrony and Allometry
891(2)
Duplication and Divergence
893(1)
Co-option
894(2)
Correlated Progression
896(2)
Developmental constraints
898(4)
Physical Constraints
898(1)
Morphogenetic Constraints
898(1)
Phyletic Constraints
899(2)
Co-evolution of Ligand and Receptor: Reproductive Isolation
901(1)
The developmental genetic mechanisms of evolutionary change: Homologous regulatory genes
902(7)
Pax6 and Eye Development
902(2)
BMP4 and Limb Morphogenesis
904(1)
Hox Genes and the Evolution of Vertebrates
905(2)
Hox Genes and the Evolution of Arthropods
907(2)
Homologous pathways of development
909(2)
Creating new cell types: The basic evolutionary mystery
911(1)
A new evolutionary synthesis
912
Sources for Chapter-Opening QuotesQ-1
Author IndexAI-1
Subject IndexSI-1

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