PART I: READING AND ANALYZING PARAGRAPHS

CHAPTER 1: The Fundamentals of Reading Paragraphs

The Structure of the Paragraph

The Direction of Paragraphs-How Writers Write

The Placement of the Main Idea

*Implied Main Ideas

Levels of Support

Modes of Discourse: The Author's Purpose

Exercises

*Selection 1: Jervis Anderson, "Black and Blue"

*Selection 2: E.D. Hirsch, Jr., Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know

*Selection 3: Diane Ackerman, "In Praise of Bats"

*Practice Essay: Bill Buford, "Among the Thugs"

CHAPTER 2: Making Accurate Inferences (moved up)

Inferences Defined

*Problems with Inferences

Explaining Sample Inferences

*Using Evidence to Make Inferences

*Further Practice Making Inferences

Making Open-Ended Inferences

Exercises

*Selection 1: Jan Yoors, The Gypsies

Selection 2: Ian Frazier, "Bear News"

*Selection 3: Diane Ackerman, A Natural History of the Senses

*Practice Essay: William Lutz, "Abstracting Our Way into Doublespeak"

CHAPTER 3: Five Methods of Paragraph Development (expanded)

*Facts and Statistics

Examples and Illustration

Process

Comparison and Contrast

Explanation

*Combination of Methods

Exercises

*Selection 1: Howard Luck Gossage, "25 Years Ago" from The Atlantic Monthly

*Selection 2: Daniel Duane, Caught Inside: A Surfer's Year on the California Coast

*Selection 3: Murray Sayle, "Nerve Gas and the Four Noble Truths"

Practice Essay: Rose Del Castillo Guilbaut, "Book of Dreams: The Sears Roebuck Catalog"

CHAPTER 4: Four More Methods of Paragraph Development (reorgainzed)

Cause and Effect

Classification and Analysis

Definition

Analogy

Combination of Methods

Exercises

Selection 1: Desmond Morris, Manwatching: A Field Guide to Human Behavior

Selection 2: Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi

*Selection 3: Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, "The Failure of Sex Education"

Practice Essay: Peter Farb, "How to Talk about the World"

PART II: DISCOVERING MEANING THROUGH ORGANIZATION, LANGUAGE, AND TONE

CHAPTER 5: Patterns of Paragraph Organization (moved back)

Unity and Coherence in Paragraphs

Transitions

Patterns of Organization

Punctuation and Meaning

Exercises

*Selection 1: Richard E. Leakey and Roger Lewis, Origins

*Selection 2: Mark Schapiro, "Muddy Waters"

*Selection 3: Tony Hiss, "Experiencing Places"

Practice Essay: Diane Ackerman, "Anosmia"

CHAPTER 6: Language

Denotation and Connotation

Language Misused and Abused

Figurative Language

Allusion

Exercises: Part 1-Identifying and Analyzing Figures of Speech

Exercises: Part 2

*Selection 1: Isabel Allende, Eva Luna

*Selection 2: George B. Schaller, The Last Panda

Selection 3: Margaret Atwood, "The View from the Backyard"

*Practice Essay: Salman Rushdie, "On Leavened Bread"

CHAPTER 7: Tone

An Explanation of Tone

*Exercises: Part 1-Determining Tone

The Ironic Stance

*Irony and Its Shades of Meaning

Exercises: Part 2-Determining Tone

Special Effects

Exercises: Part 3

Selection 1: Chinua Achebe, Hopes and Impediments

*Selection 2: Albert Camus, Between Hell and Reason

*Selection 3: Gerald Durrell, "The Life and Death of Cholmondeley"

*Practice Essay: Michael Wilbon, "History in Black and White"

PART III: READING CRITICALLY (expanded into two chapters)

*Chapter 8: Primary Elements of Critical Reading

Critical Reading Defined

*Critical Reading and the Information Revolution

*The Structure of Arguments

*The Test of a Good Argument

The Reader's Responsibility

Developing a World View

Identifying Arguments

*Exercise in Identifying Arguments

*The Importance of Definitions in Arguments

Unstated Assumptions

*Exercise in Identifying Unstated Assumptions

Evaluating Evidence

Exercise in Evaluating Evidence

Kinds of Reasoning

Exercise in Identifying Inductive and Deductive Arguments

Balance

*Exercise in Analyzing Editorials

*Selection 1: Arthur Levine, "College-More Than Serving Time"

*Selection 2: Jeff Jacoby, "When a Nation Becomes Jaded"

*Selection 3: "Freedom of Net Speech"

*Selection 4: David Broder, "Empower Qualified Teachers"

*CHAPTER 9: Evaluating Arguments

*Problems with Inductive Reasoning

*Problems with Deductive Reasoning

*Exercise in Evaluating Inductive and Deductive Arguments

*Omitting Relevant Evidence

Appeals in Arguments

*Claims in Advertising

*Exercise in Identifying Appeals

Logical Fallacies: Part 1

Exercise in Identifying Fallacies: Part I

Logical Fallacies: Part II

Exercise in Identifying Fallacies: Part II

Other Manipulative Techniques

Exercise in Analyzing Editorials

*Selection 1: Jesse Shapiro, "Talent-Blind Admissions?"

*(response) "From Factory Worker to Valedictorian"

*Selection 2: Ellen Goodman, "There's No Word in English for It"

*Selection 3: Robert J. Samuelson, "A Question of Freedom"

PART IV READING ESSAYS AND ARTICLES

Why Read Essays in the First Place?

The Characteristics of an Essay

The Part of an Essay

How to Read an Essay

Questions to Consider While Reading

Sample Essay: Alexander Petrunkevitch, "The Spider and the Wasp"

Writing Summaries

Sample Essay: Lewis Thomas, "On the Need for Asylums"

Sample Summary

Essays: Group 1

Selection 1: Solomon Northrup, "A Slave Witness of a Slave Auction"

*Selection 2: Castle Freeman, Jr., "Surviving Deer Season: A Lesson in Ambiguity"

*Selection 3: Andrei Codrescu, "Faux Chicken & Phony Furniture: Notes of an Alien Son"

Selection 4: Kurt Wiesenfeld, "Making the Grade"

*Selection 5: Tobias Wolff, from This Boy's Life

Essays: Group 2

*Selection 6: Stephen L. Carter, "The Insufficiency of Honesty"

*Selection 7: Susan Orlean, "Beautiful Girls"

*Selection 8: Jonathan Raban, "Joe, Montana"

*Selection 9: Oliver Sacks, "A Neurologist's Notebook: A Surgeon's Life"

*Selection 10: Ellen Alderman and Caroline Kennedy, "Arrington vs. The New York Times

Company: The Case of the Cover Photo"

Essays: Group 3

*Selection 11: Peter Marin, "Helping and Hating the Homeless"

*Selection 12: Jane Kuenz, "Shiny Happy People Working at the Rat"

*Selection 13: Malcolm Gladwell, "The Tipping Point and the Epidemic of Crime"

Selection 14: Stephen Jay Gould, "Carrie Buck's Daughter"

Selection 15: Aristides (Joseph Epstein), "Student Evaluations"

PART V: READING SHORT STORIES

Analyzing the Short Story

The Short Story Defined

The Parts of a Short Story

Diagramming the Plot

Questions about Reading Fiction

*Short Story 1: Tim O'Brien, "On the Rainy River"

*Short Story 2: Katherine Mansfield, "Miss Brill"

*Short Story 3: Stephen King, "The Man in the Black Suit"

*Short Story 4: Alice Munro,"Hired Girl"

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