Rent 9780131930735 | Crossroads The Multicultural Roots of America's Popular Music with Audio CD

Summary Table of Contents Author Biography

Innovative and lively, this comparative and integrative study of the multicultural music of the United States explores the music of Native Americans, European Americans, African Americans, Latino Americans, and Asian Americans-the five broad groups that constitute American society and that have complex, unique, and often intermingled musical traditions that are reflected in contemporary American music. It features a blended historical/social, ethnic, and musical approach; strong "contemporary" focus; and coverage of a wide variety of musical "s... MORE

Preface

Part I: The Journeys Begin

Music in Multicultural America

(15)

The Components of... MORE

(8)

Culture

(1)

Ethnicity and Culture

(1)

Race and Culture

(2)

Acculturation and Assimilation in American Society

(3)

The United States Today

(1)

American Multiculturalism and American Music

(4)

The Building Blocks of Music

(4)

Conclusion

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

The Music of Native Americans

(21)

Native American Origins

(3)

Overview of Pre-Conquest Music Traditions

(2)

Challenges to Studying Pre-Conquest Native American Music

(1)

Commonalities among Native Music Traditions

(1)

Structural Characteristics

(1)

Native American Music within a Historical and Social Context The Fifteenth-Nineteenth Centuries

(11)

Native American Cultural Diversity

(3)

Contact with Europeans in the Colonial Period

(1)

Native Americans and the United States of America

(2)

Impact of Europeans on Native Culture and Music Traditions

(5)

Native American Music in the Twentieth Century

(3)

Pan-Indian Music

(3)

Native Americans Today

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Bibliography

(2)

The Roots of European/Anglo-American Music

(21)

European American Origins

(4)

Overview of European-American Music Traditions

(2)

Commonalities of European-American Music

(2)

Early Anglo-American Music Traditions

(1)

The Structural Characteristics of Anglo-American Folk Music

(1)

Anglo-American Music within a Social and Historical Context

(12)

Religious Music of the Colonial Period

(2)

Folk Music of the Early Settlers

(2)

The Americanization of British Folk Songs

(3)

Instrumental Music of the Early Settlers

(3)

Conflict and the Road to Revolution

(1)

The Founding of a New Nation

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

Bibliography

(1)

The Roots of African-American Music

(17)

African-American Origins

(1)

Challenges to Retaining African Culture

(2)

Overview of African Music Traditions

(4)

African Diversity

(1)

African Commonalities

(4)

African-American Music within a Historical and Social Context

(8)

Colonial America

(4)

Structural Characteristics of Early African-American Music

(1)

The American Revolution and Striving for Freedom

(1)

The Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Late Nineteenth Century

(3)

Conclusion

(1)

Bibliography

(2)

The Roots of Latin American Music

(19)

The First Mexican Americans

(2)

Pre-Conquest and Arrival of the Europeans

(2)

Overview of the Music of the Aztecs and Other Indigenous Peoples

(4)

Challenges and Changes in Studying Indigenous Music of Mexico

(2)

Commonalities of Aztec and Other Indigenous Music

(1)

Structural Characteristics of Aztec and Other Indigenous Music

(1)

Mexican-American Music in a Historical and Social Context

(6)

The Spanish Colonial Period

(2)

Influence of Colonial System on Mexican Music

(2)

Mexican Independence

(1)

Mexican Northern Provinces Become Part of the United States

(1)

Mestizo Music Traditions

(2)

Structural Characteristics

(1)

Popular Mestizo Music Styles

(2)

Conclusion

(2)

Bibliography

(1)

Part II: Encounters At The Crossroads

The Blues

(23)

Overview of the Music Tradition of the Blues

(3)

Origin of the Term ``The Blues''

(1)

Stylistic Categories

(1)

The Structural Characteristics of the Blues

(1)

The Blues in a Historical and Social Context

(17)

The Civil War and Reconstruction

(1)

Origins of the Blues to 1900

(3)

Spread of the Blues from 1900 to 1920

101

(4)

The 1920s and Initial Expansion of Blues Styles

105

(2)

The 1930s and the Development of Urban Blues

107

(2)

The 1940s and Three Important Bluesmen

109

(1)

Important Developments in the 1950s

109

(1)

The 1960s and British Blues

110

(2)

The 1970s to the Present

112

(2)

Conclusion

114

(1)

Bibliography

115

(2)

Jazz

117

(27)

Jazz: Primarily African American or European American?

117

(2)

Overview of the Music Tradition of Jazz

119

(6)

Stylistic Categories

119

(4)

Structural Characteristics

123

(2)

Jazz in a Historical and Social Context

125

(17)

Precursors to Jazz: Ragging and Ragtime

125

(1)

The ``Birth of Jazz'' in New Orleans: 1865-1917

126

(5)

The 1930s and 1940s: The Swing Era

131

(1)

Vocal Jazz

132

(2)

The 1940s and 1950s: Bebop

134

(2)

The 1950s and 1960s: Cool Jazz and Hard Bop

136

(1)

The 1960s and 1970s: The Avant-Garde, Free Jazz, and Fusion

137

(4)

The 1980s and 1990s: Classicism, Smooth or Contemporary Jazz, and Acid Jazz

141

(1)

Conclusion

142

(1)

Bibliography

143

(1)

Gospel

144

(13)

Overview of Gospel Music

144

(3)

Distinguishing Gospel from Spirituals

144

(1)

Structural Characteristics

145

(2)

Gospel Music in a Historical and Social Context

147

(8)

The Foundation for the Development of Gospel Music

147

(2)

The Work of Thomas Dorsey in the 1920s

149

(1)

The ``Birth'' of Gospel in Chicago and the 1930s and 1940s

150

(1)

The Recording and Popularizing of Gospel in the 1950s

151

(1)

Gospel in the Last Half of the Twentieth Century

152

(3)

Conclusion

155

(1)

Bibliography

156

(1)

Cajun and Zydeco

157

(12)

Overview of Cajun and Zydeco Music Traditions

158

(1)

Structural Characteristics

158

(1)

Cajun and Zydeco Music in a Social and Historical Context

159

(8)

The Roots of Cajun Music

159

(2)

Cajun and Creole Music Early in the Twentieth Century

161

(2)

Cajun Music in the Middle of the Twentieth Century

163

(2)

Zydeco

165

(2)

Conclusion

167

(1)

Bibliography

168

(1)

Country Music

169

(15)

Overview of Country Music

170

(12)

Stylistic Categories

171

(2)

Structural Characteristics

173

(1)

Country Music in a Historical and Social Context

174

(2)

The 1930s and the Emergence of ``Country Western''

176

(1)

The 1940s with Honky Tonk and Bluegrass

176

(1)

The 1950s and the Creation of ``The Nashville Sound''

177

(1)

The 1960s and 1970s

178

(2)

The 1980s to the Present

180

(2)

Conclusion

182

(1)

Bibliography

182

(2)

The Urban Folk Revival

184

(18)

Overview of the Music of the Urban Folk Revival

184

(4)

Renewed Interest in Traditional Music

184

(1)

Dissemination and Popularization of Traditional Music

185

(2)

Trends in Folk Music in the Mid-Twentieth Century

187

(1)

Structural Characteristics

188

(1)

The Urban Folk Revival in a Social and Historical Context

188

(11)

1900-1940

188

(2)

The 1940s

190

(2)

The 1950s

192

(1)

The 1960s

193

(6)

Conclusion

199

(1)

Bibliography

200

(2)

Part III: Excursions In New Directions

Rock `n' Roll

202

(17)

Overview of Rock `n' Roll's Music Characteristics

202

(1)

Rock `n' Roll in a Historical and Social Context

203

(11)

Changes in the 1940s and 1950s

203

(2)

The Birth of Rock `n' Roll

205

(1)

The Primary Musical Influences on Early Rock `n' Roll

205

(1)

Two Examples of the Fusion of Styles

206

(1)

Rock `n' Roll's First Stars

207

(2)

Conflicting Reactions to Rock `n' Roll

209

(5)

Later Developments of Rock

214

(3)

Conclusion

217

(1)

Bibliography

218

(1)

Soul, Motown, and Funk

219

(13)

Overview of the Musical Characteristics of Soul, Motown, and Funk

219

(2)

Soul Music

219

(2)

Motown

221

(1)

Funk

221

(1)

Soul, Motown, and Funk in a Historical and Social Context

221

(9)

Soul Music

221

(1)

Early Soul Music

221

(2)

Geographical Centers for Soul Music

223

(4)

Motown

227

(3)

Funk

230

(1)

Conclusion

230

(1)

Bibliography

230

(2)

Salsa, Reggae, and Caribbean Latino Music

232

(18)

Defining ``The Caribbean''

233

(1)

Overview of Caribbean Music Traditions

234

(7)

Structural Characteristics Unifying Caribbean Music

234

(3)

Specific Music Traditions of Particular Importance to Puerto Rico

237

(3)

Other Caribbean Music Traditions

240

(1)

Caribbean Music Traditions within a Historical and Social Context

241

(5)

Pre-Conquest and Establishment of Spanish Colonies

241

(1)

Puerto Rico as an American Territory

242

(4)

The Development of Salsa

246

(2)

The Birth of ``Salsa''

246

(1)

African and European Influences on Salsa

246

(1)

Salsa's Increasing Popularity

247

(1)

Conclusion

248

(1)

Bibliography

249

(1)

Tejano, Banda, and Contemporary Mexican-American Music

250

(11)

Overview of Twentieth-Century Mexican-American Music Traditions

251

(1)

Stylistic Categories

251

(1)

Structural Characteristics

252

(1)

Twentieth-Century Mexican American Music within a Social and Historical Context

252

(7)

The First Half of the Twentieth Century

252

(3)

The Second Half of the Twentieth Century

255

(1)

The Late Twentieth Century

256

(3)

Conclusion

259

Bibliography

260

(1)

Asian American Music

261

(17)

Challenges and Issues in Discussing Asian Americans and Asian-American Music

262

(1)

The Three Periods of Asian Immigration

263

(2)

Current Asian Communities in the United States

265

(1)

Asian-American Music within a Social and Historical Context

266

(7)

Chinese Americans

266

(2)

Filipino Americans

268

(1)

Indian and Pakistani Americans

269

(1)

Vietnamese Americans

270

(1)

Korean Americans

271

(1)

Japanese Americans

271

(2)

Asian-American Music in the Last Half of the Twentieth Century to the Present

273

(2)

Conclusion

275

(1)

Bibliography

276

(2)

Hip-Hop and Rap

278

(15)

Overview of Hip-Hop and Rap Music Traditions

279

(4)

Defining Hip-Hop and Rap

279

(1)

Stylistic Categories of Rap

280

(3)

Rap and Hip-Hop in a Social and Historical Context

283

(8)

Roots of Rap in African and African-American Oral Traditions

283

(1)

The Earliest Hip-Hop and Rap

284

(2)

The Context for the Rise in Popularity of Rap

286

(1)

Shift in Rap from Party Music to Social Commentary

287

(1)

Hip-Hop and Rap Become More Mainstream

288

(1)

The Growth of Hardcore Rap

288

(2)

The 2001 Hip-Hop Summit

290

(1)

Conclusion

291

(1)

Bibliography

291

(2)

Epilogue

293

(2)

Index

295

Dr. Elizabeth F. Barkley is a classical pianist who holds a B.A. and an M.A. from the University of California, Riverside, and a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley

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