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Critical Thinking in Communication : The Use of Reason in Argument

ISBN: 9780205272938 | 0205272932
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
Pub. Date: 9/1/1997

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Table of Contents
Prefacexi
SECTION ONE: CONCEPTUALIZING ARGUMENT1(62)
Chapter 1: Arguments and Argumentation
3(24)
Critical Thinking
... MORE		5(2)
Argumentation and Arguments
7(4)
Perspectives on Argumentation
11(3)
An Argument Model
14(6)
Summary
20(1)
Exercises
21(6)
Chapter 2: Contexts for Argument
27(20)
Culture and Argumentation
28(9)
Argumentation and Ethics
37(4)
Summary
41(1)
Exercises
42(5)
Chapter 3: Argument Occasions
47(16)
Nature of Occasions
49(1)
Argument Spheres
49(3)
Argument Fields
52(4)
Argument Situations
56(2)
Summary
58(1)
Exercises
59(4)
SECTION TWO: COMMUNICATING ARGUMENTS63(60)
Chapter 4: Arguers, Recipients, and Argumentation
65(28)
The Audience and Argumentation
67(8)
Selecting the Starting Points
67(2)
Supporting Reasoning
69(1)
Using Evidence
70(1)
Organizing Arguments
71(2)
Additional Concerns about Audience
73(1)
Analyzing the Audience
74(1)
The Arguer and Argumentation
75(7)
Message Sources and Their Influence
77(2)
Enhancing Credibility through Argument
79(3)
Fallacies Related to Audience
82(5)
Ad Hominem
83(1)
Ad Populum
84(1)
Appeal to Tradition
85(1)
Straw Arguments
86(1)
Summary
87(2)
Exercises
89(4)
Chapter 5: Language and Argument
93(30)
The Nature of Language
95(8)
Language and Meaning
96(2)
Language and Abstraction
98(2)
Connotations and Denotations
100(3)
Language in Argument
103(10)
Language, Thought, and Perception
103(2)
Functions of Language
105(4)
Using Language in Argument
109(4)
Fallacies of Language
113(3)
Equivocation
114(1)
Amphiboly
114(1)
Emotive Language
115(1)
Summary
116(2)
Exercises
118(5)
SECTION THREE: PARSING ARGUMENTS123(96)
Chapter 6: Argument Claims and Propositions
125(22)
The Nature of Claims and Propositions
126(5)
Formulating a Proposition
131(6)
Controversiality
131(1)
Clarity
132(3)
Balance
135(1)
Challenge
136(1)
Types of Claims
137(3)
Factual Claims
137(2)
Value Claims
139(1)
Policy Claims
140(1)
Continuum of Claims
140(2)
Summary
142(1)
Exercises
142(5)
Chapter 7: Evidence: The Foundation for Arguments
147(36)
The Nature of Evidence
149(1)
Types of Evidence
150(3)
Evaluating Fact and Opinion Evidence
153(6)
Reliability
153(1)
Expertise
154(1)
Objectivity
154(1)
Consistency
155(1)
Recency
156(1)
Relevance
156(1)
Access
157(1)
Accuracy of Citation
157(2)
Evaluating Statistical Evidence
159(2)
Fallacies of Evidence
161(2)
Begging the Question
162(1)
Non Sequitur
162(1)
Research Strategies for Locating Evidence
163(10)
Site Types
164(4)
Source Types
168(5)
Summary
173(1)
Exercises
174(9)
Chapter 8: Reasoning: Making Inferences
183(36)
Formal Logic and Practical Reasoning
185(3)
Reasoning as Inference-Making
188(17)
Quasilogical Arguments
189(3)
Analogy
192(2)
Generalization and Argument from Example
194(4)
Cause
198(3)
Coexistential Arguments
201(2)
Dissociation
203(2)
Fallacies of Faulty Reasoning
205(5)
False Analogy
205(2)
Hasty Generalization
207(1)
False Cause
208(1)
Slippery Slope
209(1)
Summary
210(2)
Exercises
212(7)
SECTION FOUR: ARGUING EXTENDED CASES219(74)
Chapter 9: Case Construction: Arguing about Propositions of Fact
220(25)
Arguing about Facts, Values, and Policies
223(1)
Relating Facts, Values, and Policies
224(2)
Principles of Case Construction
226(2)
Stock Issues in Fact-Based Cases
228(4)
Definition
229(1)
Threshold
229(1)
Application
230(2)
Principles of Refutation
232(2)
The Issues Brief
234(3)
Summary
237(1)
Exercises
238(7)
Chapter 10: Arguing about Values
245(20)
Values and Value Systems
247(2)
The Process of Value Change
249(1)
Values and Argumentation
250(2)
Stock Issues for Value Arguments
252(4)
Definition
252(1)
Field or Perspective
253(1)
Criteria
254(1)
Application
255(1)
Hierarchies
255(1)
The Issues Brief
256(3)
Summary
259(1)
Exercises
259(6)
Chapter 11: Arguing about Policies
265(28)
Policy Arguments and Policy Systems
267(8)
Ill
270(2)
Blame
272(1)
Cure
273(1)
Cost/Benefits
274(1)
Issues Brief
275(5)
Alternative Formats for Arguing Policies
280(5)
Comparative-Advantages Case
280(3)
Goals Case
283(2)
Alternative Formats for Refuting Policy Arguments
285(3)
Strategy of Defense of the Present Policy System
285(1)
Strategy of Defense of the Present Policy System with Minor Repairs
286(1)
Strategy of Counterproposals
287(1)
Summary
288(1)
Exercises
289(4)
SECTION FIVE: ANALYZING ARGUMENTS293(34)
Chapter 12: Argument Analysis and Criticism
295(32)
Benefits of Argument Analysis
296(1)
A General Model for Argument Analysis
297(13)
Analysis of Simple Arguments
298(4)
Analysis of Other Structural Patterns
302(5)
An Application
307(3)
The Toulmin Model
310(8)
The Nature and Background of the Toulmin Model
310(1)
Six Parts of the Model
311(4)
Difficulties in Applying the Model
315(2)
Argument Chains and the Toulmin Model
317(1)
Comparison of the Two Models
318(1)
Summary
319(1)
Exercises
320(7)
Appendix A: Intercollegiate Debate327(14)
Appendix B: Answers to Selected Exercises341(12)
Appendix C: Glossary353(8)
Appendix D: Fallacies361

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