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Critical Reasoning

by: Cederblom, Jerry; Paulsen, David

Critical Reasoning

by: Cederblom, Jerry; Paulsen, David

ISBN 13:
9780534519407
ISBN 10:
0534519407
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 08/01/2000
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

Building upon the strengths of prior editions, this text helps students to understand reasoning in the context of real-world experience and examples. Emphasizing clear explanations and the application of techniques, the text provides sufficient basic logic without losing students in theory and a wealth of longer real-life passages such as newspaper editorials and essays.

Preface

xiii

Deciding What to Believe

(18)

Critical Reasoning Versus Passive Reading or Listening

(1)

Critical Reasoning Versus Mere Disagreement

(1)

The Attitude of the Critical Reasoner

(1)

Self-Identity: Two Options

(1)

Some Common Misconceptions About Critical Reasoning

(1)

Benefits of Critical Reasoning

(1)

Taking Notice of Disagreements and Reasoning

(1)

The Main Techniques of Critical Reasoning

(11)

A Beginning Step: Identifying Main Points and Supporting Points

(7)

The Anatomy of Arguments: Identifying Premises and Conclusions

(28)

The Key to Identification: Seeing What Is Supported by What

(1)

Clues to Identifying Argument Parts: Indicator Words

(1)

Marking the Parts of Arguments

(4)

Techniques for Marking the Parts of Arguments

(3)

What to Do When There Are No Indicator Words: The Principle of Charitable Interpretation

(3)

Using the Principle of Charitable Interpretation to Pick Out Premises and Conclusions in Arguments Without Explicit Indicator Words

(1)

Patterns of Argument

(8)

Using Argument Patterns to Pick Out Premises and Conclusions in Arguments Without Explicit Indicator Words

(3)

Identifying Premises and Conclusions in Longer Passages

(5)

Reconstructing Explicit Arguments in Longer Passages

(3)

Applications to Writing

(3)

Making Premises and Conclusions Clear in Your Writing

(2)

Understanding Arguments Through Reconstruction

(41)

Understanding Arguments by Identifying Implicit Conclusions

(2)

Understanding Arguments by Identifying Implicit Premises

(2)

Adding Both Conclusion and Premises

(1)

Guidelines and Warnings in Adding Implicit Premises and Conclusions

(12)

Recognizing Argument Patterns and Adding Implicit Premises, Conclusions, or Both

(7)

What's the Point? Understanding Complicated Passages in Context

(5)

Simplification and Paraphrasing: Making a First Approximation

(2)

Fine Tuning: Paraphrase and the Structure of Arguments

(13)

Putting All This into Practice

(7)

Using Techniques of Reconstruction in Writing

(5)

Moving from Arguments in Standard Form to Prose Passages

(2)

Evaluating Arguments: Some Basic Questions

(35)

When Does the Conclusion Follow from the Premises?

(11)

Showing Invalidity

100

(1)

When Should the Premises Be Accepted as True?

101

(5)

Casting Doubt on Premises

105

(1)

Sample Appraisals: Examples of Techniques of Criticism

106

(5)

Distinguishing the Validity of an Argument (That Is, Whether the Conclusion Follows) from the Truth of Its Premises

110

(1)

Some Special Cases: Arguments That We Should or Should Not Do Something

111

(4)

The Rationale for Using These Critical Techniques

115

(1)

Writing Critical Comments

116

(7)

Criticizing Arguments

119

(4)

When Does the Conclusion Follow? A More Formal Approach to Validity

123

(31)

Formalizing

125

(3)

Statements Containing Logical Connectives: When are They True; When are They False?

128

(6)

Evaluating Statements

133

(1)

Truth Tables As a Test for Validity

134

(7)

Truth Tables

139

(2)

Representing Structures Within Statements: Predicates and Quantifiers

141

(5)

(Optional) A More Formal Way of Representing Statements with Quantifiers

146

(3)

Venn Diagrams

148

(1)

Glimpses Beyond: Natural Deduction

149

(5)

Fallacies: Bad Arguments That Tend to Persuade

154

(37)

Persuasiveness

154

(1)

What Is a Fallacy?

155

(1)

Categorizing the Fallacies According to Their Sources of Persuasiveness

156

(1)

Distraction Fallacies

157

(6)

Identifying Fallacies: False Dilemma, Slippery Slope, Straw Man

160

(3)

Resemblance Fallacies

163

(6)

Review

169

(3)

Identifying Distraction and Resemblance Fallacies

170

(2)

Emotion and Reason in Argument

172

(1)

When Is an Emotional Appeal Illegitimate?

173

(1)

Emotion Fallacies

174

(5)

Identifying Fallacies: Appeal to Force, Appeal to Pity, and Prejudicial Language

178

(1)

Emotion and Resemblance Combined

179

(4)

Review

183

(3)

Note on Terminology

186

(5)

Comprehensive Review of Fallacies

186

(3)

Fallacious or Not?

189

(2)

``That Depends on What You Mean by ...''

191

(37)

Unclear Expressions in the Premises: Looking for Shifts in Meaning

192

(3)

The Possibility of Misleading Definition

195

(1)

Kinds of Unclarity: Vagueness and Ambiguity

196

(3)

Interpreting and Evaluating: A Dialogue Process

199

(4)

Criticizing Arguments That Contain Unclear Words or Expressions

201

(2)

Argument and Definition

203

(2)

Evaluating Definition-like Premises

205

(1)

Conceptual Theories

206

(2)

A Model for Conceptual Theories

208

(2)

Reconstructing Fragmentary Theories

210

(3)

Reconstructing Conceptual Theories

211

(2)

The Criticism of Conceptual Theories

213

(6)

Criticism of Conceptual Theories

217

(2)

Conceptual Clarification and Argument

219

(9)

Reconstructing and Criticizing Conceptual Theories and Arguments Based on Them

221

(7)

Arguments That Are Not Deductive

228

(58)

Two Types of Inductive Arguments

229

(2)

Inductive Versus Deductive Arguments

231

(4)

Generalizations, Descriptions of Particulars, and Inductive Arguments

234

(1)

Criticizing Arguments That Generalize: Sampling Arguments

235

(11)

Criticizing Empirical Generalizations

242

(4)

A Special Case: Causal Generalization

246

(3)

Five Common Criticisms of Causal Reasoning

249

(2)

The Controlled Experiment: Handling the X-Factor

251

(4)

What Happens If Control Is Limited?

255

(10)

The Faulty Move from Correlation to Cause

259

(6)

Arguments with Statistical Premises

265

(5)

Criticizing Arguments with Statistical Premises

269

(1)

Another Special Case: Arguments from Analogy

270

(5)

Criticizing Arguments from Analogy

273

(2)

Convergent Arguments

275

(11)

Reconstructing and Criticizing Convergent Arguments

284

(2)

Explanation and the Criticism of Theories

286

(54)

``That's Just a Theory''

288

(1)

Picking Out Theories

289

(11)

Identifying Theories and Regularities

295

(5)

Criticism of Theories

300

(2)

First-Stage Criticisms---Plausible Alternative; Doubtful Predictions

302

(6)

Applying First-Stage Criticisms to Theories

303

(5)

Second-Stage Criticisms---ad Hoc Defense; Untestability

308

(7)

Applying Second-Stage Criticisms to Theories

310

(5)

Review of Techniques for Criticizing Theories

315

(11)

Criticizing Empirical Theories in Longer Passages

316

(10)

Empirical Theories and Explanation: A More Formal Approach

326

(14)

Putting Explanations Given by Empirical Theories into a ``Standard Form''

332

(8)

Putting It All Together: Six Steps to Understanding and Evaluating Arguments

340

(53)

A Sample Application of the Six-Step Procedure

343

(8)

A Second Sample Application of the Six-Step Procedure

351

(12)

Applying the Six-Step Procedure

358

(5)

Application of the Six-Step Procedure to Passages Containing Theoretical Statements

363

(9)

Criticizing Arguments Based on Theories and Generalizations

365

(7)

Putting Convergent Arguments into the Picture

372

(9)

Criticizing Linked and Convergent Arguments

376

(5)

Application to Writing

381

(12)

Writing a Critical Essay

385

(5)

Putting It Together in the Classroom: ``Fishbowl'' Discussions and Critical Exchanges

390

(3)

Making Reasonable Decisions As an Amateur in a World of Specialists

393

(13)

Leaving It to the Experts

394

(3)

The Dilemma

397

(1)

Two Ways of Not Facing the Dilemma

397

(2)

Coping with the Dilemma

399

(2)

Still a Problem: The Disagreement of Experts

401

(1)

Creating Arguments and Theories and Determining Who the Experts Are

401

(1)

Creating Arguments and Theories and Controlling the Experts

402

(1)

How Does One Create Arguments and Theories?

402

(1)

The Strategy and Its Prospects

403

(1)

The Contemporary Problem of Knowledge

404

(2)

Case Study for Individual Writing Exercise or Group Discussion

405

(1)

Glossary

406

(9)

Answers to Selected Exercises

415

(46)

Index

461

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Critical Reasoning

Critical Reasoning

9780534519407

0534519407

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Critical Reasoning

Critical Reasoning

9780534519407

0534519407

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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