Rent 9780534090548 | Crisis Intervention Strategies

Table of Contents

Crisis Intervention Theory and Application	p. 1
Approaching Crisis Intervention	p. 3
Definitions of Crisis	p. 3
Characteristics of Crisis	p. 3
Presence of Both Danger and Opportunity	p. 4
Complicated Symptomology	p. 4
Seeds of Growth and Change	p. 4
No Panaceas or Quick Fixes	p. 4
The Necessity of Choice	p. 5
... MOREUniversality and Idiosyncrasy	p. 5
Applied Crisis Domains	p. 5
Developmental Crises	p. 5
Situational Crises	p. 5
Existential Crises	p. 6
Environmental Crises	p. 6
Transcrisis States	p. 6
Theories of Crisis and Crisis Intervention	p. 8
Basic Crisis Intervention	p. 9
Expanded Crisis Theory	p. 10
Ecosystem Theory	p. 13
Electronic Media Impact	p. 13
Systemic Interdependency	p. 14
A Macrosystemic Approach	p. 14
Crisis Intervention Models	p. 14
The Equilibrium Model	p. 15
The Cognitive Model	p. 15
The Psychosocial Transition Model	p. 16
Eclectic Crisis Intervention Theory	p. 16
Characteristics of Effective Crisis Workers	p. 17
Life Experiences	p. 18
Professional Skills	p. 19
Poise	p. 19
Creativity and Flexibility	p. 19
Energy	p. 20
Quick Mental Reflexes	p. 20
Other Characteristics	p. 20
Crises and the Personhood of Crisis Workers	p. 21
Multicultural Perspectives in Crisis Intervention	p. 21
Culturally Biased Assumptions	p. 22
Culturally Effective Helping	p. 24
Multicultural Issues in Outreach	p. 25
Basic Crisis Intervention Skills	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
The Six-Step Model of Crisis Intervention	p. 31
Assessing	p. 33
Listening	p. 33
Defining the Problem	p. 33
Ensuring Client Safety	p. 33
Providing Support	p. 33
Acting	p. 34
Examining Alternatives	p. 34
Making Plans	p. 34
Obtaining Commitment	p. 35
Assessment in Crisis Intervention	p. 35
Assessing Client Functioning	p. 35
Assessing in Crisis Intervention	p. 36
Assessing the Severity of Crisis	p. 37
The Triage Assessment System	p. 38
Psychobiological Assessment	p. 43
Assessing the Client's Current Emotional Functioning	p. 44
Client's Current Acute or Chronic State	p. 44
Client's Reservoir of Emotional Strength	p. 45
Strategies for Assessing Emotional Status	p. 45
Assessing Alternatives, Coping Mechanisms, and Support Systems	p. 46
Assessing for Suicide/Homicide Potential	p. 46
Summary of Assessment	p. 47
Listening in Crisis Intervention	p. 47
Open-Ended Questions	p. 48
Closed-Ended Questions	p. 48
Owning Feelings	p. 49
Climate of Human Growth	p. 51
Communicating Empathy	p. 52
Communicating Genuineness	p. 55
Communicating Acceptance	p. 57
Facilitative Listening	p. 57
Acting in Crisis Intervention	p. 60
Collaborative Counseling	p. 60
Nondirective Counseling	p. 61
Directive Counseling	p. 62
Action Strategies for Crisis Workers	p. 62
Crisis Case Handling	p. 81
Handling Crisis Cases Versus Long-Term Cases	p. 81
Comparing What Crisis Workers and Long-Term Therapists Do	p. 81
Comparison of Principles, Objectives, Client Functioning, and Assessment	p. 82
Case Handling on Telephone Crisis Lines	p. 85
The Telephone as a Crisis Tool	p. 85
Telephone Counseling Strategies	p. 87
Regular, Severely Disturbed, and Abusive Callers	p. 92
Handling the Severely Disturbed Caller	p. 95
Other Problem Callers	p. 99
Case Handling at Walk-In Crisis Facilities	p. 103
Types of Presenting Crises	p. 103
Case Handling at a Community Mental Health Clinic	p. 105
Transcrisis Handling in Long-Term Therapy	p. 108
Anxiety Reactions	p. 108
Regression	p. 109
Problems of Termination	p. 110
Crisis in the Therapy Session	p. 110
Psychotic Breaks	p. 111
Manipulative Clients	p. 112
Borderline Patients	p. 113
Counseling Difficult Clients	p. 116
Ground Rules for Counseling Difficult Clients	p. 116
Confronting Difficult Clients	p. 117
Confidentiality in Case Handling	p. 118
Principles Bearing on Confidentiality	p. 118
The Intent to Harm and the Duty to Warn	p. 119
Legal, Ethical, and Moral Issues of Telephone Counseling	p. 122
Handling Specific Crises: Going into the Trenches	p. 127
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	p. 129
Background	p. 129
Dynamics of PTSD	p. 132
Diagnostic Categorization	p. 132
Conflicting Diagnoses	p. 133
The Question of Preexisting Psychopathology	p. 134
Physiological Responses	p. 135
Affective-State-Dependent Retention	p. 136
Incidence, Impact, and Trauma Type	p. 136
Incidence	p. 136
Residual Impact	p. 137
Importance of Trauma Type	p. 137
Vietnam: The Archetype	p. 138
Intrusive-Repetitive Ideation	p. 141
Denial/Numbing	p. 141
Increased Nervous Symptom Arousal	p. 142
Dissociation	p. 143
Family Responses	p. 143
Maladaptive Patterns Characteristic of PTSD	p. 144
Treatment of Adults	p. 146
Assessment	p. 146
Phases of Recovery	p. 150
Initiating Intervention	p. 150
Importance of Acceptance	p. 151
Risks of Treatment	p. 152
Individual Intervention	p. 153
Emergency/Outcry	p. 154
Extinguishing Intrusive Images	p. 155
Numbing/Denial	p. 155
Reflection and Transition	p. 158
Integration	p. 161
Group Treatment	p. 162
The Life Adjustment Group	p. 170
Family Treatment	p. 170
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)	p. 171
Children and PTSD	p. 175
Intervention Strategies	p. 179
Therapy	p. 181
Moving Beyond the Trauma	p. 182
Crisis of Lethality	p. 195
Background	p. 195
The Many Faces of Lethality	p. 195
The Scope of the Suicide Crisis	p. 196
Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in Terminal Illness	p. 196
The Dynamics of Suicide	p. 197
Characteristics of People Who Commit Suicide	p. 197
Similarities Between Suicide and Homicide	p. 198
Analyzing Suicide/Homicide Notes for Commonalities Between Suicide and Homicide	p. 198
Myths About Suicide	p. 200
Assessment Areas	p. 201
Risk Factors	p. 201
Suicide Clues	p. 203
Cries for Help	p. 203
Using the Triage Assessment Form in Addressing Lethality	p. 204
Counseling Suicidal Clients	p. 205
Developmental Crisis Counseling: Adult Age-Specific Examples	p. 205
Intervention Strategies	p. 213
Adults	p. 213
Older Adults	p. 216
Prevention	p. 217
It's Everyone's Concern	p. 217
Educating for Prevention	p. 218
Four Methods of Prevention	p. 218
When Prevention Fails	p. 218
Psychological Autopsy: A Postvention Technique	p. 218
When Crisis Intervention Fails	p. 220
Worker Stress and Grief After Losing a Client	p. 220
The Unique Nature of Grief over Suicide	p. 221
Sexual Assault	p. 229
Background	p. 229
Rape, Sexual Abuse, and Assault: The Scope of the Problem	p. 229
The Unique Situation of Sexual Abuse Survivors	p. 229
Sexual Assault: A Pervasive Crime	p. 230
Defining Rape	p. 230
Fundamental Assumptions Regarding Rape and Sexual Abuse	p. 230
The Dynamics of Rape	p. 232
Myths About Rape	p. 234
Long-Term Consequences of Sexual Abuse of Children	p. 236
Psychological Trauma and Sequelae	p. 236
Phases of Child Sexual Abuse	p. 240
Pervasiveness, Blame, and Prediction in Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse	p. 241
Date and Acquaintance Rape	p. 243
Dominant Perspectives on Date and Acquaintance Rape	p. 243
Date Rape Risk	p. 243
Preventing Date, Acquaintance, and Other Forms of Rape	p. 244
Dynamics of Sexual Abuse in Childhood	p. 245
Dynamics of Sexual Abuse in Families	p. 246
Intergenerational Transmission of Sexual Abuse	p. 246
Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse	p. 247
False Memories	p. 247
Doubts and Controversy	p. 247
Intervention Strategies with Children	p. 248
Individual Therapy for Children	p. 248
Affirmation and Safety Needed	p. 249
Regaining a Sense of Control	p. 250
Education	p. 250
Prevention	p. 251
Intervention Strategies for Rape and Battery: The Case of Jeanette	p. 251
Immediate Aftermath	p. 251
The Following Three Months	p. 252
Intervention Strategies for Child Sexual Abuse: The Case of Susie	p. 254
Disclosure	p. 254
Immediate Aftermath	p. 255
Interviewing the Child	p. 257
Preparing the Child for Testimony	p. 259
Aftermath	p. 259
Counseling	p. 260
Boundary Issues	p. 261
Home Visits	p. 262
Preventing Revictimization	p. 262
Treatment of Offenders	p. 263
Support and Therapy Groups for Adult Survivors	p. 263
Intervention Strategies for Adult Survivors: The Case of Pearl	p. 264
Assessment	p. 265
Treatment of Adults	p. 266
Discovery and Admission	p. 266
Psychoeducation	p. 267
Validation	p. 267
Extinguishing Trauma	p. 268
Cognitive Restructuring	p. 269
Catharsis	p. 270
Grief Resolution	p. 270
Changing Behavior Through Skill Building	p. 271
Partner Violence	p. 282
The Incidence of Domestic Violence	p. 283
Emerging Approaches to Partner Violence	p. 284
Dynamics of Partner Violence	p. 286
Psychosocial and Cultural Dynamics	p. 286
Psychological Factors	p. 290
Stressors	p. 291
Myths About Battering	p. 292
Profiling the Batterer	p. 293
The Cycle of Violence	p. 294
Realities for Abused Women	p. 295
Intervention Strategies	p. 296
Assessment	p. 296
Components of Intervention	p. 299
Shelters	p. 308
Counseling Women at Shelters	p. 308
Follow-Up	p. 312
Intervention with Children	p. 313
Courtship Violence	p. 314
Gay and Lesbian Violence	p. 315
Crisis Intervention Involving Gay and Lesbian Violence	p. 316
Treating Batterers	p. 318
Treatment Goals	p. 319
Assessment	p. 320
The Intake Interview	p. 321
Motivation	p. 322
A Typical 24-Session Anger Management Group	p. 322
Program Success	p. 329
If You Are in an Abusive Relationship	p. 331
Chemical Dependency: The Crisis of Addiction	p. 343
Sociocultural Determinants of Substance Abuse	p. 344
Alcohol: Number One Abused Substance	p. 345
Models of Addiction	p. 347
The Model Controversy	p. 349
Definitions of Commonly Used Terms	p. 351
The Dynamics of Addiction	p. 353
Defense Mechanisms	p. 353
Enabling and Codependency	p. 356
Children in Alcoholic Families	p. 359
Family Rules in Alcoholic Families	p. 361
Adult Children of Alcoholics	p. 363
Multivariate Diagnosis	p. 367
Intervention Strategies	p. 368
Assessment	p. 369
Crisis Points in Chemical Dependency Treatment	p. 375
Detoxification	p. 378
Principles of Treatment	p. 379
Evolving Treatment Approaches	p. 379
Treatment Goals	p. 382
Treatment Protocol	p. 383
Individual Therapy	p. 383
The Treatment Group	p. 385
Learning Relationship Skills	p. 386
Accepting Responsibility	p. 387
Getting Past Denial	p. 388
Confrontation	p. 389
Limit Testing	p. 391
Treatment Secrets	p. 391
Disrupting Irrational Mental Sets	p. 392
Overcoming Environmental Cues That Lead to Drinking	p. 393
Treating the Family	p. 395
Aftercare	p. 400
Relapse	p. 402
Intervention with the ACOA	p. 403
Assessment	p. 404
Education	p. 406
The Counseling Group	p. 407
Pitfalls	p. 407
Personal Loss: Bereavement and Grief	p. 420
Dynamics of Bereavement	p. 422
Cultural Dynamics	p. 422
Sociocultural Mores	p. 422
Conceptual Approaches to Bereavement	p. 423
The Kubler-Ross Model: The Dying Patient's Stages of Grief	p. 423
The Schneider Model: The Transformational Stages of Grief	p. 425
A Counterpoint to Traditional Models: The Dutro Model	p. 427
Types of Loss	p. 427
Death of a Spouse	p. 427
Death of a Child	p. 428
Bereavement Following a Suicide	p. 428
Bereavement in Childhood	p. 429
Bereavement in Adolescence	p. 430
Separation and Divorce	p. 431
Death of a Pet	p. 432
Bereavement in Elderly People	p. 433
AIDS: A Modern Dilemma	p. 434
Intervention Strategies	p. 435
Clues for Identifying Grief Reaction	p. 435
Applied Stages of Survivor Grief: An Operational Concept	p. 437
The Crisis Worker's Own Grief	p. 438
Death of a Spouse	p. 439
Death of a Child	p. 442
Bereavement Following a Suicide	p. 445
Bereavement in Childhood	p. 447
Bereavement in Adolescence	p. 449
Separation and Divorce	p. 451
Death of a Pet	p. 454
Bereavement in Elderly People	p. 455
Loss Related to HIV Infection and AIDS Disease	p. 457
Bereavement in HIV-Infected Clients	p. 459
Crisis in the Human Services Workplace	p. 469
Violent Behavior in Institutions	p. 471
Precipitating Factors	p. 471
Institutional Culpability	p. 472
Staff Culpability	p. 473
Legal Liability	p. 473
Dynamics of Violence in Human Services Settings	p. 474
Assessment	p. 474
Bases for Violence	p. 474
Intervention Strategies	p. 478
Security Analysis and Planning	p. 478
Training	p. 480
Precautions in Dealing with the Physical Setting	p. 483
Stages of Intervention	p. 485
The Violent Geriatric Client	p. 498
Mild Disorientation: The Case of Cliff	p. 498
Severe Disorientation: The Case of Grace	p. 505
Follow-Up with Staff Victims	p. 507
Crises in Schools	p. 515
The New-Millennium, Violence-Proof School Building	p. 515
Gangs	p. 518
Types of Gangs	p. 518
Emergence of Suburban and Rural Gangs	p. 520
What the Problems Are in School Systems	p. 521
Gang Intervention/Prevention Programs	p. 522
A Comprehensive Gang Prevention and Intervention Model Named SARA	p. 524
The Estranged Violent Juvenile Offender	p. 527
A Profile Comparison of Traits and Characteristics of SVJOs and EVJOs	p. 527
Screening the EVJO	p. 532
Interviewing the Potential EVJO	p. 533
Acting	p. 536
School-Based Suicide Prevention and Intervention	p. 537
Myths of Child Suicide	p. 537
Child and Adolescent Cases of Suicidal Ideation	p. 538
Clustering of Suicides: Contagion	p. 546
Legal and Ethical Issues of Potentially Violent Behavior	p. 547
Planning for a Crisis	p. 549
The Crisis Response Planning Committee	p. 550
The Crisis Response Team (CRT)	p. 551
Implementing the Crisis Plan	p. 553
Physical Requirements	p. 554
Logistics	p. 554
Responding to the Crisis	p. 555
Bereavement in Schools	p. 558
Transcrisis Intervention	p. 560
Hostage Crises	p. 571
Dynamics of Hostage Taking	p. 572
Types of Hostage Takers	p. 572
The Mentally Disturbed	p. 573
Stages and Dynamics of a Hostage Situation	p. 578
Intervention Strategies	p. 582
Communication Techniques	p. 582
Containing the Scene	p. 583
Gathering Information	p. 583
Stabilizing the Situation	p. 584
Persuading the Hostage Taker to Give Up	p. 586
Negotiating in a Hostage Situation: The Case of James	p. 589
The Crisis Worker as Consultant	p. 595
If You Are Put in the Role of Negotiator	p. 596
If You Are Held Hostage	p. 596
Intervention After Release	p. 598
Crisis Intervention with Hostage Survivors	p. 601
Human Services Workers in Crisis: Burnout	p. 609
Helping Professionals: Prime Candidates	p. 609
Defining Burnout	p. 610
Dynamics of Burnout	p. 611
Cornerstones of Burnout	p. 612
Research on Burnout Dynamics	p. 613
Myths That Engender Burnout	p. 614
Symptoms of Burnout	p. 615
Levels of Burnout	p. 615
Stages of Burnout	p. 617
Worker-Client Relationships and Burnout	p. 618
Countertransference	p. 618
Vicarious Traumatization/Compassion Fatigue	p. 619
The Culpability of Organizations	p. 620
Self-Recognition of Burnout	p. 621
Intervention Strategies	p. 622
Assessment	p. 622
Intervention Through Training	p. 623
Intervention with the Organization	p. 623
Private Practitioners and Burnout	p. 629
Intervention with the Individual	p. 630
New Directions	p. 647
Off the Couch and into the Streets	p. 649
The Evolution of the Crisis Intervention Subspecialty	p. 649
The Grassroots Movement	p. 649
The Importance of Volunteerism	p. 650
The Need for Trained Professional Consultants	p. 651
The Quest for Maturity and Power	p. 651
The Societal Impetus for Crisis Intervention	p. 653
Job-Related Impetus for Crisis Intervention	p. 653
Proactive and Preventive Models of Crisis Intervention	p. 654
Crisis Intervention in the Real World	p. 654
Cost and Managed Care Considerations	p. 655
Collaborating/Networking	p. 655
Prevention Programs	p. 656
Emerging Trends in Crisis Intervention	p. 656
Crisis Stabilization Programs	p. 657
Outreach Programs and Crisis Response Teams	p. 657
Multicultural Issues in Outreach	p. 660
Psychiatric Emergency Services	p. 663
The Ecosystem Approach	p. 663
Debriefing the Crisis Worker	p. 665
Electronic Outreach Services	p. 668
Police and Crisis Intervention	p. 670
Police and the Mentally Ill/Mentally Disturbed	p. 670
The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Program	p. 671
The Family Trouble Center (FTC) Program	p. 674
Community Development of Proactive-Preventive Crisis Intervention Services	p. 676
The Importance of Multidisciplinary Thinking	p. 676
The Need for Innovative Alliances	p. 676
A Blueprint for the Future	p. 677
Last Words	p. 678
Index	p. 685
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