Rent 9780314045607 | Criminology - The Core

Summary Table of Contents

Includes learning objectives, chapter summaries, key terms and concepts, a fill-in review, and self-tests with true/false, multiple choice, and essay questions.

Concepts of Crime, Law, and Criminology
Crime and Criminology	p. 2
Introduction	p. 3
The Study of Criminology	p. 4
What Is Criminology?	p. 4
A Brief History of Criminology	p. 4
Classical Criminology	p. 5
Nineteenth-Century Positivism	p. 6
The Development of Sociological Criminology	p. 7
The Foundations of So... MOREciological Criminology	p. 7
The Chicago School and Beyond	p. 8
Conflict Criminology	p. 9
Criminology Today	p. 9
Criminology and Criminal Justice	p. 10
The Distinction Between Criminology and Criminal Justice	p. 10
The Distinction Between Criminology and Deviance	p. 10
What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise	p. 11
Criminal Statistics	p. 12
Sociology of Law	p. 12
Theory Construction	p. 12
Criminal Behavior Systems	p. 13
Race, culture, gender, and criminology
The Changing Face of International Crime Rates	p. 14
Penology	p. 14
Victimology	p. 15
How Criminologists View Crime	p. 16
The Consensus View of Crime	p. 17
The Conflict View of Crime	p. 17
The Interactionist View of Crime	p. 18
Defining Crime	p. 19
Criminology Research Methods	p. 20
Survey Research	p. 20
Cohort Research	p. 20
Aggregate Data Research	p. 21
Experimental Research	p. 21
Observational and Interview Research	p. 22
Ethical Issues in Criminology	p. 23
Summary	p. 24
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 24
Key Terms	p. 24
Notes	p. 25
Criminal Law and Its Processes	p. 26
Introduction	p. 27
The Origin of Law	p. 28
Early Crime, Punishment, and Law in Chaos	p. 29
Origins of Common Law	p. 30
Compensation for Crime	p. 30
The Norman Conquest	p. 30
Common Law	p. 31
Policy and practice in criminology
Origin of the Jury Trial	p. 32
Common Law and Statutory Law	p. 32
Common Law and Statutory Law in America	p. 33
Common Law in Other Cultures	p. 34
Classification of Law	p. 34
Crimes and Torts	p. 34
Felonies and Misdemeanors	p. 35
Mala in Se and Mala Prohibitum	p. 35
Functions of Criminal Law	p. 36
Enforcing Social Control	p. 36
Discouraging Revenge	p. 37
Expressing Public Opinion and Morality	p. 37
Deterring Criminal Behavior	p. 38
Punishing Wrongdoing	p. 38
Maintaining Social Order	p. 39
The Legal Definition of a Crime	p. 39
Actus Reus	p. 39
Mens Rea	p. 40
Criminal Defenses	p. 41
Ignorance or Mistake	p. 41
Insanity	p. 42
Intoxication	p. 43
Duress	p. 43
Policy and practice in criminology
The Insanity Controversy	p. 44
Necessity	p. 45
Self-Defense	p. 45
Entrapment	p. 45
Exotic Defenses	p. 46
Changing Criminal Law	p. 46
Summary	p. 47
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 48
Key Terms	p. 48
Notes	p. 49
The Nature and Extent of Crime	p. 50
Introduction	p. 51
The Uniform Crime Report	p. 51
Collecting the Uniform Crime Report	p. 51
How Accurate Are the Uniform Crime Reports?	p. 53
The Future of the Uniform Crime Report	p. 55
Self-Report Surveys	p. 55
The Focus of Self-Reports	p. 55
Are Self-Reports Accurate?	p. 56
The "Missing Cases"	p. 57
Victim Surveys	p. 57
The National Crime Victimization Survey	p. 58
Is the NCVS Valid?	p. 58
Are Crime Statistics Sources Compatible?	p. 58
Crime Trends	p. 59
The Criminological Enterprise
Explaining Crime Trends	p. 60
Trends in Violent Crime	p. 60
Trends in Property Crime	p. 61
Trends in Self-Reports and Victimization	p. 61
What the Future Holds	p. 62
Crime Patterns	p. 63
The Ecology of Crime	p. 63
Use of Firearms	p. 64
Policy and practice in criminology
Gun Control Practices	p. 66
Social Class and Crime	p. 67
Age and Crime	p. 69
Gender and Crime	p. 71
Race and Crime	p. 74
Criminal Careers	p. 75
Delinquency in a Birth Cohort	p. 76
Birth Cohort	p. 76
Stability in Crime: From Delinquent to Criminal	p. 76
Race, culture, gender, and criminology
Criminal Careers in Europe	p. 77
Implications of the Chronic Offender Concept	p. 78
Summary	p. 79
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 79
Key Terms	p. 79
Notes	p. 80
Victims and Victimization	p. 84
Introduction	p. 85
Problems of Crime Victims	p. 85
Loss	p. 85
Suffering	p. 86
Fear	p. 87
Antisocial Behavior	p. 87
The Nature of Victimization	p. 88
The Social Ecology of Victimization	p. 89
The Victim's Household	p. 90
Victim Characteristics	p. 90
The Victims and Their Criminals	p. 93
The Criminological Enterprise
Victims of Stalking	p. 94
Theories of Victimization	p. 95
Victim Precipitation Theory	p. 95
The Criminological Enterprise
Parents Who Get Killed and the Children Who Kill Them	p. 96
Lifestyle Theories	p. 97
Routine Activities Theory	p. 98
The Criminological Enterprise
Crime and Everyday Life	p. 100
Caring for the Victim	p. 101
The Government's Response	p. 101
Victim Service Programs	p. 102
Victims' Rights	p. 103
Self-Protection	p. 104
Community Organization	p. 105
Summary	p. 105
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 106
Key Terms	p. 107
Notes	p. 107
Theories of Crime Causation
Choice Theory	p. 112
Introduction	p. 113
The Development of Rational Choice Theory	p. 113
The Classical Theory of Crime	p. 114
Choice Theory Emerges	p. 114
The Concepts of Rational Choice	p. 115
Rational Choice and Routine Activities	p. 116
Is Crime Rational?	p. 118
Are Street Crimes Rational?	p. 119
Is Drug Use Rational?	p. 120
Can Violence Be Rational?	p. 120
The Criminological Enterprise
In the Drug Business	p. 121
The Seductions of Crime	p. 122
Eliminating Crime	p. 123
Situational Crime Prevention	p. 123
Crime Prevention Strategies	p. 124
General Deterrence	p. 126
Policy and practice in criminology
Reducing Subway Crime	p. 127
Specific Deterrence	p. 132
Race, culture, gender, and criminology
Deterring Domestic Violence	p. 134
Rethinking Deterrence	p. 136
Incapacitation	p. 136
Policy Implications of Choice Theory	p. 138
Just Desert	p. 138
Summary	p. 139
Thinking Like a Criminologist	p. 140
Key Terms	p. 140
Notes	p. 140
Trait Theories	p. 146
Introduction	p. 147
Foundations of Biological Trait Theory	p. 148
Impact of Sociobiology	p. 149
Modern Trait Theories	p. 149
The Criminological Enterprise
The Nature Assumption	p. 150
Biological Trait Theories	p. 151
Biochemical Conditions and Crime	p. 152
Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime	p. 155
Genetics and Crime	p. 158
Evolutionary Views of Crime	p. 160
Evaluation of the Biological Branch of Trait Theory	p. 161
Psychological Trait Theories	p. 162
Theory of Imitation	p. 162
Psychodynamic Perspective	p. 163
Behavioral Theories	p. 165
Cognitive Theory	p. 166
The Criminological Enterprise
The Media and Violence	p. 168
Crime and Mental Illness	p. 170
Personality and Crime	p. 170
The Criminological Enterprise
The Antisocial Personality	p. 172
Intelligence and Crime	p. 172
Social Policy Implications	p. 175
Summary	p. 177
Thinking Like a Criminologist	p. 177
Key Terms	p. 177
Notes	p. 178
Social Structure Theories	p. 184
Introduction	p. 185
Sociological Criminology	p. 185
Economic Structure and Crime	p. 186
Lower-Class Culture	p. 186
Are the Poor Undeserving?	p. 188
Race, culture, gender, and criminology
When Work Disappears	p. 189
Social Structure Theories	p. 190
Branches of Social Structure Theory	p. 190
Social Disorganization Theory	p. 191
The Work of Shaw and McKay	p. 191
The Social Ecology School	p. 194
Strain Theories	p. 198
Anomie	p. 198
Theory of Anomie	p. 199
Institutional Anomie Theory	p. 200
Relative Deprivation Theory	p. 202
General Strain Theory (GST)	p. 203
Cultural Deviance Theory	p. 207
Conduct Norms	p. 207
Focal Concerns	p. 207
Theory of Delinquent Subcultures	p. 208
Theory of Differential Opportunity	p. 209
Evaluation of Social Structure Theories	p. 211
Is the Structural Approach Valid?	p. 211
Social Structure Theory and Social Policy	p. 211
Policy and practice in criminology
Operation Weed and Seed	p. 212
Summary	p. 213
Thinking Like a Criminologist	p. 215
Key Terms	p. 215
Notes	p. 215
Social Process Theories	p. 220
Introduction	p. 221
Socialization and Crime	p. 222
Family Relations	p. 222
Educational Experience	p. 224
Peer Relations	p. 224
Institutional Involvement and Belief	p. 225
The Effects of Socialization on Crime	p. 225
Social Learning Theories	p. 226
Differential Association Theory	p. 226
Differential Reinforcement Theory	p. 231
Neutralization Theory	p. 232
Are Learning Theories Valid?	p. 234
Social Control Theories	p. 234
Self-Concept and Crime	p. 235
Social Control Theory	p. 236
Elements of the Social Bond	p. 236
Testing Social Control Theory	p. 237
Social Reaction Theory	p. 239
Crime and Labeling Theory	p. 240
Differential Enforcement	p. 241
Becoming Labeled	p. 241
Consequences of Labeling	p. 241
Primary and Secondary Deviance	p. 242
Research on Social Reaction Theory	p. 243
Is Labeling Theory Valid?	p. 244
An Evaluation of Social Process Theory	p. 245
Social Process Theory and Social Policy	p. 246
Policy and practice in criminology
Head Start	p. 247
Summary	p. 248
Thinking Like a Criminologist	p. 249
Key Terms	p. 249
Notes	p. 249
Conflict Theory	p. 254
Introduction	p. 255
Marxist Thought	p. 255
Productive Forces and Productive Relations	p. 256
Surplus Value	p. 257
Marx on Crime	p. 258
Developing a Conflict Theory of Crime	p. 258
The Contribution of Willem Bonger	p. 258
The Contribution of Ralf Dahrendorf	p. 259
The Contribution of George Vold	p. 260
Conflict Theory	p. 260
Conflict Criminology	p. 260
Research on Conflict Theory	p. 263
Analysis of Conflict Theory	p. 263
Marxist Criminology	p. 264
The Development of a Radical Criminology	p. 264
Fundamentals of Marxist Criminology	p. 265
Instrumental Marxism	p. 267
Structural Marxism	p. 268
Research on Marxist Criminology	p. 269
The Criminological Enterprise
Marxist Theories of Crime	p. 270
Critique of Marxist Criminology	p. 272
Emerging Forms of Conflict Theory	p. 272
Left Realism	p. 272
Radical Feminist Theory	p. 273
Power-Control Theory	p. 275
Postmodern Theory	p. 276
Peacemaking Criminology	p. 277
Social Conflict Theory and Social Policy	p. 277
The Criminological Enterprise
Restorative Justice	p. 278
Summary	p. 279
Thinking Like a Criminologist	p. 280
Key Terms	p. 280
	p. 281
Integrated Theories: Latent Trait and Developmental Theories	p. 285
Introduction	p. 286
Developing Complex Theories	p. 287
Latent Trait Theories	p. 287
Human Nature Theory	p. 288
General Theory of Crime	p. 289
The Criminological Enterprise
Mating Habits and Crime	p. 293
Developmental Theories	p. 294
The Glueck Research	p. 295
Developmental Concepts	p. 296
Theories of Criminal Development	p. 299
Race, culture, gender, and criminology
Violent Female Criminals	p. 300
The Social Development Model (SDM)	p. 300
Elliott's Integrated Theory	p. 302
Farrington's Theory of Delinquent Development	p. 304
Interactional Theory	p. 306
Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Theory	p. 307
Commonalities and Distinctions Between Latent Trait and Developmental Theories	p. 310
Summary	p. 310
Thinking Like a Criminologist	p. 310
Key Terms	p. 311
Notes	p. 311
Crime Typologies
Violent Crime	p. 318
Introduction	p. 319
The Roots of Violence	p. 320
Personal Traits	p. 320
The Criminological Enterprise
Violent Land	p. 321
Ineffective Families	p. 322
Evolutionary Factors/Human Instinct	p. 322
Race, culture, gender, and criminology
Mothers Who Kill Their Children	p. 323
Exposure to Violence	p. 324
Cultural Values	p. 324
Substance Abuse	p. 325
Firearm Availability	p. 326
Forcible Rape	p. 326
History of Rape	p. 327
Incidence of Rape	p. 327
Types of Rape	p. 328
The Causes of Rape	p. 330
Rape and the Law	p. 331
Murder and Homicide	p. 332
Degrees of Murder	p. 333
The Nature and Extent of Murder	p. 334
Murderous Relations	p. 334
Types of Murders	p. 335
The Criminological Enterprise
Mass Murder and Serial Killing	p. 338
Assault and Battery	p. 339
Nature and Patterns of Assault	p. 339
Assault in the Home	p. 340
Robbery	p. 344
Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence	p. 345
Hate Crimes	p. 345
The Criminological Enterprise
Armed Robbers in Action	p. 346
Workplace Violence	p. 347
Political Violence	p. 349
Terrorism	p. 349
Forms of Terrorism	p. 351
Extent of Terrorism	p. 353
Who Is the Terrorist?	p. 354
Responses to Terrorism	p. 354
Summary	p. 355
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 355
Key Terms	p. 356
Notes	p. 356
Property Crimes	p. 362
Introduction	p. 363
A Brief History of Theft	p. 364
Modern Thieves	p. 364
Occasional Criminals	p. 364
Race, culture, gender, and criminology
Catching Thieves in Eighteenth-Century England	p. 365
Professional Criminals	p. 366
The Criminological Enterprise
Transforming Theft: Train Robbers and Safe Crackers	p. 368
Larceny/Theft	p. 369
Larceny Today	p. 370
Varieties of Larceny	p. 371
Shoplifting	p. 371
Bad Checks	p. 372
Credit Card Theft	p. 373
Auto Theft	p. 373
False Pretenses or Fraud	p. 374
Confidence Games	p. 375
Embezzlement	p. 375
Burglary	p. 375
The Nature and Extent of Burglary	p. 376
Careers in Burglary	p. 377
Race, culture, gender, and criminology
The Female Burglar	p. 379
The Criminological Enterprise
What Motivates Juvenile Firesetters?	p. 380
Arson	p. 381
Summary	p. 381
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 382
Key Terms	p. 382
Notes	p. 382
White-Collar and Organized Crime	p. 384
Introduction	p. 385
White-Collar Crime	p. 386
Redefining White-Collar Crime	p. 386
The White-Collar Crime Problem	p. 387
International White-Collar Crime	p. 387
Components of White-Collar Crime	p. 388
Stings and Swindles	p. 388
Chiseling	p. 389
Individual Exploitation of Institutional Position	p. 391
Influence Peddling and Bribery	p. 391
Embezzlement and Employee Fraud	p. 394
Client Fraud	p. 394
The Criminological Enterprise
The Savings and Loan Cases	p. 396
Corporate Crime	p. 398
High-Tech Crime	p. 401
The Cause of White-Collar Crime	p. 403
Greedy or Needy?	p. 403
White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems	p. 405
Corporate Policing	p. 406
Controlling White-Collar Crime	p. 406
Organized Crime	p. 409
The Criminological Enterprise
Can Corporations Commit Murder?	p. 410
Characteristics of Organized Crime	p. 411
Activities of Organized Crime	p. 411
The Concept of Organized Crime	p. 412
Organized Crime Groups	p. 415
Controlling Organized Crime	p. 416
The Future of Organized Crime	p. 416
Summary	p. 417
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 418
Key Terms	p. 418
Notes	p. 418
Public Order Crimes	p. 423
Introduction	p. 424
Law and Morality	p. 424
Debating Morality	p. 425
Homosexuality	p. 427
Attitudes Toward Homosexuality	p. 427
Homosexuality and the Law	p. 429
Paraphilias	p. 430
Prostitution	p. 431
Incidence of Prostitution	p. 432
Types of Prostitutes	p. 432
Becoming a Prostitute	p. 434
Legalize Prostitution?	p. 434
Pornography	p. 435
The Criminological Enterprise
Victimless Crimes: Streetwalkers in New York City	p. 436
The Dangers of Pornography	p. 436
Does Pornography Cause Violence?	p. 437
Pornography and the Law	p. 438
Controlling Sex for Profit	p. 439
Substance Abuse	p. 441
When Did Drug Use Begin?	p. 441
Alcohol and Its Prohibition	p. 441
Commonly Abused Drugs	p. 442
The Criminological Enterprise
Careers in Crack	p. 445
The Extent of Substance Abuse	p. 446
AIDS and Drug Use	p. 450
The Causes of Substance Abuse	p. 450
Types of Drug Users	p. 452
Drugs and Crime	p. 454
Drugs and the Law	p. 456
The Criminological Enterprise
How Substance Abuse Provokes Violence	p. 457
Drug Control Strategies	p. 458
Summary	p. 463
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 464
Key Terms	p. 464
Notes	p. 464
The Criminal Justice System
Overview of the Criminal Justice System	p. 472
Introduction	p. 473
Origins of Criminal Justice	p. 473
Crime and Justice in the Twentieth Century	p. 474
Early Origins of American Justice	p. 474
The Modern Era of Justice	p. 474
What Is the Criminal Justice System?	p. 475
Police and Law Enforcement	p. 475
The Criminal Courts	p. 476
Corrections	p. 477
The Process of Justice	p. 478
Policy and practice in criminology
The Juvenile Justice System	p. 480
Going Through the System	p. 483
The "Wedding Cake" Model	p. 484
Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law	p. 486
Procedural Laws	p. 486
Due Process	p. 487
The Exclusionary Rule	p. 488
Concepts of Justice	p. 490
Crime Control Model	p. 490
Justice Model	p. 491
Due Process Model	p. 491
Rehabilitation Model	p. 492
Nonintervention Model	p. 493
Restorative Justice Perspective	p. 493
Concepts of Justice Today	p. 494
Summary	p. 495
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 495
Key Terms	p. 495
Notes	p. 496
Police and Law Enforcement	p. 498
Introduction	p. 499
History of Police	p. 500
The London Police	p. 500
Policing the American Colonies	p. 500
Early American Police Agencies	p. 501
Reform Movements	p. 501
The Advent of Professionalism	p. 502
Law Enforcement Agencies Today	p. 503
Federal Law Enforcement	p. 503
The Criminological Enterprise
Law Enforcement in the Twenty-First Century	p. 504
County Law Enforcement	p. 506
State Police	p. 506
Metropolitan Police	p. 506
Police Functions	p. 508
Patrol Function	p. 508
Investigation Function	p. 509
Other Police Functions	p. 510
Changing the Police Role	p. 510
Community-Oriented Policing (COP)	p. 510
Problem-Oriented Policing	p. 513
Does Community Policing Work?	p. 514
Police and the Rule of Law	p. 514
Custodial Interrogation	p. 515
Search and Seizure	p. 516
Issues in Policing	p. 517
Police Personality and Subculture	p. 517
Discretion	p. 519
Race, culture, gender, and criminology
Does Race Influence the Police Use of Discretion?	p. 520
Women and Minority Police Officers	p. 522
The Police and Violence	p. 524
The Criminological Enterprise
In the Line of Fire: Shootings of Police	p. 527
Summary	p. 528
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 528
Key Terms	p. 529
Notes	p. 529
The Judicatory Process	p. 534
Introduction	p. 535
Court Structure	p. 537
State Courts	p. 537
Federal Courts	p. 537
Actors in the Judicatory Process	p. 540
Prosecutor	p. 540
Defense Attorney	p. 543
Judge	p. 544
Pretrial Procedures	p. 545
Bail	p. 545
Plea Bargaining	p. 549
The Criminal Trial	p. 550
Jury Selection	p. 551
The Trial Process	p. 552
Trials and the Rule of Law	p. 554
Sentencing	p. 555
Purposes of Sentencing	p. 556
Sentencing Dispositions	p. 556
Sentencing Structures	p. 557
How People Are Sentenced	p. 561
The Death Penalty	p. 563
The Death Penalty Debate	p. 563
Race, culture, gender, and criminology
Race and Sentencing	p. 564
Race, culture, gender, and criminology
The International Use of the Death Penalty	p. 566
Legality of the Death Penalty	p. 568
Summary	p. 568
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 569
Key Terms	p. 569
Notes	p. 569
Corrections	p. 573
Introduction	p. 574
History of Punishment and Corrections	p. 575
The Middle Ages	p. 575
Punishment in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries	p. 576
Corrections in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries	p. 576
Corrections in the Twentieth Century	p. 578
The Modern Era	p. 579
Probation	p. 580
Probationary Sentences	p. 580
Probation Organizations	p. 580
Probation Services	p. 581
Probation Rules and Revocation	p. 581
Success of Probation	p. 582
Intermediate Sanctions	p. 582
Fines	p. 583
Forfeiture	p. 583
Policy and practice in criminology
The Risk of Probation Failure	p. 584
Restitution	p. 585
Shock Probation and Split Sentencing	p. 585
Intensive Probation Supervision	p. 585
Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring	p. 586
Residential Community Corrections	p. 588
Boot Camps/Shock Incarceration	p. 588
Can Alternatives Work?	p. 589
Jails	p. 589
Jail Populations	p. 590
Jail Conditions	p. 590
Prisons	p. 591
Types of Institutions	p. 591
Policy and practice in criminology
Ultra-Maximum-Security Prisons	p. 592
Prisoners in the United States	p. 594
Profile of Prison Inmates	p. 596
Prison Life: Males	p. 597
Prison Life: Females	p. 599
Correctional Treatment	p. 600
Prison Violence	p. 602
Corrections and the Rule of Law	p. 603
Parole	p. 604
The Parolee in the Community	p. 604
How Effective Is Parole?	p. 605
Summary	p. 605
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 606
Key Terms	p. 606
Notes	p. 606
Glossary	p. 611
Table of Cases	p. 629
Name Index	p. 630
Subject Index	p. 646
Photo Credits	p. 664
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