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Criminology

ISBN: 9780205264780 | 0205264786
Edition: 6th
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference
Pub. Date: 6/1/1997

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SummaryTable of Contents
Criminology, Eighth Edition, thoroughly examines crime in a broad context, examining socioeconomic sources of crime and the organization of criminal behavior. This distinctive approach offers readers a uniquely broad-based perspective and advances the overall understanding of crime. The eighth edition includes new and expanded coverage of topics ranging from corporate accounting scandals to changing attitudes toward the death penalty. Additionally, the international scope of the book has been broadened; new Cross-Cultural Perspectives boxes help readers compare and contrast American society with societies around the globe. Book jacket.
Prefacexiii
Author Biographyxiv
PART I INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY1(36)
The Study of Crime
3(34)
... MORE
The Nature of Crime and Delinquency
7(4)
The Characeristics of Crime
9(1)
Juvenile Delinquency
10(1)
Social Origins of the Criminal Law
11(6)
Theoretical perspectives on Crime and the Criminal Law
12(3)
The Social Construction of Crime
15(2)
Criminology: The Study of Criminal Behavior
17(4)
Needs and Motivations
17(2)
Reducing Commitment to the Law
19(1)
Learning Skills to Commit Crime
19(1)
Opportunities to Violate the Law
19(1)
Criminal Careers
19(1)
The Organization of Criminal Activity
20(1)
Reactions to Crime
20(1)
Solving the Crime Problem
21(1)
Strategies of Criminological Research
21(12)
Comparative and Historical Research
21(2)
Biographies
23(2)
Patterns of Crime
25(1)
The Cohort Study
26(4)
Other Strategies of Criminological Research
30(3)
Symmary
33(2)
Important Terms
35(1)
Review Questions
35(2)
PART II THE EXTENT AND NATURE OF CRIME37(106)
Measuring Crime
39(31)
The Emergence of Modern Criminology
40(4)
Classical Criminology
40(1)
Cartography
41(1)
Postivism
42(2)
Official Crime Statistics
44(15)
History of Crime Statistics in the United States
44(1)
FBI Crime Statistics
45(4)
Crime Rates
49(4)
Gathering Crime Statistics
53(6)
Using FBI Data for Criminological Research
59(1)
Measuring Criminal Victimization
59(4)
History of Victimization Surveys
59(1)
Comparing NCVS and FBI Data
60(1)
The Dark Figure
60(2)
Methodological Problems with Victimization Surveys
62(1)
Measuring Crime by Self-Reports
63(4)
History of Self-Report Studies
63(2)
The Dark Figure
65(1)
Methodological Problems with Self-Report Studies
65(2)
Summary
67(2)
Important Terms
69(1)
Review Questions
69(1)
Crime and Its Costs
70(35)
Conventional Crimes
72(18)
Crimes of Violence
73(10)
Property Crimes
83(7)
White-Collar Crime
90(8)
Is White-Collar Crime Different?
91(3)
The Costs of White-Collar Crime
94(4)
Organized Crime
98(1)
The Costs of Organized Crime
98(1)
Victimless Crimes
99(3)
Drug Use
99(1)
Gambling
100(1)
Prostitution
101(1)
Pornography
102(1)
Summary
102(2)
Important Terms
104(1)
Review Questions
104(1)
Dimensions of Crime
105(38)
Cross-National Variations in Crime Rates
106(1)
Regional Variations in Crime Rates within the United States
107(3)
Variations in Crime Rates by Community
110(7)
Crime within Metropolitan Areas
112(4)
Migration and Crime
116(1)
Temporal Variations in Crime Rates
117(4)
Seasonal Variations in Crime Rates
118(1)
Annual Trends in Crime Rates
118(3)
Variations in Crime Rates by Sex
121(4)
Sex and Juvenile Delinquency
121(2)
Sex and Crime
123(1)
Sex and Victimization
124(1)
Variations in Crime Rates by Age
125(5)
Age-Specific Arrest Rates
125(3)
Age Distribution and Crime Rates
128(2)
Age and Victimization
130(1)
Variations in Crime Rates by Race
130(6)
Race, Arrest Statistics, and Self-Report Studies
131(1)
Race, Crime, and Background Variables
132(1)
Race and Victimization
133(1)
Victim-Offender Relationships and Race
134(2)
Variations in Crime Rates by Social Class
136(4)
Social Class and Adult Crime
136(1)
Social Class and Juvenile Delinquency
137(1)
Methodological Problems
138(1)
Social Class and Victimization
139(1)
Summary
140(1)
Important Terms
141(1)
Review Questions
141(2)
PART III THE CAUSES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR143(258)
Biological and Psychological Explanations of Crime
145(39)
Biological Explanations of Crime
146(14)
History of the Biological Perspective on Crime
146(2)
Modern Biological Research on Crime
148(9)
Biology and Modern Criminology
157(3)
Psychological Explanations of Crime
160(21)
Mental Deficiency Theory
161(2)
Personality Characteristics
163(11)
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
174(3)
Psychology and Variations in Crime Rates
177(1)
Psychology and the Criminal Law
177(4)
Summary
181(2)
Important Terms
183(1)
Review Questions
183(1)
Social and Economic Sources of Crime
184(48)
Social and Economic Sources of White-Collar Crime
185(9)
Free Enterprise: Profits and Competition
186(1)
Market Structure and Crime
186(4)
Trust and Credit
190(1)
Corporations and Crime
191(1)
Development of New Technology
192(2)
Social and Economic Sources of Organized Crime
194(5)
Prohibition and Organized Crime
195(1)
Organized Crime after Prohibition
195(2)
Organized Crime and the Economic System
197(2)
Social and Economic Sources of Conventional Crime
199(21)
Modernization and Crime
200(1)
Opportunity and the Economy
200(1)
Unemployment and Crime
201(2)
Relative Deprivation and Crime
203(1)
Anomie, Strain, and Crime
204(6)
Differential Opportunity and Delinquency
210(1)
Social Class, Values, and Delinquency
211(5)
The Subculture of Violence
216(4)
Gender, Crime, and Feminist Criminology
220(7)
The Generalizability Problem
221(1)
The Gender Ratio Problem
222(1)
Gender Socialization
223(1)
Doing Gender
224(1)
Power-Control Theory
225(2)
Women as Victims, Women as Resisters
227(1)
Socioeconomic Factors and Variations in Crime Rates
227(2)
Summary
229(1)
Important Terms
230(1)
Review Questions
231(1)
Social Control and Commitment to the Law
232(42)
Neutralizing the Law
233(11)
Drift
233(1)
Delinquent, Dominant, and Subterranean Values
233(1)
Techniques of Neutralization
234(6)
Evidence on Techniques of Neutralization
240(4)
Critique of Neutralization Theory
244(1)
Social Control Theory
244(26)
The Family
245(1)
The School
246(2)
The Peer Group
248(1)
Conventional Lines of Action and Adult Activities
249(1)
Evidence on Social Control Theory
249(20)
Critique of Social Control Theory
269(1)
Techniques of Neutralization, Social Control Theory, and Variations in Crime Rates
270(2)
Summary
272(1)
Important Terms
273(1)
Review Questions
273(1)
Learning to Commit Crime
274(44)
Sources of Learning to Commit Crime
275(11)
The Community
275(1)
The Peer Group
276(1)
The General Culture
276(1)
The Mass Media
277(5)
Sports
282(1)
Pornography
283(2)
Correctional Institutions
285(1)
Differential Association Theory
286(9)
Principles of Differential Association Theory
286(2)
Critique of Differential Association Theory
288(2)
Evidence on Differential Association Theory
290(5)
The Labelling Perspective
295(8)
Labeling and Self-Concepts
296(4)
Labeling and Opportunities
300(2)
Labeling and Subcultures
302(1)
Critique of the Labeling Perspective
302(1)
Rewards and Risks of Crime
303(11)
Reward-Risk Models of Criminal Behavior
303(4)
The Rewards and Risks of Crime
307(6)
Critique of Reward-Risk Models
313(1)
Learning Theories and Variations in Crime Rates
314(2)
Summary
316(1)
Important Terms
317(1)
Review Questions
317(1)
Opportunities and Facilitating Factors
318(27)
Routine Activities Theory
319(3)
A Critique of Routine Activities Theory
321(1)
Targets of Crime
322(9)
Property Crimes
322(2)
Vulnerability of Victims
324(4)
Victim Precipitation
328(3)
Facilitating Factors: Alcohol, Drugs, and Firearms
331(12)
Alcohol and Crime
331(3)
Drugs and Crime
334(1)
Firearms and Crime
335(8)
Summary
343(1)
Important Terms
344(1)
Review Questions
344(1)
Criminal Careers
345(27)
Analyzing Criminal Careers
347(5)
Career Contingencies
347(2)
The Labeling Perspective
349(1)
The ``Zigzag Path'': Criminal Careers and Legitimate Pursuits
350(1)
Recruitment into a Criminal Career
351(1)
Typologies of Criminal Careers
352(1)
Delinquent Careers
352(6)
Chronic Offenders
354(1)
Patterns of Delinquent Careers
355(2)
Juvenile Delinquency and Adult Criminal Careers
357(1)
Adult Criminal Careers
358(4)
Career Patterns
359(1)
Planning Crimes
360(1)
Use of the Stolen Money
361(1)
Intensive and Intermittent Career Criminals
361(1)
Leaving a Life of Crime
362(8)
A Model of the Exiting Process
363(2)
Reasons for Leaving a Career as a Professional Thief
365(1)
Reasons for Leaving a Career as a Drug Dealer or Smuggler
365(1)
Exiting and Theories of Crime Causation
366(2)
Exiting and the Correctional System
368(2)
Summary
370(1)
Important Terms
371(1)
Review Questions
371(1)
The Organization of Criminal Behavior
372(29)
The Meaning of Organization
373(2)
Juvenile Gangs
375(5)
The Unorgnized Gang
375(2)
The Organized Gang
377(3)
Conventional Crime
380(7)
Professional Theft
380(5)
Drug Smuggling and Dealing
385(2)
Violent Crime
387(1)
Organized Crime
387(11)
The Mafia in the United States
389(5)
Emerging Forms of Organized Crime
394(4)
White-Collar Crime
398(1)
Summary
399(1)
Important Terms
400(1)
Review Questions
400(1)
PART IV REACTIONS TO CRIME401(155)
Community Reactions to Crime
403(30)
Fear of Crime
404(7)
Consequences of the Fear of Crime
407(4)
Informal Control of Crime
411(7)
Community and Informal Social Control
411(4)
Defensible Space and Informal Social Control
415(3)
Individual Response to Crime
418(6)
Bystander Responses to Crime
419(5)
Collective Response to Crime
424(7)
A Historical and Comparative Perspective
424(2)
Urban Patrol Groups
426(2)
Neighborhood Watches
428(1)
Community Crime-Prevention Strategies
429(2)
Summary
431(1)
Important Terms
432(1)
Review Questions
432(1)
The Criminal Justice System
433(41)
The Police
437(11)
History of the Police
437(1)
Organization of the Police
438(1)
Police Abuses of Authority
438(1)
The Working Personality of the Officer
439(7)
The Clearance Rate
446(2)
Criminal Courts
448(14)
Bail
448(1)
Preventive Detention
449(1)
Prosecutors
450(1)
Defense Attorneys
451(1)
Judges
451(1)
Juries
452(1)
Plea Bargaining
453(1)
Probation
454(1)
Sentence Disparity
454(8)
The Prisons
462(6)
History of Prisons
462(1)
The Prison Population
463(2)
Prison Crowding
465(1)
Parole
466(2)
The Victim in the Criminal Justice System
468(3)
Compensation
468(1)
Restitution
469(1)
The Changing Role of The Victim
469(2)
Summary
471(1)
Important Terms
472(1)
Review Questions
473(1)
Deterrence, Incapacitation, Retribution, and Rehabilitation
474(53)
Deterrence
475(15)
Assumptions about Behavior
476(1)
Deterrence and Other Effects of Penalties
476(1)
Deterrence and the Criminal Act
477(3)
Deterrence and the Sanctionaing Process
480(3)
Deterrence and the Criminal Justice System
483(7)
Incapacitation
490(5)
Selective Incapacitation
492(2)
Career Criminal Programs
494(1)
``Three Strikes and You're Out''
495(1)
Retribution
495(15)
A System of Just Deserts
498(5)
Retribution and the Criminal Justice System
503(7)
Rehabilitation
510(14)
Rehabilitation and the Criminal Justice System
512(2)
Types of Treatment
514(2)
Does Rehabilitation Work?
516(4)
Reaffirming Rehabilitation
520(1)
``Doing Less''
521(1)
Reintegrating the Offender into Society
522(1)
The Future of Rehabilitation
523(1)
Summary
524(2)
Important Terms
526(1)
Review Questions
526(1)
Solving the Crime Problem
527(29)
Ideological Approaches to Solving the Crime Problem
528(2)
The Conservative Approach
528(1)
The Liberal Approach
529(1)
The Radical Approach
529(1)
Attitudes toward the Causes and Prevention of Crime
530(1)
The Politics of Crime
530(8)
The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
532(2)
The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
534(1)
The 1968 and 1972 Presidential Elections
534(1)
The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals
535(1)
The Crime Issue during the Reagan Administration
535(1)
The 1988 Presidential Election and the Bush Administration
536(1)
The 1992 and 1996 Elections and the Clinton Administration
537(1)
Crime and the Criminal Justice System
538(5)
Overreach of the Criminal Law
538(2)
The Police
540(1)
The Courts
541(2)
The Prisons
543(1)
Situational Crime Prevention
543(3)
Target Hardening
544(1)
Self-Protective Measures
545(1)
Informal Social Control
546(1)
Community Crime Prevention
546(1)
Dealing with the Causes of Crime
546(7)
Economic Factors
547(2)
The Process of Social Change
549(1)
Political Factors
549(1)
Community Ties
549(1)
The Family
550(2)
The School
552(1)
Discrimination
552(1)
Conclusion
553(1)
Summary
553(2)
Important Terms
555(1)
Review Questions
555(1)
Glossary556(13)
Bibliography569(33)
Name Index602(9)
Subject Index611

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