Rent 9780138482503 | Criminal Justice Today : An Introductory Text for the Twenty First Century: Annotated Instructo...

Summary Table of Contents

Includes queries into individual rights and public order, crime data and social policy, women and crime, behavioral conditioning, the nature of law, historical development of the police, search and seizure, sentencing, probation and parole, prison riots, prisoner's rights, juvenile justice, and more. Fifth Edition now covers such news-making individuals and events as JonBenet Ramsey; the 1997 North Hollywood, CA, shoot-out between police and bank robbers who were armed with fully automatic AK-47's; FBI crime lab criticisms; hate crimes; Princess Diana's untimely death. Includes over 20 new U.S. Supreme Court cases plus a series of thought-provoking boxes titled "Criminal Justice in the Twenty-First Century". Web watch sections at the end of each chapter guide readers to a dedicated web site.

Preface

xix

Acknowledgments

xxiii

About the Author

xxv

Foreword

xxvii

Part 1 Crime in America

(306)

... MORE

What is Criminal Justice?

(30)

Justice and Criminal Justice

(10)

The Focus of This Book--Individual Rights and Public Order

(4)

Perspectives on Criminal Justice and the Theme of This Book

(2)

Theory into Practice Individual Rights Versus Group Interests--Megan's Law

(1)

Social Justice

(1)

American Criminal Justice: The System

(4)

The Consensus Model

(1)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice The National Commission on Crime Control and Prevention

(1)

The Conflict Model

(1)

Theory Into Practice Is the Criminal Justice System Racist?

(1)

American Criminal Justice: The Process

(6)

Investigation and Arrest

(1)

Booking

(1)

First Appearance

(1)

Preliminary Hearing

(1)

Information or Indictment

(1)

Arraignment

(1)

Trial

(1)

Sentencing

(1)

Corrections

(1)

Probation and Parole

(1)

Due Process and Individual Rights

(2)

The Role of the Courts in Defining Rights

(2)

Criminal Justice and Criminology

(1)

Things to Come: An Overview of This Book

(1)

Summary

(2)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice Research and Professionalism

(1)

Discussion Questions

(4)

The Crime Picture

(48)

Introduction: Sources of Data

(2)

Crime Data and Social Policy

(1)

Collecting Crime Data

(1)

The Uniform Crime Reports

(20)

Development of the UCR Program

(1)

Historical Trends

(1)

UCR Terminology

(3)

Part I Offenses

(5)

Theory Into Practice Guns, Crime, and Gun Control

(6)

Part II Offenses

(1)

NIBRS: The New UCR

(2)

Hate Crimes

(2)

Theory Into Practice Hate Crimes

(1)

The National Crime Victimization Survey

(4)

Problems with the NCVS

(1)

Redesign of the NCVS

(1)

Comparisons of the UCR and NCVS

(1)

Emerging Patterns of Criminal Activity

(15)

The Fear of Crime

(1)

Women and Crime

(2)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice Gender Issues I: The Growing Recognition of Women's Rights and Gender-Based Violence

(1)

Theory Into Practice Media Impact on the Public's Fear of Crime

(2)

The Economic Cost of Crime

(2)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice Gender Issues II: The Growing Recognition of Women's Rights and Gender-Based Violence

(1)

Drugs and Crime

(1)

The Elderly and Crime

(2)

Organized Crime

(2)

Theory Into Practice Russian Organized Crime--The Vory v Zakone

(1)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Questions

(5)

The Search for Causes

(40)

Why is there Crime?

(2)

Criminological Theory

(4)

The Classical School

(2)

Cesare Beccaria: Crime and Punishment

(1)

Jeremy Bentham: Hedonistic Calculus

(1)

Social Policy and Classical Theory

(1)

Biological Theories

(3)

Franz Joseph Gall: Phrenology

(1)

Cesare Lombroso: Atavism

(1)

Criminal Families

(1)

William Sheldon: Somatotypes

(1)

Social Policy and Biological Theories

(1)

Psychobiological Theories

(3)

Chromosome Theory

(1)

Biochemical Factors and Imbalances

(1)

Heredity and Environment

(1)

Social Policy and Psychobiological Theories

(1)

Psychological Theories

(4)

Behavioral Conditioning

(1)

Freudian Psychoanalysis

(1)

Psychopathology and Crime

100

(1)

The Psychotic Offender

101

(1)

Psychological Profiling

101

(1)

Social Policy and Psychological Theory

102

(1)

Sociological Theories

102

(5)

Social Ecology Theory

103

(1)

Anomie Theory

103

(1)

Subcultural Theory

104

(1)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice Physical Environment and Crime

105

(1)

Social Policy and Sociological Theory

106

(1)

Social-Psychological Theories

107

(3)

Differential Association Theory

107

(2)

Restraint Theories

109

(1)

Conflict Theories

110

(2)

Radical Criminology

110

(1)

The ``New'' Criminology

111

(1)

Peacemaking Criminology

111

(1)

Social Policy and Conflict Theory

112

(1)

The Phenomenological School

112

(3)

Yochelson and Samenow: Phenomenological Methods

113

(1)

Labeling Theory

114

(1)

Emergent Theories

115

(1)

Summary

116

(1)

Discussion Questions

116

(7)

Criminal Law

123

(142)

Sources of Modern Criminal Law

124

(1)

The Nature of Law

124

(1)

The Development of Law

125

(125)

The Code of Hammurabi

125

(1)

Early Roman Law

126

(1)

Common Law

126

(1)

The Magna Carta

127

(106)

Corruption

233

(5)

The Dangers of Police Work

238

(2)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice ``Smart Guns'' and Line of Duty Deaths

240

(3)

Police Civil Liability

243

(4)

Theory Into Practice An Example of Police Civil Liability: The Case of Bernard McCummings

247

(2)

Theory Into Practice Title 42, United States Code, Section 1983

249

(1)

Professionalism and Ethics

250

(8)

Theory Into Practice The FBI's Policy on the Use of Deadly Force

251

(1)

Theory Into Practice Police Training--California's POST Standards

252

(1)

Educational Requirements

253

(1)

Theory Into Practice The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics

254

(1)

Recruitment and Selection

254

(1)

Justice In American Context America's First Black Police Officers?

255

(3)

Summary

258

(1)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice Police

259

(1)

Discussion Questions

259

(6)

Policing: Legal Aspects

265

(44)

The Abuse of Police Power

266

(3)

A Changing Legal Climate

268

(1)

Individual Rights

269

(3)

Theory Into Practice ``The Rodney King'' Trials

270

(1)

Due Process Requirements

271

(1)

Search and Seizure

272

(9)

The Exclusionary Rule

272

(2)

The Warren Court Era (1953-1969)

274

(2)

The Burger (1969-1986) and Rehnquist (1986-present) Courts

276

(5)

Arrest

281

(9)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice The Computer Errors Exception to the Exclusionary Rule

282

(1)

Searches Incident to Arrest

283

(2)

Theory Into Practice Plain View Requirements

285

(1)

Emergency Searches of Persons

286

(1)

Vehicle Searches

286

(3)

Suspicionless Searches

289

(1)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice Search Warrants by Fax

290

(1)

The Intelligence Function

290

(15)

Informants

290

(1)

Police Interrogation

291

(1)

Theory Into Practice Public Interest and the Right to Privacy--Suspicionless Searches

292

(2)

Theory Into Practice Individual Rights versus Group Interests--The Fourth Amendment and Sobriety Checkpoints

294

(1)

The Right to a Lawyer at Interrogation

295

(1)

Suspect Rights: The Miranda Decision

295

(2)

Theory Into Practice Adult Rights Warnings

297

(3)

Theory Into Practice The Miranda ``Triggers''

300

(1)

Gathering Special Kinds of Nontestimonial Evidence

300

(1)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice High-Technology Searches

301

(2)

Electronic Eavesdropping

303

(2)

Summary

305

(1)

Discussion Questions

305

(4)

Part 2 Adjudication

309

(124)

The Courts

311

(30)

Introduction

312

(1)

American Court History

312

(16)

State Court Development

314

(1)

State Court Systems Today

315

(6)

Policy Issues Evaluating Courts

321

(1)

Justice in American Context Common Law Courts--A Growing Form of Dissent?

322

(1)

The Rise of the Federal Courts

322

(5)

Theory Into Practice The U.S. Supreme Court--A Shift to the Right

327

(1)

Pretrial Activities

328

(8)

First Appearance

328

(5)

The Grand Jury

333

(1)

The Preliminary Hearing

333

(1)

Arraignment and the Plea

334

(2)

Summary

336

(1)

Discussion Questions

337

(4)

The Courtroom Work Group and the Criminal Trial

341

(46)

Introduction

342

(1)

The Courtroom Work Group: Professional Courtroom Actors

343

(14)

The Judge

343

(1)

Theory Into Practice The Functions of the Trial Judge

344

(1)

The Prosecuting Attorney

345

(2)

Theory Into Practice The World's Deadliest District Attorney

347

(1)

Defense Counsel

348

(3)

Theory Into Practice Gideon v. Wainwright and Indigent Defense

351

(2)

Theory Into Practice Court-Appointed Counsel and the Oklahoma City Bombing

353

(1)

The Bailiff

354

(1)

Local Court Administrators

355

(1)

The Court Recorder

355

(1)

Clerk of Court

356

(1)

Theory Into Practice American Bar Association Standards of Professional Responsibility

356

(1)

Expert Witness

356

(1)

Outsiders: Nonprofessional Courtroom Participants

357

(6)

Lay Witnesses

357

(2)

Jurors

359

(1)

The Role of the Victim in a Criminal Trial

359

(1)

Theory Into Practice The O.J. Simpson Criminal Trial--The Jurors' Role

360

(1)

The Role of the Defendant in a Criminal Trial

361

(1)

The Press in the Courtroom

362

(1)

The Criminal Trial

363

(17)

Trial Initiation: The Speedy Trial Act

365

(1)

Jury Selection

366

(2)

Theory Into Practice Pre- and Posttrial Motions

368

(2)

Opening Statements

370

(1)

Theory Into Practice Peremptory Challenges and Race

371

(1)

The Presentation of Evidence

372

(1)

Theory Into Practice ``Pleading the Fifth''

373

(3)

Closing Arguments

376

(1)

The Judge's Charge to the Jury

376

(1)

Jury Deliberations and the Verdict

377

(2)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice Courtrooms of the Future

379

(1)

Improving the Adjudication Process

380

(1)

Summary

381

(1)

Discussion Questions

381

(6)

Sentencing

387

(46)

Crime and Punishment: Introduction

388

(1)

The Philosophy of Criminal Sentencing

389

(4)

Retribution

390

(1)

Incapacitation

391

(1)

Deterrence

391

(1)

Rehabilitation

391

(1)

Restoration

392

(1)

Indeterminate Sentencing

393

(2)

Problems with the Inderminate Model

394

(1)

The Rise of Structured Sentencing

395

(4)

Theory Into Practice Aggravating and Mitigating Factors

398

(1)

Critiques of Structured Sentencing

398

(1)

Mandatory Sentencing

399

(2)

Truth in Sentencing

401

(1)

Federal Sentencing Guidelines

401

(3)

Federal Guideline Provisions

402

(2)

Plea Bargaining Under the Guidelines

404

(1)

The Sentencing Environment

404

(1)

The Presentence Investigation Report

405

(2)

Justice in American Context Three Strikes and You're Out--The Tough New Movement in Criminal Sentencing

406

(1)

The Victim-Forgotten No Longer

407

(5)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: Is a Victims' Rights Amendment at Hand?

409

(1)

Victim Impact Statements

410

(2)

Traditional Sentencing Options

412

(14)

Fines

413

(2)

Death: The Ultimate Sanction

415

(6)

Theory Into Practice The Death Penalty--Justice Blackmun's Pronouncement

421

(1)

Theory Into Practice The Death Penalty--Justice Scalia's Rebuttal

422

(4)

Summary

426

(1)

Discussion Questions

426

(7)

Part 3 Corrections

433

(128)

Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections

435

(34)

Introduction to Community Corrections

436

(1)

What Is Probation?

437

(5)

The Extent of Probation

438

(1)

Probation Conditions

439

(3)

What Is Parole?

442

(4)

The Extent of Parole

443

(1)

Parole Conditions

443

(1)

Federal Parole

443

(3)

Probation and Parole: The Pluses and Minuses

446

(1)

Advantages of Probation and Parole

446

(1)

Disadvantages of Probation and Parole

447

(1)

The Legal Environment

447

(3)

Careers in Justice Working for the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

450

(1)

The Federal Probation System

450

(1)

The Job of a Probation/Parole Officer

451

(3)

Policy Issues Evaluating Probation and Parole

452

(2)

Intermediate Sanctions

454

(6)

Split Sentencing

454

(1)

Shock Probation/Shock Parole

455

(1)

Shock Incarceration

455

(1)

Mixed Sentencing and Community Service

456

(1)

Intensive Supervision

457

(1)

Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring

457

(1)

Individualized Innovations

458

(1)

Questions About Alternative Sanctions

459

(1)

The Future of Probation and Parole

460

(3)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice Chemical Castration Becomes Law in California

461

(2)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice Probation Kiosks: Hi-Tech Supervision

463

(1)

Summary

463

(1)

Discussion Questions

464

(5)

Prisons and Jails

469

(50)

Early Punishments

470

(3)

Flogging

471

(1)

Mutilation

472

(1)

Branding

472

(1)

Public Humiliation

472

(1)

Workhouses

473

(1)

Exile

473

(1)

The Emergence of Prisons

473

(22)

Theory Into Practice Chaplain James Finley's Letter from the Ohio Penitentiary, 1850

474

(1)

The Penitentiary Era (1790-1825)

474

(2)

The Mass Prison Era (1825-1876)

476

(1)

The Reformatory Era (1876-1890)

477

(2)

Theory Into Practice An Early Texas Prison

479

(1)

Industrial Prison Era (1890-1935)

480

(3)

The Punitive Era (1935-1945)

483

(1)

The Era of Treatment (1945-1967)

483

(2)

Theory Into Practice Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary

485

(1)

The Community-Based Format (1967-1980)

486

(1)

Warehousing/Overcrowding (1980-1995)

487

(4)

The Just Deserts Era (1995-present)

491

(4)

Prisons Today

495

(6)

Security Levels

496

(2)

The Federal Prison System

498

(2)

Recent Improvements

500

(1)

Careers in Justice Working with the Federal Bureau of Prisons

501

(1)

Jails

501

(8)

Women and Jail

502

(1)

Crowding in Jails

503

(2)

Direct Supervision Jails

505

(1)

Jails and the Future

506

(2)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice Jails and the Future

508

(1)

Theory Into Practice American Jail Association Code of Ethics for Jail Officers

509

(1)

Private Prisons

509

(3)

Theory Into Practice The Debate Over Private Prisons--Some Questions Which Remain

511

(1)

Summary

512

(1)

Discussion Questions

512

(7)

Prison Life

519

(42)

Realities of Prison Life: The Male Inmate's World

520

(8)

Research on Prison Life--Total Institutions

520

(1)

Prison Subcultures

521

(1)

The Functions of Prison Society

522

(1)

Theory Into Practice Prison Argot--The Language of Confinement

523

(2)

Prison Lifestyles and Inmate Types

525

(3)

Realities of Prison Life: The Staff World

528

(2)

Types of Correctional Officers

528

(1)

The Professionalization of Correctional Officers

529

(1)

Prison Riots

530

(4)

Theory Into Practice Code of Ethics--American Correctional Association Preamble

531

(1)

Causes of Riots

532

(2)

Stages in Riots and Riot Control

534

(1)

Realities of Prison Life: Women in Prison

534

(5)

Social Structure in Women's Prisons

537

(1)

Types of Female Inmates

537

(1)

Theory Into Practice The Language of Women's Prison

538

(1)

Violence in Women's Prisons

538

(1)

Prisoner rights

539

(11)

The Legal Basis of Prisoners' Rights

540

(1)

Precedents in Inmate Rights

541

(2)

Theory Into Practice Religious Assembly

543

(3)

Theory Into Practice Procedures for the Filing of Inmate Grievances in the State of New York

546

(1)

Theory Into Practice Typical Rules Governing the Conduct of Prisoners'--Major and Minor Offenses

547

(1)

A Return to the Hands-Off Doctrine?

547

(3)

Issues Facing Prisons Today

550

(1)

AIDS

550

(4)

Geriatric Offenders

551

(1)

Mentally Ill Inmates

552

(1)

Policy Issues Evaluating Prisons

553

(1)

Summary

554

(1)

Discussion Questions

555

(6)

Part 4 Special Issues

561

(166)

Juvenile Delinquency

563

(52)

Introduction

564

(4)

Juvenile Justice Throughout History

568

(8)

Earliest Times

568

(1)

Juveniles in Early America

569

(1)

The Institutional Era

569

(2)

The Juvenile Court Era

571

(4)

The Post-Juvenile Court Era

575

(1)

The Problems of Children Today

576

(14)

Theory Into Practice Juvenile Justice Today--A System in Transition

577

(2)

Drug and Alcohol Abuse

579

(1)

Violence

580

(1)

Gangs

581

(3)

Theory Into Practice What Is a ``Gang?''

584

(1)

Runaways

584

(1)

Sexual Abuse

585

(1)

Other Forms of Abuse

585

(1)

Theory Into Practice Parents on Trial

586

(1)

Teen Suicide

587

(1)

What Can Be Done?

588

(2)

Significant Court Decisions Affecting Juveniles

590

(8)

Kent v. U.S. (1966)

590

(1)

In re Gault (1967)

591

(1)

In re Winship (1970)

592

(1)

McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)

592

(1)

Breed v. Jones (1975)

593

(1)

Schall v. Martin (1984)

593

(1)

Illinois v. Montanez (1996)

594

(1)

A Summary of Differences in Adult and Juvenile Justice

594

(1)

Other Legal Aspects of the Juvenile Justice Process

595

(1)

Legislation Concerning Juvenile Justice

596

(1)

Theory Into Practice A Comparison of Adult and Juvenile Justice Systems in the United States

597

(1)

The Juvenile Justice Process Today

598

(10)

Theory Into Practice Female Offenders in the Juvenile Justice System

599

(1)

How the System Works

600

(3)

Theory Into Practice Juvenile Courts are Very Different from Adult Courts

603

(1)

Secure Institutions for Juveniles

604

(2)

Postadjudicatory Review

606

(1)

Dissatisfaction with Today's System

606

(2)

Summary

608

(1)

Discussion Questions

608

(7)

Drugs and Crime

615

(44)

The Drug Problem and the Criminal Justice System

616

(6)

Drug Abuse: More than an Individual Choice

617

(1)

What Is a Drug?

618

(1)

Alcohol Abuse

619

(1)

Theory Into Practice Drug Use and Abuse--Commonly Used Terms

620

(2)

A History of Drug Abuse in America

622

(11)

Careers in Justice Working for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

623

(1)

Drug Use and Social Awareness

624

(1)

Drug Abuse Legislation

625

(7)

Theory Into Practice Drugs--What's In a Name?

632

(1)

What are Drugs--and Who is Using them?

633

(4)

Marijuana

633

(1)

Cocaine

634

(2)

Heroin

636

(1)

Drugs, Crime, and Social Problems

637

(5)

Drugs and Crime

637

(2)

Money Laundering

639

(1)

Narcoterrorism

640

(2)

Lost Productivity and Police Corruption

642

(1)

Solving the Drug Abuse Problem

642

(11)

Strict Enforcement

643

(1)

Forfeiture

644

(2)

Interdiction

646

(1)

Careers in Justice Working for the U.S. Customs Service

647

(1)

Careers in Justice Working with the Immigration & Naturalization Service

648

(1)

Crop Control

648

(1)

Education and Treatment

648

(3)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice A Trend Toward Drug Legalization?

651

(1)

Legalization and Decriminalization

651

(2)

Summary

653

(1)

Discussion Questions

653

(6)

Multinational Criminal Justice

659

(30)

The International Perspective

660

(3)

Ethnocentrism and the Study of Criminal Justice

662

(1)

Problems with Data

662

(1)

The Chinese Justice System

663

(7)

Theory Into Practice Individual Rights Guaranteed Under the Constitution of the People's Republic of China

665

(1)

Maoist Justice

665

(1)

Chinese Justice After Mao

665

(1)

Chinese Justice System

666

(4)

Islamic Criminal Justice

670

(4)

The Hudud Crimes

671

(2)

Islamic Courts

673

(1)

Criminal Justice in England and Wales

674

(7)

Rates of Crime

674

(1)

The British Political System

674

(1)

Modern Criminal Law in England

675

(2)

Theory Into Practice Arming the British Police

677

(2)

Theory Into Practice Tradition in English Courts

679

(1)

Theory Into Practice Judicial Officers in England

680

(1)

International Criminal Justice Organizations

681

(3)

The Role of the United Nations in Criminal Justice

683

(1)

Interpol

684

(1)

Summary

685

(1)

Discussion Questions

685

(4)

The Future of Criminal Justice

689

(38)

Introduction

690

(1)

Technology and Criminal Justice

691

(19)

Criminalistics: Past, Present, and Future

692

(2)

Emerging Technologies in Criminalistics

694

(1)

Justice in American Context the Most Pressing Problems Facing the Criminal Justice System Today

695

(6)

Problems in Implementation

701

(1)

Cybercrime: The New White-Collar Crime

702

(3)

Theory Into Practice The Terminology of Computer and High-Technology Crime

705

(5)

Terrorism

710

(5)

Rules of Terrorism

713

(1)

Controlling Terrorism

713

(1)

Theory Into Practice The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism

714

(1)

Technology and Individual Rights

715

(6)

Technology and the First Amendment

715

(1)

Technology and the Second Amendment

716

(1)

Technology and the Fourth Amendment

717

(1)

Technology and the Fifth Amendment

718

(1)

Technology and the Sixth Amendment

719

(1)

Technology and the Eighth Amendment

720

(1)

Technology and the Fourteenth Amendment

720

(1)

Summary

721

(1)

Discussion Questions

721

(6)

Glossary

727

(32)

Acronyms

759

(4)

Case Index

763

(2)

Name Index

765

(5)

Subject Index

770

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