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| Cases in Point | p. xiii |
| Preface | p. xvii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xxvii |
| Introduction âÇô How to Use this Book | p. 1 |
| What is a Corporation? | p. 3 |
| Defining the Corporate Structure, Purpose, and Powers | p. 5 |
| Evolution of the Corporate Structure | p. 6 |
| The Purpose of a Corporation | p. 9 |
| Satisfying the human need for ambition, creativity, and meaning | ... MOREp. 9 |
| Social structure | p. 10 |
| Efficiency and efficacy | p. 10 |
| Ubiquity and flexibility | p. 11 |
| Identity | p. 11 |
| The Corporation as a "Person" | p. 12 |
| The Corporation as a Complex Adaptive System | p. 12 |
| Are Corporate Decisions "Moral"? | p. 14 |
| Are Corporations Accountable? | p. 16 |
| Three Key External Mechanisms for Directing Corporate Behavior: Law, the Market, and Performance Measurement | p. 18 |
| Government: legislation, regulation, enforcement | p. 18 |
| What Does "Within the Limits of the Law" Mean? | p. 20 |
| When and how do you punish a corporation? | p. 28 |
| Probation of corporations | p. 29 |
| The problem of serial offenders | p. 31 |
| Securities analyst settlement | p. 32 |
| What is the role of shareholders in making this system work? | p. 33 |
| The market: too big to fail | p. 36 |
| The corporation and elections | p. 40 |
| Citizens united | p. 41 |
| The corporation and the law | p. 45 |
| A Market Test: Measuring Performance | p. 47 |
| Long term versus short term | p. 50 |
| Corporate decision making: whose interests does this "person"/adaptive creature serve? | p. 55 |
| Another (failed) market test: NGOs | p. 61 |
| Measuring value enhancement | p. 62 |
| GAAP | p. 62 |
| Market value | p. 69 |
| Earnings per share | p. 70 |
| EVA“: economic value added | p. 71 |
| Human capital: "ItâÇÖs not what you own but what you know" | p. 72 |
| The "value chain" | p. 73 |
| Knowledge capital | p. 74 |
| The value of cash | p. 74 |
| Corporate "externalities" | p. 79 |
| Equilibrium: The Cadbury Paradigm | p. 79 |
| ESG: Environment, Social Governance âÇô A New Way to Analyze Investment Risk and Value | p. 83 |
| Quantifying Nontraditional Assets and Liabilities | p. 87 |
| Future Directions | p. 92 |
| Summary and Discussion Questions | p. 93 |
| Notes | p. 95 |
| Shareholders: Ownership | p. 101 |
| Definitions | p. 105 |
| Early Concepts of Ownership | p. 106 |
| Early Concepts of the Corporation | p. 107 |
| A Dual Heritage: Individual and Corporate "Rights" | p. 108 |
| The Reinvention of the Corporation: Eastern Europe in the 1990s | p. 110 |
| The Evolution of the American Corporation | p. 111 |
| The Essential Elements of the Corporate Structure | p. 115 |
| The Mechanics of Shareholder Rights | p. 117 |
| The Separation of Ownership and Control, | |
| Berle and Means | p. 118 |
| Fractionated Ownership | p. 125 |
| The Separation of Ownership and Control, | |
| The Takeover Era | p. 129 |
| Waking the Sleeping Giant | p. 134 |
| A Framework for Shareholder Monitoring and Response | p. 140 |
| Ownership and Responsibility | p. 141 |
| No innocent shareholder | p. 141 |
| To Sell or Not to Sell: The PrisonerâÇÖs Dilemma | p. 143 |
| Who the Institutional Investors Are | p. 144 |
| Bank trusts | p. 145 |
| Mutual funds | p. 146 |
| Insurance companies | p. 149 |
| Universities and foundations | p. 149 |
| Executive pay from the consumer side âÇô a leading indicator of risk | p. 150 |
| Pension plans | p. 154 |
| The Biggest Pool of Money in the World | p. 154 |
| Pension plans as investors | p. 164 |
| Pension plans as owners | p. 166 |
| Public Pension Funds | p. 169 |
| Divestment initiatives | p. 188 |
| Economically targeted investments | p. 189 |
| AFSCME | p. 195 |
| Federal EmployeesâÇÖ Retirement System | p. 197 |
| TIAAâÇôCREF | p. 199 |
| Private Pension Funds | p. 201 |
| The Sleeping Giant Awakens: Shareholder Proxy Proposals on Governance Issues | p. 206 |
| Focus on the Board | p. 212 |
| Hedge Funds | p. 220 |
| Synthesis: Hermes | p. 221 |
| Investing in Activism | p. 222 |
| New Models and New Paradigms | p. 223 |
| The "Ideal Owner" | p. 228 |
| Pension Funds as "Ideal Owners" | p. 233 |
| Is the "Ideal Owner" Enough? | p. 234 |
| Summary and Discussion Questions | p. 236 |
| Notes | p. 238 |
| Directors: Monitoring | p. 251 |
| A Brief History of Anglo-American Boards | p. 255 |
| Who Are They? | p. 256 |
| Size | p. 256 |
| Term | p. 256 |
| Inside/outside mix | p. 257 |
| Qualifications | p. 261 |
| Who Leads the Board? Splitting the Chairman and CEO and the Rise of the Lead Director | p. 261 |
| Agenda | p. 263 |
| Minutes | p. 263 |
| Diversity | p. 264 |
| Meetings | p. 264 |
| Communicating with Shareholders | p. 264 |
| Special Obligations of Audit Committees | p. 265 |
| Ownership/Compensation | p. 266 |
| Post-SarbanesâÇôOxley Changes | p. 266 |
| Board Duties: The Legal Framework | p. 267 |
| The BoardâÇÖs Agenda | p. 281 |
| The Evolution of Board Responsibilities: The Takeover Era | p. 283 |
| The Fiduciary Standard and the Delaware Factor | p. 284 |
| How did boards respond? | p. 287 |
| Greenmail | p. 287 |
| "Poison pills" | p. 288 |
| Other anti-takeover devices | p. 290 |
| The DirectorâÇÖs Role in Crisis | p. 291 |
| Limits and Obstacles to Board Oversight of Managers | p. 295 |
| Information Flow | p. 295 |
| Practical Limits: Time and Money | p. 301 |
| The Years of Corporate Scandals âÇô Boards Begin to Ask for More | p. 302 |
| Director Information Checklist | p. 303 |
| Who Runs the Board? | p. 304 |
| Catch 22: The Ex-CEO as Director | p. 306 |
| Director Resignation | p. 308 |
| CEO Succession | p. 308 |
| Director Nomination | p. 309 |
| Limits and Obstacles to Effective Board Oversight by Shareholders | p. 318 |
| Carrots: Director Compensation and Incentives | p. 319 |
| Sticks, | |
| Can Investors Ensure or Improve Board Independence by Replacing Directors who Perform Badly or Suing Directors who Fail to Act as Fiduciaries? | p. 324 |
| Can Directors be Held Accountable through the Election Process? | p. 324 |
| Staggered boards | p. 327 |
| Confidential voting | p. 328 |
| Sticks, | |
| Suing for Failure to Protect the Interests of Shareholders âÇô Are the Duties of Care and Loyalty Enforceable? | p. 331 |
| Future Directions | p. 331 |
| Majority voting and proxy access | p. 331 |
| Improving director compensation | p. 333 |
| Increasing the authority of independent directors | p. 333 |
| "A market for independent directors" | p. 335 |
| "Designated director" | p. 336 |
| Board evaluation | p. 336 |
| Executive session meetings | p. 336 |
| Succession planning and strategic planning | p. 337 |
| Making directors genuinely "independent" | p. 337 |
| Involvement by the federal government | p. 338 |
| Involvement by shareholders | p. 339 |
| Summary and Discussion Questions | p. 339 |
| Notes | p. 340 |
| Management: Performance | p. 347 |
| Introduction | p. 348 |
| What Do We Want from the CEO? | p. 354 |
| The Biggest Challenge | p. 359 |
| Risk Management | p. 363 |
| Executive Compensation | p. 363 |
| The pay Czar | p. 370 |
| Post-meltdown pay | p. 370 |
| The Council of Institutional Investors | p. 371 |
| Stock Options | p. 374 |
| Restricted Stock | p. 379 |
| Yes, We Have Good Examples | p. 380 |
| Shareholder Concerns: Several Ways to Pay Day | p. 380 |
| The "guaranteed bonus" âÇô the ultimate oxymoron | p. 380 |
| Deliberate obfuscation | p. 381 |
| The Christmas tree | p. 382 |
| Compensation plans that are all upside and no downside | p. 382 |
| Loans | p. 382 |
| Accelerated vesting of options | p. 383 |
| Manipulation of earnings to support bonuses | p. 383 |
| Manipulation of peer groups | p. 384 |
| Huge disparity between CEO and other top executives | p. 384 |
| Imputed years of service | p. 384 |
| Excessive departure packages | p. 384 |
| Backdating, bullet-dodging, and spring-loading options | p. 385 |
| Phony cuts | p. 386 |
| Golden hellos | p. 386 |
| Transaction bonuses | p. 386 |
| Gross-ups and other perquisites | p. 387 |
| Retirement benefits | p. 387 |
| Obstacles to restitution when CEOs are overpaid | p. 387 |
| Future Directions for Executive Compensation | p. 388 |
| CEO Employment Contracts | p. 389 |
| Cause | p. 390 |
| Change of control | p. 391 |
| Half now, half later | p. 391 |
| CEO Succession Planning | p. 391 |
| SarbanesâÇôOxley | p. 392 |
| Creation of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board | p. 392 |
| Section 404 | p. 393 |
| Other changes | p. 394 |
| DoddâÇôFrank | p. 394 |
| Employees: Compensation and Ownership | p. 395 |
| Employee Stock Ownership Plans | p. 399 |
| Mondragón and Symmetry: Integration of Employees, Owners, and Directors | p. 403 |
| Conclusion | p. 409 |
| Summary and Discussion Questions | p. 410 |
| Notes | p. 411 |
| International Corporate Governance | p. 415 |
| The Institutional Investor as Proxy for the Public Interest | p. 429 |
| Norway in the driverâÇÖs seat | p. 431 |
| The International Corporate Governance Network | p. 433 |
| ICGN: Statement of Principles on Institutional Shareholder Responsibilities | p. 433 |
| The Global Corporate Governance Forum | p. 435 |
| Sweden | p. 435 |
| Canada | p. 437 |
| Singapore | p. 438 |
| Russia | p. 441 |
| Germany | p. 442 |
| China | p. 443 |
| Japan | p. 444 |
| Governance Metrics International (GMI) | p. 445 |
| World Bank and G7 Response | p. 458 |
| Azerbaijan | p. 459 |
| Slovakia | p. 460 |
| Jordan | p. 460 |
| Thailand | p. 461 |
| Poland | p. 461 |
| The Global Carbon Project (GCP) | p. 464 |
| A Common Framework for Sustainability Reporting | p. 465 |
| Towards a Common Language | p. 468 |
| Vision | p. 470 |
| Summary And Discussion Questions | p. 471 |
| Notes | p. 473 |
| Afterword: Final Thoughts and Future Directions | p. 475 |
| Beyond the Nation State | p. 477 |
| Government as Shareholder: The Institutional Investor as Proxy for the Public Interest | p. 484 |
| Notes | p. 486 |
| Index | p. 489 |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |